Keywords:
Sound--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
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Acoustical engineering--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
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Acoustical engineering. (OCoLC)fst00795936.
;
Sound. (OCoLC)fst01126935.
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Handbooks and manuals.0(OCoLC)fst01423877.
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Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This Springer Handbook reviews the most important areas of acoustics, with emphasis on current research. This new edition features over 11 revised and expanded chapters, new illustrations, and two new chapters covering microphone arrays and acoustic emission.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (1280 pages)
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9781493907557
Series Statement:
Springer Handbooks Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1965015
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Title Pages -- Preface -- List of Authors -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- -- 1 Introduction to Acoustics -- 1.1 Acoustics: The Science of Sound -- 1.2 Sounds We Hear -- 1.3 Sounds We Cannot Hear: Ultrasound and Infrasound -- 1.4 Sounds We Would Rather Not Hear: Environmental Noise Control -- 1.5 Aesthetic Sound: Music -- 1.6 Sound of the Human Voice: Speech and Singing -- 1.7 How We Hear: Physiological and Psychological Acoustics -- 1.8 Architectural Acoustics -- 1.9 Harnessing Sound: Physical and Engineering Acoustics -- 1.10 Medical Acoustics -- 1.11 Sounds of the Sea -- References -- A Propagation of Sound -- 2 A Brief History of Acoustics -- 2.1 Acoustics in Ancient Times -- 2.2 Early Experiments on Vibrating Strings, Membranes and Plates -- 2.3 Speed of Sound in Air -- 2.4 Speed of Sound in Liquids and Solids -- 2.5 Determining Frequency -- 2.6 Acoustics in the 19th Century -- 2.6.1 Tyndall -- 2.6.2 Helmholtz -- 2.6.3 Rayleigh -- 2.6.4 George Stokes -- 2.6.5 Alexander Graham Bell -- 2.6.6 Thomas Edison -- 2.6.7 Rudolph Koenig -- 2.7 The 20th Century -- 2.7.1 Architectural Acoustics -- 2.7.2 Physical Acoustics -- 2.7.3 Engineering Acoustics -- 2.7.4 Structural Acoustics -- 2.7.5 Underwater Acoustics -- 2.7.6 Physiological and Psychological Acoustics -- 2.7.7 Speech -- 2.7.8 Musical Acoustics -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Basic Linear Acoustics -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Equations of Continuum Mechanics -- 3.2.1 Mass, Momentum, and Energy Equations -- 3.2.2 Newtonian Fluids and the Shear Viscosity -- 3.2.3 Equilibrium Thermodynamics -- 3.2.4 Bulk Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity -- 3.2.5 Navier-Stokes-Fourier Equations -- 3.2.6 Thermodynamic Coefficients -- 3.2.7 Ideal Compressible Fluids -- 3.2.8 Suspensions and Bubbly Liquids -- 3.2.9 Elastic Solids -- 3.3 Equations of Linear Acoustics.
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3.3.1 The Linearization Process -- 3.3.2 Linearized Equations for an Ideal Fluid -- 3.3.3 The Wave Equation -- 3.3.4 Wave Equations for Isotropic Elastic Solids -- 3.3.5 Linearized Equations for a Viscous Fluid -- 3.3.6 Acoustic, Entropy, and Vorticity Modes -- 3.3.7 Boundary Conditions at Interfaces -- 3.4 Variational Formulations -- 3.4.1 Hamilton's Principle -- 3.4.2 Biot's Formulation for Porous Media -- 3.4.3 Disturbance Modes in a Biot Medium -- 3.5 Waves of Constant Frequency -- 3.5.1 Spectral Density -- 3.5.2 Fourier Transforms -- 3.5.3 Complex Number Representation -- 3.5.4 Time Averages of Products -- 3.6 Plane Waves -- 3.6.1 Plane Waves in Fluids -- 3.6.2 Plane Waves in Solids -- 3.7 Attenuation of Sound -- 3.7.1 Classical Absorption -- 3.7.2 Relaxation Processes -- 3.7.3 Continuously Distributed Relaxations -- 3.7.4 Kramers-Krönig Relations -- 3.7.5 Attenuation of Sound in Air -- 3.7.6 Attenuation of Sound in Sea Water -- 3.8 Acoustic Intensity and Power -- 3.8.1 Energy Conservation Interpretation -- 3.8.2 Acoustic Energy Density and Intensity -- 3.8.3 Acoustic Power -- 3.8.4 Rate of Energy Dissipation -- 3.8.5 Energy Corollary for Elastic Waves -- 3.9 Impedance -- 3.9.1 Mechanical Impedance -- 3.9.2 Specific Acoustic Impedance -- 3.9.3 Characteristic Impedance -- 3.9.4 Radiation Impedance -- 3.9.5 Acoustic Impedance -- 3.10 Reflection and Transmission -- 3.10.1 Reflection at a Plane Surface -- 3.10.2 Reflection at an Interface -- 3.10.3 Theory of the Impedance Tube -- 3.10.4 Transmission Through Walls and Slabs -- 3.10.5 Transmission Through Limp Plates -- 3.10.6 Transmission Through Porous Blankets -- 3.10.7 Transmission Through Elastic Plates -- 3.11 Spherical Waves -- 3.11.1 Spherically Symmetric Outgoing Waves -- 3.11.2 Radially Oscillating Sphere -- 3.11.3 Transversely Oscillating Sphere -- 3.11.4 Axially Symmetric Solutions.
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3.11.5 Scattering by a Rigid Sphere -- 3.12 Cylindrical Waves -- 3.12.1 Cylindrically Symmetric Outgoing Waves -- 3.12.2 Bessel and Hankel Functions -- 3.12.3 Radially Oscillating Cylinder -- 3.12.4 Transversely Oscillating Cylinder -- 3.13 Simple Sources of Sound -- 3.13.1 Volume Sources -- 3.13.2 Small Piston in a Rigid Baffle -- 3.13.3 Multiple and Distributed Sources -- 3.13.4 Piston of Finite Size in a Rigid Baffle -- 3.13.5 Thermoacoustic Sources -- 3.13.6 Green's Functions -- 3.13.7 Multipole Series -- 3.13.8 Acoustically Compact Sources -- 3.13.9 Spherical Harmonics -- 3.14 Integral Equations in Acoustics -- 3.14.1 The Helmholtz-Kirchhoff Integral -- 3.14.2 Integral Equations for Surface Fields -- 3.15 Waveguides, Ducts, and Resonators -- 3.15.1 Guided Modes in a Duct -- 3.15.2 Cylindrical Ducts -- 3.15.3 Low-Frequency Model for Ducts -- 3.15.4 Sound Attenuation in Ducts -- 3.15.5 Mufflers and Acoustic Filters -- 3.15.6 Non-Reflecting Dissipative Mufflers -- 3.15.7 Expansion Chamber Muffler -- 3.15.8 Helmholtz Resonators -- 3.16 Ray Acoustics -- 3.16.1 Wavefront Propagation -- 3.16.2 Reflected and Diffracted Rays -- 3.16.3 Inhomogeneous Moving Media -- 3.16.4 The Eikonal Approximation -- 3.16.5 Rectilinear Propagation of Amplitudes -- 3.17 Diffraction -- 3.17.1 Posing of the Diffraction Problem -- 3.17.2 Rays and Spatial Regions -- 3.17.3 Residual Diffracted Wave -- 3.17.4 Solution for Diffracted Waves -- 3.17.5 Impulse Solution -- 3.17.6 Constant-Frequency Diffraction -- 3.17.7 Uniform Asymptotic Solution -- 3.17.8 Special Functions for Diffraction -- 3.17.9 Plane Wave Diffraction -- 3.17.10 Small-Angle Diffraction -- 3.17.11 Thin-Screen Diffraction -- 3.18 Parabolic Equation Methods -- References -- 4 Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere -- 4.1 A Short History of Outdoor Acoustics -- 4.2 Applications of Outdoor Acoustics.
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4.3 Spreading Losses -- 4.4 Atmospheric Absorption -- 4.5 Diffraction and Barriers -- 4.5.1 Single-Edge Diffraction -- 4.5.2 Effects of the Ground on Barrier Performance -- 4.5.3 Diffraction by Finite-Length Barriers and Buildings -- 4.6 Ground Effects -- 4.6.1 Boundary Conditions at the Ground -- 4.6.2 Attenuation of Spherical Acoustic Waves over the Ground -- 4.6.3 Surface Waves -- 4.6.4 Acoustic Impedance of Ground Surfaces -- 4.6.5 Impedance Discontinuity -- 4.6.6 Effects of Small-Scale Roughness -- 4.6.7 Examples of Ground Attenuation Under Weakly Refracting Conditions -- 4.6.8 Effects of Ground Elasticity -- 4.7 Attenuation Through Vegetation -- 4.8 Wind and Temperature Gradient Effects on Outdoor Sound -- 4.8.1 Inversions and Shadow Zones -- 4.8.2 Meteorological Classes for Outdoor Sound Propagation -- 4.8.3 Typical Speed of Sound Profiles -- 4.8.4 Atmospheric Turbulence Effects -- 4.9 Concluding Remarks -- 4.9.1 Modeling the Interaction of Meteorological and Topographical Effects -- 4.9.2 Low-Frequency Interaction with the Ground -- 4.9.3 Rough-Surface Effects -- 4.9.4 Predicting Outdoor Noise -- References -- 5 Underwater Acoustics -- 5.1 Ocean Acoustic Environment -- 5.1.1 Ocean Environment -- 5.1.2 Basic Acoustic Propagation Paths -- 5.1.3 Geometric Spreading Loss -- 5.2 Physical Mechanisms -- 5.2.1 Transducers -- 5.2.2 Volume Attenuation -- 5.2.3 Bottom Loss -- 5.2.4 Scattering and Reverberation -- 5.2.5 Ambient Noise -- 5.2.6 Bubbles and Bubbly Media -- 5.3 SONAR and the SONAR Equation -- 5.3.1 Detection Threshold and Receiver Operating Characteristics Curves -- 5.3.2 Passive SONAR Equation -- 5.3.3 Active SONAR Equation -- 5.4 Sound Propagation Models -- 5.4.1 The Wave Equation and Boundary Conditions -- 5.4.2 Ray Theory -- 5.4.3 Wavenumber Representation or Spectral Solution -- 5.4.4 Normal-Mode Model.
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5.4.5 Parabolic Equation (PE) Model -- 5.4.6 Propagation and Transmission Loss -- 5.4.7 Fourier Synthesis of Frequency-Domain Solutions -- 5.5 Quantitative Description of Propagation -- 5.6 SONAR Array Processing -- 5.6.1 Linear Plane-Wave Beam-Forming and Spatio-Temporal Sampling -- 5.6.2 Some Beam-Former Properties -- 5.6.3 Adaptive Processing -- 5.6.4 Matched Field Processing, Phase Conjugation and Time Reversal -- 5.7 Active SONAR Processing -- 5.7.1 Active SONAR Signal Processing -- 5.7.2 Underwater Acoustic Imaging -- 5.7.3 Acoustic Telemetry -- 5.7.4 Travel-Time Tomography -- 5.8 Acoustics and Marine Animals -- 5.8.1 Fisheries Acoustics -- 5.8.2 Marine Mammal Acoustics -- 5.A Appendix: Units -- References -- B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics -- 6 Physical Acoustics -- 6.1 Theoretical Overview -- 6.1.1 Basic Wave Concepts -- 6.1.2 Properties of Waves -- 6.1.3 Wave Propagation in Fluids -- 6.1.4 Wave Propagation in Solids -- 6.1.5 Attenuation -- 6.2 Applications of Physical Acoustics -- 6.2.1 Crystalline Elastic Constants -- 6.2.2 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) -- 6.2.3 Measurement Of Attenuation (Classical Approach) -- 6.2.4 Acoustic Levitation -- 6.2.5 Sonoluminescence -- 6.2.6 Thermoacoustic Engines (Refrigerators and Prime Movers) -- 6.2.7 Acoustic Detection of Land Mines -- 6.2.8 Medical Ultrasonography -- 6.3 Apparatus -- 6.3.1 Examples of Apparatus -- 6.3.2 Piezoelectricity and Transduction -- 6.3.3 Schlieren Imaging -- 6.3.4 Goniometer System -- 6.3.5 Capacitive Receiver -- 6.4 Surface Acoustic Waves -- 6.5 Nonlinear Acoustics -- 6.5.1 Nonlinearity of Fluids -- 6.5.2 Nonlinearity of Solids -- 6.5.3 Comparison of Fluids and Solids -- References -- 7 Thermoacoustics -- 7.1 History -- 7.2 Shared Concepts -- 7.2.1 Pressure and Velocity -- 7.2.2 Power -- 7.3 Engines -- 7.3.1 Standing-Wave Engines -- 7.3.2 Traveling-Wave Engines.
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7.3.3 Combustion.
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