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  • 1
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    The Deep‐Water Plume in the Northwestern Weddell Sea, Antarctica: Mean State, Seasonal Cycle and Interannual Variability Influenced by Climate Modes (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: We provide an updated estimate of the annual‐mean, seasonal cycle and interannual variability of the transports and properties of the Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) plume in the northwestern Weddell Sea. For this we used a densely instrumented mooring array deployed across the continental slope between January 2017 and January 2019. We found that the annual‐mean WSBW transport is 3.4 ± 1.5 Sv, corresponding to a cross‐section area of 35 km2 and a maximum thickness of 203 m. The annual mean transport‐weighted properties of WSBW are −0.99°C (Θ), 34.803 g/kg (SA) and 28.44 kg/m3 (γn). The WSBW is characterized by 3 bottom‐intensified velocity cores, which display seasonal variations in flow speed and transport different varieties of WSBW. The seasonal peak of WSBW transport and density is reached in May (4.7 Sv, 28.443 kg m−3) while the minimum values are observed in February (2.8 Sv, 28.435 kg m−3). The coldest WSBW is found between March and May, and the warmest between August and October. The density decrease of WSBW observed in the austral autumn of 2018 can be explained by warmer ambient waters being entrained during the formation of WSBW. This was enabled by the weakening of the along‐shore winds associated with a positive Southern Annular Mode index, reinforced by a La Niña event in early 2018. The synchronous decrease of total WSBW transport and volume between September 2018 and February 2019 indicates a reduction in the export of the dense precursors of WSBW from the Weddell Sea continental shelf.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) redistributes heat and carbon dioxide in the world ocean. Thus, it plays an important role in the regulation of our planet's climate. The Weddell Sea is the main contributor to the deep branch of the MOC in the Southern Hemisphere. Despite the importance of this contribution, uncertainties still remain associated to the plume of dense waters transported along the continental slope of the Weddell Sea. To reduce these uncertainties, we analyzed the most densely instrumented mooring array deployed across the continental slope in the northwestern Weddell Sea. We found that this plume flows faster close to the seafloor and that it presents important seasonal and interannual variability. The Weddell Sea Bottom Water interannual variability is influenced by changes in the along‐shore winds driven by the phase of two important climate modes, the Southern Annular Mode and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, but also by changes in the export of the dense precursors of WSBW in its formation areas. Increasing our knowledge on the along‐slope plume variability and properties is important to better understand the causes behind the variability of the MOC observed further downstream.
    Description: Key Points: The Weddell Sea Bottom Water (WSBW) plume presents 3 velocity cores and a clear seasonal cycle, with maximum transports and densities in May and minimum in February. A +SAM, reinforced by a ‐ENSO, favors the warming of WSBW via a wind‐driven warming of the ambient waters entrained during its formation. We observed a marked decrease in WSBW density and transports between September 2018 and February 2019 compared to the previous year.
    Description: EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program
    Description: German Research Foundation
    Description: Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz‐Center
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7500163
    Keywords: ddc:551.46 ; Weddell Sea ; WSBW ; Meridional Overturning Circulation ; SAM ; ENSO ; deep‐water plume
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 2
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    Structure and Seasonal Variability of the Arctic Boundary Current North of Severnaya Zemlya (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-13
    Description: We assessed the spatial and temporal variability of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) using seven oceanographic moorings, deployed across the continental slope north of Severnaya Zemlya in 2015–2018. Transports and individual water masses were quantified based on temperature and salinity recorders and current profilers. Our results were compared with observations from the northeast Svalbard and the central Laptev Sea continental slopes to evaluate the hydrographic transformation along the ABC pathway. The highest velocities (〉0.30 m s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉) of the ABC occurred at the upper continental slope and decreased offshore to below 0.03 m s〈sup〉−1〈/sup〉 in the deep basin. The ABC showed seasonal variability with velocities two times higher in winter than in summer. Compared to upstream conditions in Svalbard, water mass distribution changed significantly within 20 km of the shelf edge due to mixing with‐ and intrusion of shelf waters. The ABC transported 4.15 ± 0.3 Sv in the depth range 50–1,000 m, where 0.88 ± 0.1, 1.5 ± 0.2, 0.61 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.15 Sv corresponded to Atlantic Water (AW), Dense Atlantic Water (DAW), Barents Sea Branch Water (BSBW) and Transformed Atlantic Water (TAW). 62–70% of transport was constrained to within 30–40 km of the shelf edge, and beyond 84 km, transport increases were estimated to be 0.54 Sv. Seasonality of TAW derived from local shelf‐processes and advection of seasonal‐variable Fram Strait waters, while BSBW transport variability was dominated by temperature changes with maximum transport coinciding with minimum temperatures. Further Barents Sea warming will likely reduce TAW and BSBW transport leading to warmer conditions along the ABC pathway.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: We assessed the structure and seasonal variability of the flow and water masses of the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) in the region north of Severnaya Zemlya. This current is important in the Arctic Ocean as it transports relatively warm and saline waters along the Eurasian Arctic continental slope. We quantified the flow, transport and hydrographic variability of the ABC. Compared to observations from upstream, our results indicate that the water masses away from the shelf break maintained the hydrographic characteristics from upstream. In contrast, the water masses near the shelf break were significantly cooled and freshened due to intrusion of‐ and mixing with shelf waters. The water masses near the shelf break showed a seasonal signal in volume transport and temperature which derives from local shelf processes, advection of seasonal‐variable waters along the ABC pathway and the seasonal cooling of the Barents Sea. If the warming trend in the Barents Sea continues, warmer waters are expected to be advected eastward along the Eurasian continental slope by the ABC.
    Description: Key Points: We quantify the Arctic Boundary Current (ABC) transport north of Severnaya Zemlya with a 2015–2018 mooring array. Hydrographic changes along the ABC pathway are most prominent at the continental slope due to the interaction with shelf water. Seasonality of water masses from the shelf sea was observed in transport, temperature and off‐shelf excursions within the ABC.
    Description: Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002347
    Description: EC Horizon 2020 Framework Programme http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010661
    Description: Russian Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006769
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951363
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951394
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951394
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954244
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954249
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954299
    Description: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.954352
    Keywords: ddc:551.48 ; Arctic Boundary Current ; seasonal transport variability ; water mass transport ; along‐slope current
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 3
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    Transport and transformation of riverine neodymium isotope and rare earth element signatures in high latitude estuaries: A case study from the Laptev Sea (2017)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 477 . pp. 205-217.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Highlights • First comprehensive seawater Nd isotope and REE data for the Laptev Sea. • Dissolved Nd isotopes, salinity and stable oxygen isotopes trace water masses. • No evidence for REE release from particles of the organic-rich Siberian Rivers. • Preferential estuarine LREE removal follows increasing salinity from 10 to 34. • Formation and melting of sea ice redistribute REEs within water column. Abstract Marine neodymium (Nd) isotope and rare earth element (REE) compositions are valuable tracers for present and past ocean circulation and continental inputs. Yet their supply via high latitude estuaries is largely unknown. Here we present a comprehensive dissolved Nd isotope (expressed as εNd values) and REE data set together with seawater stable oxygen isotope ( O) compositions of samples from the Laptev Sea recovered in two Arctic summers and one winter. The Laptev Sea is a shallow Siberian Shelf sea characterized by extensive river-runoff, sea-ice production and ice transport into the Arctic Ocean. The large variability in εNd (−6 to −17), REE concentrations (16 to 600 pmol/kg for Nd) and REE patterns is controlled by freshwater supply from distinct riverine sources and open ocean Arctic Atlantic Water. Strikingly and contrary to expectations, except for cerium no evidence for significant release of REEs from particulate phases is found, which is attributed to low amounts of suspended particulate matter and high dissolved organic carbon concentrations present in the contributing rivers. Essentially all shelf waters are depleted in light (L)REEs, while the distribution of the heavy REEs shows a deficiency at the surface and a pronounced excess in the bottom layer. This distribution is consistent with REE removal through coagulation of riverine nanoparticles and colloids starting at salinities near 10 and resulting in a drop of all REE concentrations by ∼30%. With increasing salinity preferential LREE removal is observable reaching ∼75% for Nd at a salinity of 34. Although the delayed onset of dissolved REE removal contrasts with most previous observations from other estuarine environments, it agrees remarkably well with results from recent experiments simulating estuarine mixing of seawater with organic-rich river waters. In addition, melting and formation of sea ice leads to further REE depletion at the surface and strong REE enrichment near the shelf bottom as a function of ice melting and brine transfer, respectively. The ice-related processes significantly affect the distribution of dissolved REEs in high-latitude estuaries and likely also similarly contribute to the redistribution of other dissolved seawater constituents.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: other
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.08.010
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  • 4
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    Circulation in the northwest Laptev Sea in the eastern Arctic Ocean: Crossroads between Siberian River water, Atlantic water and polynya-formed dense water (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 122 (8). pp. 6630-6647.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: This paper investigates new observations from the poorly understood region between the Kara and Laptev Seas in the Eastern Arctic Ocean. We discuss relevant circulation features including riverine freshwater, Atlantic-derived water, and polynya-formed dense water, emphasize Vilkitsky Strait (VS) as an important Kara Sea gateway, and analyze the role of the adjacent ∼250 km-long submarine Vilkitsky Trough (VT) for the Arctic boundary current. Expeditions in 2013 and 2014 operated closely spaced hydrographic transects and 1 year-long oceanographic mooring near VT's southern slope, and found persistent annually averaged flow of 0.2 m s−1 toward the Nansen Basin. The flow is nearly barotropic from winter through early summer and becomes surface intensified with maximum velocities of 0.35 m s−1 from August to October. Thermal wind shear is maximal above the southern flank at ∼30 m depth, in agreement with basinward flow above VT's southern slope. The subsurface features a steep front separating warm (–0.5°C) Atlantic-derived waters in central VT from cold (〈–1.5°C) shelf waters, which episodically migrates across the trough indicated by current reversals and temperature fluctuations. Shelf-transformed waters dominate above VT's slope, measuring near-freezing temperatures throughout the water column at salinities of 34–35. These dense waters are vigorously advected toward the Eurasian Basin and characterize VT as a conduit for near-freezing waters that could potentially supply the Arctic Ocean's lower halocline, cool Atlantic water, and ventilate the deeper Arctic Ocean. Our observations from the northwest Laptev Sea highlight a topographically complex region with swift currents, several water masses, narrow fronts, polynyas, and topographically channeled storms.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2017JC013159
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  • 5
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    Semidiurnal tides on the Laptev Sea shelf with implications for shear and vertical mixing (2013)
    AMS (American Meteorological Society)
    In:  Journal of Physical Oceanography, 44 (1). pp. 202-219.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-07-24
    Description: The Arctic continental shelf seas hold a globally significant source of freshwater that impacts Arctic Ocean stratification, circulation, and climate. This freshwater can be injected below the surface mixed layer by intense turbulent kinetic energy dissipation events, as resolved by Laptev Sea microstructure observations. The tides provide a major source of energy that can be dissipated and hence drive diapycnal mixing in the Laptev Sea. Multiyear ADCP mooring records from locations across the shelf reveal that semidiurnal tides are dominated by theM2 and S2 constituents, with the largest amplitudes on the outer shelf. Throughoutmost of the shelf, tides are clockwise polarized and sheared by stratification, as characteristic near the M2 critical latitude. Interannual variations of the tidal and shear structures on the inner shelf aremainly determined by the stratification-setting Lena River freshwater plume. In all locations,M2 tides are enhanced under sea ice, and therefore changes in the seasonal ice cover may lead to changes in tides and water column structure. The main conclusions of this study are that (i) tides play a comparatively greater role year-round on the outer shelf relative to the inner shelf; (ii) a sea ice reduction will overall decrease the predictability of the currents, especially on the inner shelf; and (iii) the freshwater distribution directly impacts diapycnal mixing by setting the vertical tidal structure. These combined effects imply that future sea ice loss will increase the variability and vertical mixing of freshwater, particularly on the inner shelf, where the Lena River first enters the Laptev Sea.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1175/JPO-D-12-0240.1
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  • 6
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    Cross-shelf transport of warm and saline water in response to sea ice drift on the Laptev Sea shelf (2013)
    Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research - Oceans, 118 . pp. 563-576.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: Oceanographic moorings and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) surveys from September 2009 to September 2010 are used to describe recent changes in the Laptev Sea hydrography and to highlight wind- and ice-driven surface Ekman transport as the mechanism to translate these changes from the outer- to the inner-shelf bottom waters. In February 2010, moored oceanographic instruments recorded a sudden increase in temperature (+0.8°C) and salinity (+ 〉3) near the bottom of the inner Laptev Sea shelf. Such warm and saline waters had not been previously observed on the inner shelf in winter. They likely originated from the basin and were first observed during a summer 2009 CTD survey in the northwestern shelf break region, subsequently spreading east and shoreward across the Laptev Sea shelf. The changes were introduced to the mooring site by the first of a series of bottom-intensified flow events with velocities reaching 20 cm s−1, topographically guided along a relic submarine river valley. Each of the flow events coincided with negative pressure anomalies at the mooring site and offshore-directed (upwelling-favorable) winds and ice drift. We suggest that the observations to first order resemble a simplified two-dimensional two-layered ocean, where offshore surface Ekman transport is compensated for by a barotropic shoreward response flow near the bottom. In this paper, we use one of the first comprehensive long-term Laptev Sea datasets to highlight ice-ocean-atmosphere interactions in early and late winter and discuss the role of freshwater, stratification, and ice mobility on under-ice circulation on the Laptev Sea shelf.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1029/2011JC007731
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  • 7
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    Variability and trends in Laptev Sea ice outflow between 1992–2011 (2013)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  The Cryosphere, 7 (1). pp. 349-363.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
    Description: Variability and trends in seasonal and interannual ice area export out of the Laptev Sea between 1992 and 2011 are investigated using satellite-based sea ice drift and concentration data. We found an average total winter (October to May) ice area transport across the northern and eastern Laptev Sea boundaries (NB and EB) of 3.48 × 10hoch5 km2. The average transport across the NB (2.87 × 10hoch5 km2)is thereby higher than across the EB (0.61 × 10hoch5 km2), with a less pronounced seasonal cycle. The total Laptev Sea ice area flux significantly increased over the last decades (0.85 × 10hoch5 km2 decade−1, p 〉 0.95), dominated by increasing export through the EB (0.55 × 10hoch5 km2 decade−1, p 〉 0.90), while the increase in export across the NB is smaller (0.3 × 10hoch5 km2 decade−1) and statistically not significant. The strong coupling between across-boundary SLP gradient and ice drift velocity indicates that monthly variations in ice area flux are primarily controlled by changes in geostrophic wind velocities, although the Laptev Sea ice circulation shows no clear relationship with large-scale atmospheric indices. Also there is no evidence of increasing wind velocities that could explain the overall positive trends in ice export. The increased transport rates are rather the consequence of a changing ice cover such as thinning and/or a decrease in concentration. The use of a back-propagation method revealed that most of the ice that is incorporated into the Transpolar Drift is formed during freeze-up and originates from the central and western part of the Laptev Sea, while the exchange with the East Siberian Sea is dominated by ice coming from the central and southeastern Laptev Sea. Furthermore, our results imply that years of high ice export in late winter (February to May) have a thinning effect on the ice cover, which in turn preconditions the occurence of negative sea ice extent anomalies in summer.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/tc-7-349-2013
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  • 8
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    Correlation of river water and local sea-ice melting on the Laptev Sea shelf (Siberian Arctic) (2013)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (1). pp. 550-561.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Hydrographic and stable isotope (δ18O) data from 4 summer surveys in the Laptev Sea are used to derive fractions of sea-ice meltwater and river water. Sea-ice meltwater fractions are found to be correlated to river water fractions. While initial heat of river discharge is too small to melt the observed 0-158 km3 of sea-ice meltwater, arctic rivers contain suspended particles (SPM) and colored dissolved organic material (CDOM) that preferentially absorb solar radiation. Accordingly heat content in surface waters is correlated to river water fractions. But in years when river water is largely absent within the surface layer absolute heat content values increase to considerably higher values with extended exposure time to solar radiation and sensible heat. Nevertheless no net sea-ice melting is observed on the shelf in years when river water is largely absent within the surface layer. The total freshwater volume of the central-eastern Laptev Sea (72-76°N, 122-140°E) varies between ~1000-1500 km3 (34.92 reference salinity). It is dominated by varying river water volumes (~1300-1800 km3) reduced by an about constant freshwater deficit (~350-400 km3) related to sea-ice formation. Net sea-ice melt (~109-158 km3) is only present in years with high river water budgets. Intermediate to bottom layer (〉25 salinities) contain ~60% and 30% of the river budget in years with low and high river budgets, respectively. The average mean residence time of shelf waters was ~2-3 years during 2007-2009.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20076
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  • 9
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    Heat loss from the Atlantic water layer in the northern Kara Sea: causes and consequences (2014)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Ocean Science, 10 (4). pp. 719-730.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-12
    Description: Dedicated to the memory of our colleague Klaus Hochheim, who tragically lost his life in the Arctic expedition in September 2013. A distinct, subsurface density front along the eastern St. Anna Trough in the northern Kara Sea is inferred from hydrographic observations in 1996 and 2008–2010. Direct velocity measurements show a persistent northward subsurface current (~ 18 cm s−1) along the St. Anna Trough eastern flank. This sheared flow, carrying the outflow from the Barents and Kara seas to the Arctic Ocean, is also evident from shipboard observations as well as from geostrophic velocities and numerical model simulations. Although we cannot substantiate our conclusions by direct observation-based estimates of mixing rates in the area, we hypothesize that the enhanced vertical mixing along the St. Anna Trough eastern flank favors the upward heat loss from the intermediate warm Atlantic water layer. Modeling results support this hypothesis. The upward heat flux inferred from hydrographic data and model simulations is of O(30–100) W m−2. The region of lowered sea ice thickness and concentration seen both in sea ice remote sensing observations and model simulations marks the Atlantic water pathway in the St. Anna Trough and adjacent Nansen Basin continental margin. In fact, the sea ice shows a delayed freeze-up onset during fall and a reduction in the sea ice thickness during winter. This is consistent with our results on the enhanced Atlantic water heat loss along the Atlantic water pathway in the St. Anna Trough.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/os-10-719-2014
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  • 10
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    Oceanographic and demographic mechanisms affecting population structure of snow crabs in the northern Bering Sea (2015)
    Inter Research
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 518 . pp. 193-208.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-01-01
    Description: Snow crabs Chionoecetes opilio are quite productive at suitable temperatures, but can also be abundant in water cold enough to depress settlement of larvae, growth, and reproduction. In much of the northern Bering Sea, bottom water temperatures are below -1°C for most or all of the year. Crab pelagic larvae prefer to settle at temperatures above 0°C, so we found high densities of juveniles only where intruding warm currents deposited larvae in localized areas. After settlement, maturing crabs appeared to exhibit ontogenetic migration toward deeper, warmer water. Cold temperatures excluded key predators, but decreased fecundity by restricting females to small body size (with associated small clutches) and to breeding every 2 yr. Migration to warmer water may allow females to breed annually and to encounter more adult males needed to fertilize subsequent clutches. Because older males also emigrate, remaining adolescent males probably inseminate newly maturing females. Without localized intrusion of warmer currents, snow crabs might not persist at high densities in such cold waters. However, they are currently very abundant, and export many pelagic larvae and adults.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.3354/meps11042
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