Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Climate change, development and development cooperation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate change: a serious North-South issue -- 1.2.1 A brief history -- 1.2.2 The state of the art of climate science -- 1.2.3 Climate change as a structural North-South issue -- 1.3 Climate change: the paradigm shift from a technocratic to a development issue -- 1.3.1 The paradigm shift -- 1.3.2 Climate change: an abstract, technocratic, sectoral, mitigation issue -- 1.3.3 Climate change: an urgent, development, political, adaptation issue -- 1.4 Climate change: the linkage with sustainable development -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 The Climate Convention: climate change and sustainable development -- 1.4.3 The environmental Kuznets curve -- 1.4.4 Leapfrog technology -- 1.4.5 Climate change mitigation and sustainable development -- 1.4.6 Climate change adaptation and sustainable development -- 1.4.7 Climate change cooperation -- 1.5 Development cooperation: concepts and figures -- 1.5.1 Introduction -- 1.5.2 Conceptual clarification -- 1.5.3 Data on flows, donors and sectors -- 1.6 The political trend towards incorporating climate change cooperation into development cooperation -- 1.7 The aims and structure of this book -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Theoretical Exploration -- 2 Development and development cooperation theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Development theory -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 The evolution of development theory -- 2.2.3 The evolution of the concept of sustainable development -- 2.2.4 DCs and development: the elusive transition -- 2.3 Development cooperation practice and theory -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 The history of aid -- 2.3.3 Motives for providing aid. , 2.3.4 The debate about the effectiveness of aid -- Themes on aid -- Simple correlations -- Conditionality -- Good governance -- Challenges for donors and partner countries, and their relationship -- Policies and modalities of development cooperation -- 2.4 Lessons learned: clumsy BASICS -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Mainstreaming climate change: a theoretical exploration -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Climate change mainstreaming: driving forces behind policy -- 3.2.1 The policy evolution -- 3.2.2 The driving forces and arguments in favour of mainstreaming -- 3.3 Incorporating climate change a theoretical exploration -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Climate change mainstreaming: a theoretical exploration -- 3.3.3 The stages of incorporation of climate change in development and development cooperation -- 3.3.4 Integration and mainstreaming -- 3.3.5 Mainstreaming and levels of governance -- 3.3.6 Linking climate with other mainstreaming discourses -- 3.4 Operationalizing incorporation of climate change -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Mainstreaming adaptation and mitigation in development -- 3.4.3 The process of incorporating climate change -- 3.4.4 The advantages and disadvantages: an instrumental perspective -- 3.4.5 Practical challenges in mainstreaming -- 3.5 Mainstreaming: politically challenging, hijacking the development cooperation agenda or running the risk of invisibility? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III Governance -- 4 Global governance: development cooperation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The UN: sustainable development cooperation -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 The evolution of development issues -- Cooperation on development issues: towards quantitative commitments -- Demands for the New International Economic Order -- The fall of the Berlin wall and the rise of sustainable development. , Towards incorporating climate change into the development agenda -- 4.2.3 Integrating environmental issues into the development agenda -- The post-Stockholm era -- The post-Rio era -- The post-Johannesburg era: towards 'mainstreaming' climate change -- 4.2.4 The evolution of the role of the development banks -- Investing for development -- Responding to the environmental critique -- Incorporating environment and climate change into bank activities -- The evolution of the trade and investment agenda -- 4.3 The evolution of OECD policy -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 The evolution of policy -- 4.3.3 OECD membership and the DAC -- 4.3.4 Current OECD policy on aid delivery: the Paris Declaration -- 4.3.5 Current discussions on incorporating climate change in the OECD -- Resources for incorporating climate change -- 4.4 Sustainable development cooperation: contested rights and commitments -- 4.4.1 Introduction -- 4.4.2 The right to development -- 4.4.3 The 0.7% commitment -- 4.4.4 Environmental assistance: new and additional assistance -- 4.5 Key challenges in sustainable development governance -- Diffuse governance -- Convergence in rhetoric, but divergence in interpretation -- Consistent financial commitment for development and failure to provide it -- Small environmental resources -- From the fear of evaluation to accountability fixations -- Aid versus other flows: a drop in the ocean? -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Global governance: climate cooperation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Principles and mechanisms: the consensus of 1992 -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 The preambular text and principles -- 5.2.3 The cooperative mechanisms -- 5.3 The evolving North-South deal: the controversies -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Phase 1: emission reductions and assistance to the South. , 5.3.3 Phase 2: emission reduction via assistance to the South -- 5.3.4 Phase 3: assistance via assistance to the South -- 5.3.5 Phase 4: assistance via development cooperation -- 5.4 The resource gap -- 5.4.1 Introduction -- 5.4.2 The resources needed -- 5.4.3 The resources available and the institutional framework -- 5.4.4 Raising new resources -- 5.4.5 The relationship between the funds -- 5.5 Projectased emissions trading: the challenges -- 5.5.1 Introduction -- 5.5.2 The CDM and sustainable development -- 5.5.3 The CDM and ODA -- CDM and leveraging change in the large DCs -- Other CDM-related issues -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Incorporating climate change into EU development cooperation policy -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The EU and its development cooperation policy -- 6.2.1 The evolution of EU development cooperation policy -- 6.2.2 Policy coherence for development -- 6.2.3 Special relationships -- 6.2.4 EU development cooperation policy in financial terms -- 6.2.5 The process of delivering aid -- 6.3 The linkage of development cooperation and climate change -- 6.3.1 The evolution of climate change incorporation -- 6.3.2 The policy instruments -- Climate strategy in the context of development cooperation -- Action Plan 2004-2008 on Climate Change and Development -- The Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) -- Thematic Strategy for the Environment (ENRTP) -- 6.3.3 Environmental integration tools in development cooperation -- Country and Regional Strategy Papers (CSPs and RSPs) -- Country and Regional Environmental Profiles (CEPs and REPs) -- Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) -- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) -- The Commission's Environmental Integration Advisory Services -- Draft Climate Change and Environment Integration Guidelines -- 6.4 The current state of climate change 'mainstreaming'. , 6.4.1 Assessing the integration of environmental concerns into development cooperation -- 6.4.2 Assessing the integration of climate change concerns into development cooperation -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Incorporating climate change into EU Member States' development cooperation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Denmark -- 7.2.1 Policy context -- 7.2.2 Operational context -- 7.2.3 Incorporating adaptation and mitigation -- 7.2.4 Conclusion -- 7.3 France -- 7.3.1 Policy context -- 7.3.2 Operational context -- 7.3.3 Incorporating climate change into ODA policy -- 7.3.4 Conclusion -- 7.4 Germany -- 7.4.1 Policy context -- 7.4.2 Operational context -- 7.4.3 Incorporating adaptation and mitigation -- 7.4.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 The Netherlands -- 7.5.1 Policy context -- 7.5.2 Operational context -- 7.5.3 Incorporating adaptation and mitigation -- 7.5.4 Conclusion -- 7.6 The United Kingdom -- 7.6.1 Policy context -- 7.6.2 Operational context -- 7.6.3 Incorporating adaptation and mitigation -- 7.6.4 Conclusion -- 7.7 Comparative analysis -- 7.7.1 General comparison -- 7.7.2 Comparison of climate change incorporation activities -- 7.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part IV Case Studies -- 8 The need for climate assistance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The case-study approach -- 8.3 Energy sector needs: a comparative assessment -- 8.3.1 Energy and climate change -- 8.3.2 Mitigation needs -- 8.3.3 Adaptation needs -- 8.4 Forestry sector needs: a comparative assessment -- 8.4.1 Forestry and climate change -- 8.4.2 Mitigation needs -- 8.4.3 Adaptation needs -- 8.5 Biodiversity sector needs: a comparative assessment -- 8.5.1 Biodiversity and climate change -- 8.5.2 Mitigation needs -- 8.5.3 Adaptation needs -- 8.6 Agriculture sector needs: a comparative assessment -- 8.6.1 Agriculture and climate change. , 8.6.2 Mitigation needs.

Note: Front matter -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- 1. Water security: a popular but contested concept -- PART I CONCEPTUAL PERSPECTIVES -- 2. Water security: critical analysis of emerging trends and definitions -- 3. Water security: past, present and future of a controversial concept -- 4. Water securities and the individual: challenges from human security to consumerism -- 5. The social construction of water security discourses: preliminary evidence and policy implications from the Middle East -- 6. Water security, systemic risks and adaptive water governance and management -- 7. How trade policies can help to achieve water security in a transboundary setting -- 8. Water sovereignty and security, high politics and hard power: the dangers of borrowing discourses! -- PART II THEMATIC PERSPECTIVES -- 9. Perspectives on climate change impacts and water security -- 10. Groundwater and security -- 11. Role of water security for agricultural and economic development - concepts and global scenarios -- 12. Human security and access to water, sanitation, and hygiene: exploring the drivers and nexus -- 13. The ecology of water security -- 14. Water security and environmental water needs: the role of the ecosystem services concept and transformation of governance systems -- 15. Secure water supply in water-scarce regions -- PART III REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES -- 16. Water security or water 'securities'? Increasing complexity in balancing of multiple goals in Spain -- 17. Water security in Southern Africa: discourses securitising water and the implications for water governance and politics -- 18. Water security - China perspective -- 19. Water security in Southeast Asia region -- 20. Australian water security: a water-food-environment-energy nexus perspective -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- sara.palomo@uma.es -- sara.palomo@uco.es< -- ?A3B2 tpb=3mm?> -- < -- Para ID= -- fatma.turan@SUEN.GOV.TR< -- /Para> -- < -- Para ID= -- Water on Earth: Occurrence, History, Management and Challenges -- 1 Introduction and Guide to the Handbook of Water Resources Management: Discourses, Concepts and Examples -- Abstract -- 1.1 Background and Rationale of the Handbook -- 1.2 Outline and Structure of the Handbook -- 1.2.1 Part I: Water on Earth: Occurrence, History, Management and Challenges -- 1.2.2 Part II: Water and Society -- 1.2.3 Part III: Examples of Assessment of Water Resources, Their Protection and Use -- 1.2.4 Part IV: Examples of Contexts and Scales: Facets of Water Resources Management and Use, Risks and Complex Systems -- References -- 2 Water: a Unique Phenomenon and Resource -- Abstract -- 2.1 Water on Earth -- 2.1.1 The Origin and Fate of Water on Earth -- 2.1.2 Water Exchanges with Outer Space and Mantle in the Present -- 2.1.2.1 Water exchange with outer space -- 2.1.2.2 Hydro-tectonic water cycle -- 2.1.3 The Hydrosphere -- 2.1.3.1 The Hydrological Cycle -- 2.1.4 Estimates of Water in the Different Compartments of the Hydrosphere -- 2.1.4.1 World Ocean -- 2.1.4.2 Groundwater -- 2.1.4.3 Glaciers -- 2.1.4.4 Lakes -- 2.1.4.5 Wetlands -- 2.1.4.6 Biological Water -- 2.1.4.7 Reservoirs and Impoundments -- 2.1.4.8 Desalination -- 2.1.4.9 Atmospheric Water -- 2.1.4.10 Water not Accounted for -- 2.1.4.11 Fluxes -- 2.1.4.12 Temporal variability -- 2.1.5 Humans in the Hydrosphere -- 2.2 Hydrological Versus Water Cycle -- 2.2.1 Quantification of the Water Cycle at Global Scale -- 2.2.2 Estimates of Water Resources and Their Use at Continental and Regional Scales -- 2.2.3 Estimates of Water Resources at Sub-Continental, National and Basin Scales. , 2.2.4 Trends of Water Availability and Water Use at Different Spatial and Temporal Scales -- References -- 3 Water and Its Management: Dependence, Linkages and Challenges -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Water Resources -- 3.2.1 The Hydrological Cycle -- 3.2.2 Surface Water Systems: Some Essential Concepts -- 3.2.2.1 Surface Runoff-Overland Flow -- 3.2.2.2 Interflow -- 3.2.2.3 Baseflow -- 3.2.3 The Water Balance -- 3.2.3.1 Overview of Hydrological Modeling -- 3.2.3.2 General Categorization -- 3.2.3.3 Lumped and Distributed Models -- 3.2.3.4 Time-scale Based Classification -- 3.2.4 Water Availability and Uses -- 3.2.4.1 Water for Human Use and Consumption -- 3.2.4.2 Environmental Water Demands -- 3.2.4.3 Water Accounting -- 3.2.5 Global Changes and Future Risks -- 3.2.5.1 Water Quality and Reuse -- 3.2.5.2 Impact of Climate Change -- 3.3 Groundwater: Dependence, Linkages and Challenges -- 3.3.1 Human Dependence on Groundwater -- 3.3.1.1 A Brief Historical Evolution -- 3.3.1.2 Importance of Hydrogeological Understanding -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Systems: Some Essential Concepts -- 3.3.2.1 Nature of Groundwater Storage and Flow -- 3.3.2.2 Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge and Balance -- 3.3.2.3 Consequences of Excessive Aquifer Exploitation -- 3.3.2.4 Processes of Groundwater Quality Degradation -- 3.3.2.5 Approaches to Groundwater Pollution Protection -- 3.3.3 Linkages to Social and Environmental Sustainability -- 3.3.3.1 Food Security and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.2 Urbanization and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.3 Human Health and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.4 Ecosystem Conservation and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.5 Extractive Industries and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.6 Geotechnical Hazards and Groundwater -- 3.3.4 Global Change and Groundwater -- 3.3.4.1 The Need for Adaptive Management -- 3.3.4.2 Impact of Global Warming -- 3.3.4.3 Impact of Land-Use Change. , 3.4 The Main Challenges of Water Resources Management in the 21st Century -- 3.4.1 Drivers and Constraints -- 3.4.1.1 The "Immediate" Drivers: Population Dynamics, Poverty and Pollution -- 3.4.1.2 "Slow" Drivers: Climate Change and Land Use/Land Cover Change -- 3.4.2 The Water Discourse: An Overview and Trends -- 3.4.3 Concepts and Issues in Water Governance and Management -- 3.4.3.1 Ecology Centered Versus Utilitarian Considerations -- 3.4.3.2 Socioecological Interconnections: Virtual and Physical Water Transfer -- 3.4.3.3 Water Governance, Security and Conflicts -- 3.4.3.4 Integrated, Adaptive and Nexus Management of Water Resources -- References -- Water and Society -- 4 A Drop in the Ocean. On Writing Histories of Water Resources Management -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Grand Narratives -- 4.3 Towards Water Histories -- 4.4 Deserts and Irrigation -- 4.5 Modern Water Knowledge: Colonial Irrigation -- 4.6 Water and Climate -- 4.7 Drop in the Ocean… -- References -- 5 Water Ethics -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Recognizing Values -- 5.1.1.1 Money Isn't Everything: The Case of the Orme Dam -- 5.1.1.2 Ethics of Water Quality -- 5.1.2 The Emergence of Water Ethics -- 5.1.3 Six Branches of Water Ethics -- 5.1.4 The Main Stem of Water Ethics -- 5.1.4.1 A Water Ethics Framework -- 5.1.5 Working with Ethics -- 5.2 Approaches to Water Ethics -- 5.2.1 Comprehensive Prescriptive Frameworks -- 5.2.1.1 UNESCO's Approach -- 5.2.1.2 Indigenous Water Ethics -- 5.2.1.3 Global Water Ethics Charter -- 5.2.2 Value-Specific Ethical Prescriptions -- 5.2.2.1 Environmental Flow Standards -- 5.2.2.2 Governance ethics: Blue Communities -- 5.3 Applying Water Ethics -- 5.3.1 Agroecology: Towards an Ethical Agriculture -- 5.3.2 Re-municipalization as a Water Ethic -- 5.3.3 Corporate Water Ethics -- 5.3.3.1 Swedish Textile Water Initiative. , 5.3.3.2 Detoxing Fashion -- 5.4 Status and Prospects for a Field of Water Ethics -- 5.4.1 The Global Consensus on Water Values -- 5.4.1.1 Sustainability Through Shared Water Values -- 5.4.2 Enabling Conditions -- 5.4.3 Nurturing the Field of Water Ethics -- References -- 6 Water Law and Rights -- Abstract -- 6.1 Water Law and Rights -- 6.2 The Concept of Law -- 6.3 Key Issues in Water Law -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 How Water Law Systems Spread Across the Planet -- 6.3.3 The Organization of Water Law -- 6.3.4 Quantity Issues -- 6.3.4.1 Introduction -- 6.3.4.2 Property Rights -- 6.3.4.3 Priority of Use and the Human Right to Water -- 6.3.4.4 Irrigation Law -- 6.3.4.5 Drought and Floods -- 6.3.5 Water Quality, Human Health and Environmental Concerns -- 6.3.6 Integrated Water Resource Law -- 6.4 Key Issues in Transboundary Water Law -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Sovereignty -- 6.4.2.1 The Evolution of Sovereignty in Water Law -- 6.4.3 Regional and Supranational Water Laws -- 6.4.4 The Global Level Agreements -- 6.4.5 Other Relevant Agreements -- 6.4.6 Dispute Resolution -- 6.5 (New) Issues in Water Law -- References -- 7 Water Discourses -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction-Political Will = (Trust + X2) * Perseverance -- 7.2 The Sustainability Discourse -- 7.2.1 Introduction: Sustainable Water Resources Management, IWRM and Water Security -- 7.2.1.1 Sustainable Water Resources Management -- 7.2.1.2 Integrated Water Resource Management -- 7.2.1.3 Water Security -- 7.2.2 Sustainability-How Do We Implement It? -- 7.2.2.1 Hydro-Economic Modeling -- 7.2.3 Sustainability-How Do We Measure Achievement? -- 7.3 Water Resources Investments and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 7.3.1 Relationship Between Climate Change and Water Resources Management -- 7.3.2 Water Security is Crucial to Achieving Adaptation to Climate Change. , 7.3.3 Fears of Climate Change Impacts Prevents Anticipation and Adaptation -- 7.3.4 Managing Variability and Risk Reduces Poverty and Creates Wealth -- 7.3.5 Communication Around Risks Impacts Policies and Governance -- 7.3.6 Behavioral Regulations Are Insufficient as Adaptive Strategies -- 7.3.7 The Focus on Adaptation Can Improve Dialogs Between the Rich and Poor -- 7.3.8 We Know Climate Change Impacts and How to Approach Them -- 7.3.9 Conclusion -- 7.4 Flood Management Policy Evolution Against Intensified Hazards and Vulnerability of Society-A Case in Japan -- 7.4.1 Heavy Rainfall Events and Risk Reduction Measures in Japan -- 7.4.2 Increasingly Intensified Water-Related Disasters -- 7.4.2.1 Changing Natural Hazards -- 7.4.2.2 Increasingly Vulnerable Society -- 7.4.3 Towards River Planning and Management that Can Adapt to Social and Environmental Changes -- 7.4.3.1 Coping with Changing Natural Hazards -- 7.4.3.2 Coping with Increasingly Vulnerable Society -- 7.5 The Water Pricing and Market Discourse -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Need for Precision and Clarity to Unravel Complexity -- 7.5.2.1 What Water? -- 7.5.3 Individual Versus Collective Positions -- 7.5.4 The Role of Politics and the Political Dilemma -- 7.5.5 Some Suggestions for a Way Forward -- 7.5.5.1 Publicise and Prioritise the Importance of Water Issues -- 7.5.5.2 Identify and Segregate the Different Conditions, Roles and Usages of Water -- 7.5.5.3 Break These Down into Their Component Parts -- 7.5.5.4 Develop a Collective Valuing of Water Approach -- 7.5.5.5 Use the Above to Define Clear Policy Objectives -- 7.5.5.6 Match These Policy Objectives with Corresponding Policies Supported by Appropriate Policy Instruments -- 7.5.5.7 Measure and Monitor All Decisions and Outcomes with Appropriate Metrics -- 7.5.5.8 Use Prices Where Possible -- 7.5.5.9 Use Taxes When Needed. , 7.5.5.10 Consider Market Principles Carefully.

Note: Cover -- Climate Change, Forests and REDD: Lessons for Institutional Design -- Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Boxes -- Contributors -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- 1 Climate change and forests: From the Noordwijk Declaration to REDD -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Climate change -- 1.2.1 The physical problem -- 1.2.2 The governance process -- 1.2.3 The key political challenges -- 1.3 Forests -- 1.3.1 Current status -- 1.3.2 Deforestation and degradation -- 1.3.3 The governance process -- 1.3.4 The key political challenges -- 1.4 Climate change and forests -- 1.5 The research questions and the analytical framework -- 1.6 Inferences -- 2 The forest transition, the drivers of deforestation and governance approaches -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The forest transition -- 2.3 The drivers of deforestation -- 2.3.1 Generic drivers and forest transitions -- 2.3.2 Drivers of deforestation in different regions -- 2.4 Instruments of forest governance -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Forest transitions, drivers and forest policy -- 2.4.3 Classifying governance instruments -- 2.4.4 Regulatory instruments -- 2.4.5 Economic and market instruments -- 2.4.6 Suasive, information and research instruments -- 2.4.7 Management measures -- 2.4.8 Forest instruments and drivers -- 2.5 Inferences -- 3 Global forest governance -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Institutions -- 3.2.1 A brief history -- 3.2.2 Global institutions with a forest-focused mandate -- 3.2.3 Global institutions with a forest-related mandate and/or an indirect impact on forest services -- 3.2.4 Global governance institutions and ecosystem services -- 3.2.5 Regional institutions with a forest-focused mandate -- 3.2.6 Regional institutions with a forest-related mandate and/or an indirect impact on forest services -- 3.2.7 Extra-territorial impacts of national governance. , 3.3 Key principles and concepts in international forest governance -- 3.3.1 Key principles -- 3.3.2 Key concepts -- 3.4 Instruments of international forest governance -- 3.4.1 Regulatory instruments -- 3.4.2 Economic instruments -- 3.4.3 Suasive instruments -- 3.5 Inferences -- 4 The emergence of REDD on the global policy agenda -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Forests under the UN Climate Convention and the Kyoto Protocol -- 4.2.1 Early days: the forest-climate pre-Kyoto debate -- 4.2.2 Forests in the Kyoto Protocol - 'integrating forest commitments into the climate regime' -- 4.3 The emergence of REDD -- 4.3.1 REDD in the UNFCCC negotiations -- 4.3.2 REDD developments outside the UNFCCC -- 4.4 Key challenges for REDD at the international level: designing an effective, robust mechanism -- 4.4.1 The right scale for REDD -- 4.4.2 Reference levels -- 4.4.3 Financing REDD -- 4.4.4 Monitoring, reporting and verification -- 4.4.5 Permanence, additionality and leakage -- 4.4.6 Safeguards -- 4.5 Key challenges for REDD at the domestic level: implementation and benefit-sharing -- 4.5.1 The impact of REDD to date -- 4.5.2 Challenges of good governance, tenure and internal benefit-sharing -- 4.5.3 Risks and implications of commodifying forest carbon -- 4.6 Inferences -- 5 Case study: Vietnam -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Driving forces of deforestation and forest degradation -- 5.3 The forest policy context -- 5.3.1 The organizational framework -- 5.3.2 The evolution of forest policy -- 5.3.3 The influence of international treaties and bodies -- 5.4 Key forest policy instruments and their analysis -- 5.5 Implications for REDD -- 5.6 Inferences -- 6 Case study: Indonesia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Driving forces of deforestation and forest degradation -- 6.3 The forest policy context -- 6.3.1 The organizational framework -- 6.3.2 The evolution of forest policy. , 6.3.3 The influence of international treaties and bodies -- 6.4 Key forest policy instruments and their analysis -- 6.5 Implications for REDD -- 6.6 Inferences -- 7 Case study: Cameroon -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Driving forces of deforestation and forest degradation -- 7.3 Key policies and instruments -- 7.3.1 The organizational framework -- 7.3.2 The evolution of forest policy -- 7.3.3 The influence of international treaties and bodies -- 7.4 Key forest policy instruments and their analysis -- 7.5 Implications for REDD -- 7.6 Inferences -- 8 Case study: Peru -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Driving forces of deforestation and forest degradation -- 8.3 The forest policy context -- 8.3.1 The organizational framework -- 8.3.2 The evolution of forest policy -- 8.3.3 The influence of international treaties and bodies -- 8.4 Key forest policy instruments and their analysis -- 8.5 Implications for REDD -- 8.6 Inferences -- 9 Comparative analysis of Vietnam, Indonesia, Cameroon and Peru -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Driving forces of deforestation and forest degradation -- 9.2.1 Direct drivers of deforestation and forest degradation -- 9.2.2 Underlying drivers of deforestation and forest degradation -- 9.3 Forest policy instruments assessed -- 9.4 Equity issues: impact on access and allocation -- 9.5 Implications for REDD -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 10 REDD policies, global food, fibre and timber markets, and 'leakage' -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods and data -- 10.3 A scenario of future deforestation -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Growth of population and income -- 10.3.3 Demand for food and timber -- 10.3.4 Demand for biofuels -- 10.3.5 Future demand and supply of land -- 10.3.6 Baseline scenario of land-use change and deforestation -- 10.4 Economic effects of REDD-induced forest conservation -- 10.4.1 Introduction -- 10.4.2 A forest conservation policy scenario. , 10.4.3 Global food and timber markets -- 10.4.4 Economy-wide effects and environmental benefits -- 10.4.5 Inferences -- 10.5 Leakage -- 10.5.1 Introduction -- 10.5.2 Leakage simulations -- 10.5.3 Inferences -- 10.6 Inferences -- 11 The future of forests -- 11.1 Global forest governance: a twenty-first-century myth of Sisyphus? -- 11.2 'Glocal' forest governance -- 11.2.1 Evolutionary phases in forest governance -- 11.2.2 The politics of scale: Should there be 'glocal' forest governance? -- 11.2.3 Current global forest governance -- 11.3 National forest governance -- 11.3.1 The forest transition -- 11.3.2 Forest transitions, drivers and policies -- 11.3.3 National forest policies -- 11.4 REDD revisited -- 11.4.1 Practical options for implementing REDD in countries -- 11.4.2 Buying time or a REDD herring -- 11.4.3 A North-South analysis -- 11.4.4 Going beyond REDD: the challenge of mainstreaming forests -- 11.5 Conclusions -- INDEX.