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  • 1
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    High concentrations of transuranics and natural radioactive elements in the branchial hearts of the cephalopod Octopus vulgaris (1981)
    InterResearch
    In:  Marine Ecology Progress Series, 4 . pp. 123-126.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-06-16
    Description: Data are reported which show elevated levels of plutonium and americium in the branchial hearts of the common cephalopod Octopus vulgaris. These levels were verified in both a laboratory experiment and in environmental samples. At the same time data for certain naturally-occurring radioactive isotopes of thorium, polonium and lead are given for comparison. Attention is directed to the potential of these small organs as monitors of transuranics and, probably, certain other elements in the marine environment.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Flux of 141Ce through a euphausiid crustacean (1973)
    Springer
    Marine biology 21 (1973), S. 317-325 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of the Mediterranean euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica in the cycling of radiocerium (141Ce) was examined. When uptake of 141Ce occurs directly from the water, a “dynamic” population equilibrium is reached at a concentration factor of about 250. Molting was responsible for up to 99% loss of total body burden at first molt, and about 45% of the remaining activity at second molt, thus denying true longterm equilibrium to individual animals. Fecal pellets did not contain measureable 141Ce activity when the euphausiids accumulated the isotope from water, thus proving that surface adsorption was the key accumulating process from water. When radiocerium was taken in through ingestion of labelled Artemia, about 99% of the body burden was voided as fecal pellets. Excretion by this route was accelerated when euphausiids were fed non-radioactive Artemia during loss phase. Radioactive counts of the pellets confirmed that all ingested 141Ce was lost through defecation. When 141Ce was ingested as labelled phytoplankton, a substantial fraction of the total body burden occurred in the molts, which indicated that the phytoplankton lost 141Ce to the water and the radioactivity was subsequently adsorbed to outer surfaces of the euphausiids. Molts, fecal pellets, and freshly-killed euphausiids lost 141Ce to the water exponentially, the rates being similar to the exponential portions of the loss curves for live, non-molting individuals. It is suggested that M. norvegica, and probably other pelagic zooplankters, can greatly accelerate radiocerium transport to the ocean floor by packaging the isotope as fecal pellets. In coastal areas subject to low-level radioactive waste disposal, 141Ce might be ionic (or at least soluble) to a great extent, in which case euphausiids could take up the isotope rapidly and accelerate its vertical transport via molting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381088
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural tracers in dietary studies: data for 210Po and 210Pb in decapod shrimp and other pelagic organisms in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean (1988)
    Springer
    Marine biology 97 (1988), S. 507-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Measurements of the concentrations of the naturally-occurring radioactive nuclides 210Po and 210Pb in a large number of pelagic organisms from the Atlantic Ocean made in the spring/summer of 1984 and 1985 are reported. Marine shrimp are particularly well represented, and in many cases data were obtained for shrimp hepatopancreas, stomach-contents, and posterior intestine plus contents, as well as for whole individuals. The wide ranges found in 210Po concentrations group into categories: the shrimp, for example, divide into four categories, two penaeid and two carid. These groupings are explained on the basis of variations in diet between the different categories. A clear difference was also observed between the 210Po levels in shrimp of similar species and size from opposite sides of an oceanographic front; this difference too can be explained plausibly in terms of a change in certain penaeid shrimp, and attention is drawn to the need for investigation of cytological and/or genetic effects which could possibly be caused by the very high natural radiation doses to which such organisms are exposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391047
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polonium-210 and lead-210 in Antarctic marine biota and sea water (1987)
    Springer
    Marine biology 96 (1987), S. 441-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Concentrations of the naturally-ocurring radionuclides 210Po and 210Pb were measured in krill (Euphausia superba), mesozooplankton, phytoplankton and sea water collected during the South African SIBEX cruise to the Antarctic in autumn 1984. The data reported constitute the first substantial measurements on 210Po and 210Pb in such samples in the Antarctic Ocean. The concentrations of 210Po in mesozooplankton and phytoplankton are unexceptional in comparison with those from other oceans. The SIBEX E. superba, however, have higher levels of 210Po than usually found in euphausiids. The 210Po data, combined with reasonable estimates of biological quantitites such as the fractional assimilation, are used to obtain information about the diet of E. superba. It is suggested that the higher 210Po in the SIBEX E. superba reflects a change from an almost entirely phytoplanktonic diet in summer to a more omnivorous diet as winter approaches. The data show that there are allometric relationships between the 210Po content of euphausiids and animal size; these are discussed briefly. The limited sea-water data presented are characterized by unusually high 210Po:210Pb activity ratios and need further investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00412529
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of different radiotracer labelling techniques on radionuclide excretion from marine organisms (1975)
    Springer
    Marine biology 30 (1975), S. 297-304 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were designed to assess the effect of different techniques of radiotracer labelling on subsequent radioisotope excretion rates in marine crustaceans. A small amphipod (Gammarus locusta) that accumulated 65Zn under a close approximation of natural conditions excreted the radiotracer during a 3-month period at a markedly different rate than those of comparable amphipods labelled with 65Zn in the laboratory via different combinations of radioactive food and seawater. Shrimp (Lysmata seticauda) administered 65Zn by three different methods in the laboratory displayed different excretion kinetics during the first 2 months of loss. The difference between excretion rates most likely was a reflection of the degree to which the various zinc pools within the shrimp had equilibrated with the radiotracer. During the next several months all 65Zn loss rates were quite similar, probably indicating that radiotracer excretion was taking place from similar zinc pools within the shrimp. The importance of adequate radiotracer labelling techniques as well as proper design of subsequent excretion experiments, used to gain reliable information on flux rates of the corresponding stable metal, is discussed. It is concluded that laboratory radiotracer experiments which are intended to supply information on actual situations in the sea require careful design and execution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390635
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polonium-210 in euphausiids: A detailed study (1976)
    Springer
    Marine biology 34 (1976), S. 127-136 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A detailed study of 210Po, the predominant alpha-emitting nuclide found in most marine organisms, has been undertaken in a particular zooplanktonic species, the euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica. The purpose was to obtain information concerning the origin, the localization and the flux of the nuclide in and through this organism. Measurements of 210Po were made in euphausiids of different sizes, in dissected organs and tissues, and in excretion products. The results show higher concentrations in the smaller specimens; this fact cannot be explained on the basis of surface adsorption, but is probably related to the ingestion of food. Dissection results show that the distribution of 210Po in euphausiids is not homogeneous, but that the majority is concentrated in the internal organs, the alimentary tract and the hepatopancreas in particular. The natural radiation dose received by these organs is in consequence much higher than that received by the whole animal. Use of a dynamic model allowed the flux of 210Po through M. norvegica to be calculated. The calculations confirm that food is the principal source of 210Po for this species, and clearly show that fecal pellets constitute the major elimination route. Extrapolation of the data to zooplankton in general leads to the conclusion that zooplankton metabolic activity plays an important role in transporting 210Po from the surface layers of the ocean to depth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390754
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting methyl and inorganic mercury dynamics in mussels and shrimp (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 46 (1978), S. 267-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Radiotracer experiments were designed to study the effect of certain factors on the accumulation and loss of methyl and inorganic mercury in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) and benthic shrimp (Lysmata seticaudata). Methyl mercury was accumulated from both food and water to a greater degree than inorganic mercury by both species. There was a tendency for small mussels to concentrate more mercury than larger individuals, but the reason for this difference remains unclear. A trend towards greater mercury accumulation at higher temperatures was noted for mussels, but the temperature effect was relatively small over a 10 Co range between 8° and 19°C. Methyl mercury residues were eliminated by both species more slowly than those of the inorganic form. Loss from mussels was somewhat more rapid at higher temperatures; however, as in the case of accumulation, the effect of temperature was relatively small. Loss rates for small mussels were not significantly different from those for large individuals. Enhanced methyl mercury elimination was noted for the group of mussels maintained in their natural environment. The more rapid metal turnover in these individuals compared with mussels held in the laboratory was attributed to differences in the availability of natural particulate food matter and, hence, subsequent growth of the animals in the two experimental systems. The observed differences underscore the need for caution in predicting in situ flux of metals such as mercury in certain species based solely on data derived from laboratory experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390688
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    210Po and 210Pb in zooplankton fecal pellets (1978)
    Springer
    Marine biology 44 (1978), S. 325-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 210Po and 210Pb concentrations in fecal pellets from the zooplanktonic euphausiid Meganyctiphanes norvegica are reported. The 210Po:210Pb activity ratio is 2.2±0.3, a value in good agreement with that found in suspended particulate matter in surface seawater. Estimates of 210Po and 210Pb removal times from the mixed layer by fecal pellets alone yield values which are of the same order of magnitude as the removal times for these nuclides by all routes. It is suggested that there is a high probability that zooplanktonic fecal pellets play a significant role in the removal of both these nuclides from the surface layers of the ocean.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390896
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polonium-210 and lead-210 in marine food chains (1979)
    Springer
    Marine biology 52 (1979), S. 227-236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 210Po and 210Pb have been measured systematically in whole animals, muscle and hepatopancreas of crustaceans and of molluscan cephalopods representative of a pelagic and benthic food chain. The same nuclides were also measured in liver, pyloric caecum, stomach contents and muscle of tuna. The concentration factors from sea water to whole animals were approximately constant along both food chains, being of the order of 104 for 210Po and 102 for 210Pb. The highest concentration factors were found in shrimp of the genus Sergestes. In muscle, the concentration factors were an order of magnitude less; in the hepatopancreas, they were an order of magnitude higher, reaching 106 in shrimp of the genus Sergestes. Such concentrations imply alpha-radiation doses of the order of 10 rem per year and more in this organ, which contains about 50 to 90% of the 210Po in the whole animal in the 11 species analyzed. A detailed study of the intracellular behaviour of 210Po in the hepatopancreas is clearly indicated. 210Po can be used as a sensitive natural tracer in biological systems. Thus, feeding Meganyctiphanes norvegica in the laboratory on food low in 210Po led to an approximate value of about 61/2 days for the biological half-life of 210Po in the hepatopancreas of this euphausiid. Furthermore, the data on 210Po and 210Pb in the cephalopod hepatopancreas allowed the time of conservation of frozen squid which had been bought at the market to be estimated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00398136
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rapid removal of plutonium from the oceanic surface layer by zooplankton faecal pellets (1977)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 266 (1977), S. 623-624 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The environmental levels of plutonium are extremely low, and collection of adequate sample material was a major problem; a faecal pellet collection system was devised11 which provided us with faecal pellet samples of about 100 mg dry mass. Oven-dried samples were acid-digested, treated with ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/266623a0
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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