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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The demand for food safety - Market imperfections and the role of government
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Food Policy 18 (1993), S. 152-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-9192
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-9192(93)90023-5
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Market reform in the Polish food sector: impact upon food consumption and nutrition
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Food Policy 19 (1994), S. 419-442 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-9192
    Keywords: Poland ; food consumption ; nutrition
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology , Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-9192(94)90021-3
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
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    The role of particle associated microbes in remineralization of fecal pellets in the upper mesopelagic of the Scotia Sea, Antarctica (2016)
    In:  EPIC3Limnology and Oceanography, 61(3), pp. 1049-1064
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-22
    Description: Fecal pellets (FP) are a key component of the biological carbon pump, as they can, under some circumstances, efficiently transfer carbon to depth. Like other forms of particulate organic carbon (POC), they can be remineralized in the ocean interior (particularly in the upper 200 m), or alternatively they can be preserved in the sediments. The controls on the attenuation of FP flux with depth are not fully understood, in particular, the relative contributions of zooplankton fragmentation and microbial/zooplankton respiration to FP loss. Collection of sinking particles using Marine Snow Catchers at three ecologically contrasting sites in the Scotia Sea, Antarctica, revealed large differences in POC flux composition (5–96% FP) and flux attenuation despite similar temperatures. To determine the importance of microbial respiration on FP loss in the upper mesopelagic, we made the first ever measurements of small scale oxygen gradients through the boundary layer at the interface of krill FP collected from the Scotia Sea. Estimated carbon-specific respiration rates of microbes within FP (0.010–0.065 d−1) were too low to account for the observed large decreases in FP flux over the upper 200 m. Therefore, the observed rapid declines in downward FP flux in the upper mesopelagic are more likely to be caused by zooplankton, through coprophagy, coprorhexy, and coprochaly. Microbial respiration is likely to be more important in regions of higher temperatures, and at times of the year, or in depths of the ocean, where zooplankton abundances are low and therefore grazing and fragmentation processes are reduced.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 4
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    Kenyan Exports of Nile Perch: the Impact of Food Safety Standards on an Export-Oriented Supply Chain. (2015)
    University of Guelph
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Over the past decade, exports of fish and fishery products from developing countries have increased rapidly. However, one of the major challenges facing developing countries in seeking to maintain and expand their share of global markets is stricter food safety requirements in industrialized countries. Kenyan exports of Nile perch to the European Union provide a notable example of efforts to comply with such requirements, overlaid with the necessity to overcome restrictions on trade relating to immediate food safety concerns. Although food safety requirements were evolving in their major markets, most notably the European Union, most Kenyan exporters had made little attempts to upgrade their hygiene standards. Likewise, the legislative framework of food safety controls and facilities at landing sites remained largely unchanged. Both exporters and the Kenyan government were forced to take action when a series of restrictions were applied to exports by the European Union over the period 1997 to 2000. Processors responded by upgrading their hygiene controls, although a number of facilities closed, reflecting significant costs of compliance within the context of excess capacity in the sector. Remaining facilities upgraded their hygiene controls and made efforts to diversify their export base away from the European. Legislation and control mechanisms were also enhanced. Hygiene facilities at landing beaches were improved, but remain the major area of weakness. The Kenyan case illustrates the significant impact that stricter food safety requirements can have on export-oriented supply chains. It also demonstrates how such requirements can exacerbate existing pressures for restructuring and reform, while prevailing supply and capacity issues constrain the manner in which the supply chain is able to respond. In Kenya most of the concerted effort to comply with these requirements was stimulated by the sudden loss of market access in very much a ‘crisis management’ mode of operation, illustrating the importance of responding to emerging food safety requirements in a proactive and effective manner.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: SPS standards ; Capacity building ; Compliance costs ; Fish trade
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Report , Not Known
    Format: 86pp.
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 5
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    Determinants of Income Diversification among Fishing Communities in western Kenya. (2015)
    Canadian Agricultural Economics Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Fishing communities in developing countries are among the poorest communities. However, past studies have generally failed to investigate ways of reducing poverty among these communities. In order to address this research gap, this study proposes and investigates income diversification as a potential way of out poverty. In particular, the study analyzes the determinants of income diversification decisions among the fishing communities, with a focus on those living on the Kenyan shores of Lake Victoria. The results show that education level, access to credit and membership in associations are the key factors that explain income diversification behaviour among fish workers.
    Description: Selected Paper prepared for presentation at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association 2010 AAEA, CAES, & WAEA Joint Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, July 25-27, 2010. Canadian Agricultural Economics Society Annual Meeting 2010, Paper Nr. 61259
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Poverty ; Fish worker ; Income diversification
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Not Known
    Format: 31pp.
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 6
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    Kenyan Exports of Nile Perch: impact of food safety standards on an export-oriented supply chain. (2006)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Over the past decade, exports of fish and fishery products from developing countries have increased rapidly. However, one of the major challenges facing developing countries in seeking to maintain and expand their share of global markets is stricter food safety requirements in industrial countries. Kenyan exports of Nile perch to the European Union provide a notable example of efforts to comply with such requirements, overlaid with the necessity to overcome restrictions on trade relating to immediate food safety concerns. Although food safety requirements were evolving in their major markets, most notably the EU, most Kenyan exporters had made little attempt to upgrade their hygiene standards. Likewise, the legislative framework of food safety controls and facilities at landing sites remained largely unchanged. Both exporters and the Kenyan government were forced to take action when a series of restrictions were applied to exports by the EU over the period 1997 to 2000. Processors responded by upgrading their hygiene controls, although a number of facilities closed, reflecting significant costs of compliance within the context of excess capacity in the sector. Remaining facilities upgraded their hygiene controls and made efforts to diversify their export base away from the EU. Legislation and control mechanisms were also enhanced. Hygiene facilities at landing beaches were improved, but remain the major area of weakness. The Kenyan case illustrates the significant impact that stricter food safety requirements can have on export-oriented supply chains. It also demonstrates how such requirements can exacerbate existing pressures for restructuring and reform, while prevailing supply and capacity issues constrain the manner in which the supply chain is able to respond. In Kenya most of the concerted effort to comply with these requirements was stimulated by the sudden loss of market access in very much a “crisis management” mode of operation, illustrating the importance of responding to emerging food safety requirements in a proactive and effective manner. This paper - a product of the International Trade Department, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network - is part of a larger effort in the network to understand the challenges and opportunities facing developing countries associated with evolving international standards for food and other products.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Development economics ; Private sector ; Public Policy Fishing Industry ; Environmental economics & policies ; Fisheries ; Agricultural Knowledge & Information Systems ; Agribusiness & Markets ; Coastal and marine resources ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Fishery resources ; Food availability ; Aquaculture development ; Aquaculture economics ; Fishery economics ; Fishery management ; Fishery products ; Food availability
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Working Paper , Non-Refereed
    Format: 857035 bytes
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 7
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    Geographical, seasonal, and depth variation in sinking particle speeds in the North Atlantic (2016)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters, 43 (16). pp. 8609-8616.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Particle sinking velocity is considered to be a controlling factor for carbon transport to the deep sea and thus carbon sequestration in the oceans. The velocities of the material exported to depth are considered to be high in high-latitude productive systems and low in oligotrophic distributions. We use a recently developed method based on the measurement of the radioactive pair 210Po-210Pb to calculate particle sinking velocities in the temperate and oligotrophic North Atlantic during different bloom stages. Our estimates of average sinking velocities (ASVs) show that slowly sinking particles (〈100 m d−1) contribute significantly to carbon flux at all the locations except in the temperate regions during the bloom. ASVs appear to vary strongly with season, which we propose is caused by changes in the epipelagic community structure. Our results are the first field data to confirm the long-standing theory that particle sinking velocities increase with depth, with increases of up to 90% between 50 and 150 m depth.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1002/2016GL069233
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 8
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    Influence of bloom dynamics on Particle Export Efficiency in the North Atlantic: a comparative study of radioanalytical techniques and sediment traps (2016)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Chemistry, 186 . pp. 198-210.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-02-01
    Description: Highlights: • Performances of 3 methods to obtain POC flux and export efficiency are examined. • Bloom dynamics and sampling date must be associated to the method time scale. • Discrepancies between PEALAGRA, 234Th and 210Po methods are satisfactory interpreted. • Seasonal variability of the export efficiency in the North Atlantic is detected. Abstract: The Biological Carbon Pump is an important component of the global carbon cycle is (BCP). Particle Export Efficiency (PEeff), defined as the proportion of primary production (PP) exported as Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) from the surface ocean, is increasingly used as a metric of the strength of the BCP. However our knowledge of which factors drive variability of PEeff remains poor. This is partially because comparisons of PEeff in different regions often overlook the timescale over which the method used operates in relation to the phase of the plankton bloom. Here we use three techniques to estimate PEeff in situ in the North Atlantic: the radioactive pairs 238U-234Th and 210Pb-210Po, and neutrally buoyant sediment traps (PELAGRA). Order of magnitude discrepancies between values of PEeff obtained from PELAGRA relative to those obtained when applying both radionuclide techniques. POC export fluxes and satellite-derived PP suggest that this results from the differing time scales covered by the three methods and the timing of observations relative to the bloom peak. None of the three techniques are considered inappropriate to estimate PEeff in situ, but bloom dynamics must be considered in relation to the duration over which a particular sampling method operates. Our results suggest a strong seasonal variability in PEeff, most likely controlled by the community structure and hydrographic conditions. This implies that the methods used (specifically their inherent timescales) and the phase of the bloom at the time of sampling must be carefully taken into account to ensure that individual PEeff estimates compiled from different sources to construct global export algorithms are comparable.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2016.10.001
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 9
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    Export of organic carbon and biominerals derived from 234Th and 210Po at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain (2013)
    Elsevier
    In:  Deep-Sea Research Part I-Oceanographic Research Papers, 72 . pp. 88-101.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-08
    Description: The simultaneous estimation of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) and biogenic silica (BSi) export fluxes is key to the study of carbon export due to the hypothesized role of biominerals in the sinking of organic particles. This paper presents of the first attempts to measure downward fluxes of POC, PIC and BSi from the surface ocean using both the 234Th-238U and the 210Po-210Pb disequilibria and drifting sediments trap synchronously at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain in summer 2009. The combined use of the three techniques allowed us to analyze their suitability not only for POC flux estimates, but also as tracers of PIC and BSi fluxes. POC and biomineral/radionuclide ratios were measured in two size fractions to better understand differences between 234Th derived export and 210Po derived export. 210Po derived POC and biomineral fluxes were unexpectedly closer to POC and biomineral fluxes recorded by sediment traps than 234Th derived POC and biomineral fluxes which were higher than obtained from the other two approaches. We suggest that 210Po, because of its biogeochemical behavior, is a better proxy for POC and mineral fluxes than is 234Th in post bloom conditions. The contribution of smaller (1–53 μm) particles to flux is also considered in order to explain the differences in derived fluxes.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1016/j.dsr.2012.10.010
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 10
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    An assessment of the vertical diffusive flux of iron and other nutrients to the surface waters of the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (2014)
    Copernicus Publications (EGU)
    In:  Biogeosciences (BG), 11 . pp. 2113-2130.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: In this study we report diapycnal diffusive fluxes of dissolved iron (dFe), dissolved aluminium (dAl) and the major macronutrients to the surface waters of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre. Turbulent diffusivities at the base of the summer mixed layer ranged from 0.01 to 0.5 (median 0.07) cm2 s−1 and daily macronutrient fluxes into the surface mixed layer typically represented 〈 0.5% of integrated mixed layer inventories, although fluxes were highly variable. Elevated nutrient fluxes of up to 4% of mixed layer inventories were identified on the Greenland Shelf, where integrated nutrient pools were lowest due to localised shoaling of the mixed layer. Diffusive fluxes of dFe and dAl were typically 〈0.1% of mixed layer inventories but were also highly variable between stations. Approximations of daily phytoplankton nutrient and Fe uptake indicate that the diffusive flux may at best represent 〈10% of phytoplankton macronutrient uptake, and only 1% of daily phytoplankton Fe uptake. The daily turbulent diffusive flux of dFe was comparable in magnitude to coincident estimates of aeolian Fe supply but despite shallower than normal convective mixing in winter 2010 the diffusive supply was 22 and 59 times smaller than the annual convective supply of Fe to the Irminger and Iceland basins respectively. The general picture obtained from this study is one of small magnitude diffusive nutrient and Fe fluxes to the subpolar North Atlantic during the period of annual nutrient minima and indicates that the diffusive supply mechanism is unlikely to alleviate the recently identified presence of seasonal iron limitation within the North Atlantic subpolar gyre; a condition exacerbated by low dFe:NO3− ratios in subsurface source waters.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.5194/bg-11-2113-2014
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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