Note: Front Cover -- Managementof Helicobacterpylori-Related Diseases -- Copyright -- Contributors -- CONSULTING EDITOR -- EDITORS -- AUTHORS -- Contents -- Foreword: Helicobacter pylori -- Preface: Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices -- Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era -- Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy -- How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly -- Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? -- Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance -- When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy? -- Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication -- Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer: The Japanese Strategy -- Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma -- Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan -- Current Status and Prospects for a Helicobacter pylori Vaccine -- GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA -- FORTHCOMING ISSUES -- December 2015 -- March 2016 -- June 2016 -- RECENT ISSUES -- June 2015 -- March 2015 -- December 2014 -- Helicobacter pylori -- Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices -- Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- INVASIVE TESTS -- Histology -- Culture -- Rapid urease test -- Molecular tests -- Noninvasive Tests -- Urea breath test -- Stool antigen tests -- SEROLOGY. , SUMMARY: DIAGNOSIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN THE PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS ERA -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- Why Is Helicobacter pylori Difficult to Treat? -- CHOICE OF THERAPY -- FIRST-LINE REGIMENS -- Nonbismuth Quadruple Therapies -- Sequential therapy -- Concomitant therapy -- Hybrid (sequential-concomitant) therapy -- Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- RESCUE THERAPY -- Fluoroquinolone-Containing Therapy -- Bismuth Quadruple Therapy, Including Furazolidone-Containing Regimens -- Rifabutin-Containing Therapy -- PROBIOTICS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- Key points -- BACKGROUND -- BISMUTH IN THE ERA OF NEW CONCEPTS REGARDING PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER -- BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FOR H PYLORI ERADICATION -- THE EFFECT OF METRONIDAZOLE RESISTANCE AS EXAMINED BY META-ANALYSIS -- CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- ADHERENCE (COMPLIANCE) WITH BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- Adherence to the Protocol -- HOW TO MAKE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY MORE ACCEPTABLE -- DOXYCYCLINE -- EXAMINATION OF OUTCOME IN REGIONS WHERE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FREQUENTLY FAILS (EG, TURKEY AND IRAN) -- BISMUTH, TETRACYCLINE, AMOXICILLIN, PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- BISMUTH SEQUENTIAL THERAPIES -- INFORMATION NEEDED TO OBTAIN GENERALIZABLE RESULTS -- ISSUES RIPE FOR SYSTEMATIC STUDY -- Relation of Drug Administration and Meals -- Reduction of Side Effects with Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS DOSAGE -- EFFICIENT STUDY DESIGN -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? -- Key points -- WHAT PROBIOTICS ARE -- PROBIOTICS -- Use of Probiotics Clinically. , PROBIOTICS AS ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION -- PROBIOTICS AS CURE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance -- Key points -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO MACROLIDES -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to macrolides -- Principle -- Advantages of this procedure -- Variants of the method -- The TaqMan format -- Advantages and limitations -- The scorpion format -- Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization -- Advantages and limits -- Dual priming oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction -- Other polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or res ... -- Allele-specific primer polymerase chain reaction -- Primer mismatch polymerase chain reaction -- Invader assay for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping -- Non-polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Advantages -- Peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Other methods -- Correlation with Clinical Outcome -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO FLUOROQUINOLONES -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction -- Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization -- Other polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Sequencing of the gyrA quinolone resistance-determining region -- Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction -- Correlation with Clinical Outcome -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction. , Standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO OTHER ANTIBIOTICS -- Rifampins -- Amoxicillin -- 5-Nitroimidazoles -- REFERENCES -- When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy? -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION -- UNINVESTIGATED AND NONULCER DYSPEPSIA -- PEPTIC ULCER -- PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS AND EARLY GASTRIC CANCER -- HEREDITARY RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER -- MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF GASTRIC CANCER RISK -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK: THE ASSESSMENT -- Demographics -- Noninvasive Methods -- Invasive Methods -- Endoscopy and biopsy protocols -- Histology -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK IN ERADICATED PATIENTS -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication as a Primary Prevention of Gastric Cancer -- How to Assess/Quantify Cancer Risk After Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI VIRULENCE FACTORS ON GASTRIC EPITHELIUM DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS -- Roles of CagA in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Roles of Vacuolating Cytotoxin A in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Role of Peptidoglycan in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS -- GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. , Mechanisms of Induction of Genetic Alterations -- Deamination -- Oxidative stress -- Chromosomal instability -- Mechanisms of Induction of Epigenetic Alterations -- Mechanisms of Induction of microRNA Alterations -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUS PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- CURRENT STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SCREENING FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION FOR GASTRIC CANCER PREVENTION -- HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN JAPAN -- STRATEGY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- REFERENCES -- Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- PATHOGENESIS -- Helicobacter pylori -- Genetic Aberrations -- DIAGNOSIS -- Histopathology -- Endoscopic Findings -- Clinical Staging -- TREATMENTS -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- Strategies for Patients not Responding to Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- SUMMARY/DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EFFECT OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI-RELATED GASTRITIS -- THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION ON CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND ATROPHY RELATED TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION -- GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA IN MONGOLIAN GERBILS -- A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR THERAPY IN INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE -- THE CASE AGAINST HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan. , Key points.

Note: Intro -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part 1: Rebranding Classical Protein Chemistry: Proteomics of the Past -- Chapter 1: Introduction: HIV-1 Proteomics, Why Should One Care? -- References -- Chapter 2: HIV-1 Biology at the Protein Level -- The Benefits of HIV-1 Protein Study -- Evolution of Retroviral Biochemistry -- HIV-1 Virus Genome and Its Proteins: Basics -- Viral Proteins in HIV-1 Virions -- HIV-1 Assembly: Why Gag Polyproteins? -- The HIV-1 Proteins -- Gag (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12493) -- MA, Matrix, p17MA -- CA, Capsid, or p24CA -- SP1, Spacer Protein 1, p2Gag -- Nucleocapsid, NC, p7NC -- p6Gag -- GagPol (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12497) -- p6Pol, Preprotease, Transframe Protein -- PR, Protease -- RT, Reverse Transcriptase -- IN, Integrase -- Env (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03377) -- Accessory Proteins -- Vpr (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P12520) -- Nef (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P03406) -- Regulatory Proteins -- Incorporation of Cellular Proteins into HIV-1: Bystanders, Partners, Captives, and Assassins -- The Purity Problem -- HIV-1 Proteome Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: 25 Years of HIV-1 Biochemistry -- Aspects of HIV-1 Particle Biochemistry -- HIV-1 Proteomics Before There Was Proteomics -- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis -- Immunoblotting/Western Blotting -- Reversed-Phase High-Pressure Chromatography -- Automated N-Terminal (Edman Degradation) Protein Sequencing -- Amino Acid Analysis -- References -- Part 2: Modern HIV-1 Proteomics -- Chapter 4: Proteomic Studies of HIV-1 -- Introduction -- Proteomic Studies of HIV-1 -- Proteomics: "A Three-Legged Stool" -- Sample Preparation -- Protein and Peptide Quantitation -- Sample Cleanup: Beware of Traditional Detergents -- Mass Spectrometry: The Basics -- Vacuum System and Source -- The Mass Analyzer. , The Detector -- Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- Mass Spectrometry in the Context of HIV-1 Proteomics -- Chromatography Considerations -- Mass Spectrometry Acquisition: Qualitative Versus Quantitative Methods -- Data-Dependent Analysis -- Label-Free Quantitative Approaches: Spectral Counting and Data-­Independent Analysis -- Labeling Approaches -- Isobaric Tagging -- Stably Incorporated Labeled Amino Acids -- Informatics -- Targeted HIV-1 Proteomics and the Path to Clinical Applications -- Selective Reaction Monitoring -- Quick Start Guide for SRM -- Thinking Back to Our Experiments and Motivations -- Alternative Approaches -- Affinity Pulldown Approaches -- Antigen Presentation -- Protein Arrays -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: HIV-1 Sequencing -- Introduction -- Reasons Why Understanding HIV/SIV Variation Is Important from a Biological and Proteomics Perspective -- The Evolution of HIV/SIV Sequencing Technologies -- HIV/SIV Deep Sequencing Methodologies -- Pre-experimental Questions -- Sequencing Methodology -- Sequence Analysis -- Trimming, Merging, and Mapping FASTQ Reads -- Quantify the Frequency of Individual SNPs Across the Virus Genome -- Quantify the Frequency of Linked Segments -- De Novo Assembly -- Discussion and Final Thoughts -- References -- Chapter 6: Proteomic Studies of HIV-1 and Its Posttranslational Modifications -- Introduction: Posttranslational Modifications Important to HIV-1 -- The Increasing Recognition of the Role of Posttranslational Modifications in HIV-1 Proteins -- Posttranslational Modifications of Host Proteins -- Detailed Description of PTMs Involved in the HIV-1 Life Cycle -- Phosphorylation -- N-Linked Glycosylation -- Palmitoylation and Myristoylation (Fatty Acid Acylation) -- Ubiquitination/Ubiquitylation -- Advantages and Challenges of Studying PTMs -- Proteomic Methods for PTM Analysis. , Biochemical Methods -- Difference Gel Electrophoresis and 2D Electrophoresis -- Mass Spectrometry of PTMs -- Advanced MS Techniques -- Emerging Technologies -- Click Chemistry -- Non-proteomic Mass Spectrometry -- Mass Spectrometry Imaging -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinformatics for Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics -- Introduction -- Fundamentals of Peptide MS Data -- Fundamentals of the Proteomic Workflow -- Extracting Annotated and Predicted Biology -- The Future of HIV Proteomics -- References.

Note: Intro -- Human Geography of the UK -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- Part One The Human Geography of The UK: Some Issues -- 1 Approaches to The Human Geography of The UK -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Human Geography of The UK: Some Problems -- 1.3 Approaches to The Human Geography of The UK -- 2 The UK in a Global Context -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Rise and Fall of The UK -- 2.3 European Integration and UK Responses -- 2.4 Globalisation and The UK -- 2.5 Summary -- 3 Processes of Socioeconomic Change -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Processes of Economic Change -- 3.3 Dimensions of Social Change -- 3.3.1 Class -- 3.3.2 Gender and Sexuality -- 3.3.3 'Race' and Ethnicity -- 3.4 Summary -- 4 An Era of Exclusion: Polarisation and Division -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Recent Debates on Division -- 4.3 Summary -- 5 Cultural Change -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Post-war Cultural Change -- 5.3 Ethnic Identities and Cultures -- 5.4 Summary -- 6 Political Change -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Constitutional Change -- 6.3 Political Change -- 6.4 Devolution: The End of The UK? -- 6.5 Political Ideologies, Pressure Groups and Identity Politics -- 6.6 Summary -- Part Two The UK in a Period of Change -- 7 The UK Population -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Population Distribution -- 7.3 Population Change -- 7.3.1 Fertility -- 7.3.2 Mortality -- 7.3.3 Migration -- 7.4 Population Issues -- 7.4.1 Extra-Marital Fertility -- 7.4.2 Ageing Population -- 7.4.3 Household and Family Change -- 7.4.4 Immigration -- 7.4.5 Ethnic Minorities -- 7.5 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 8 Work -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Changing World of Work -- 8.2.1 What is Work? -- 8.2.2 Unemployment -- 8.3 Sectors of the Economy -- 8.3.1 Deindustrialisation and The Decline in Male Employment. , 8.3.2 Case Studies of Deindustrialisation -- 8.3.3 The Rise of the Service Sector -- 8.3.4 Agriculture -- 8.4 Demography and Social Change -- 8.4.1 Young Adults and Work -- 8.4.2 Feminisation of the Labour Market -- 8.4.3 An Ageing Ppopulation -- 8.5 Work Practices -- 8.5.1 Flexible Work -- 8.5.2 Self-Employment -- 8.5.3 Homeworking -- 8.5.4 Unpaid Work -- 8.5.5 Workaholism and Stress -- 8.6 Summary -- 8.6.1 Case study: 'Workaholic Britain' -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 9 Consumption and Leisure -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Leisure and Consumption in The UK Today -- 9.2.1 The Development of The Consuming Lifestyle -- 9.2.2 Changes in Leisure and Consumption Patterns -- 9.2.3 Consuming Lifestyles in The UK -- 9.3 New Landscapes of Consumption -- 9.3.1 Case Study: Nottingham's Lace Market -- 9.4 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 10 Health and Well-being -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Mortality -- 10.3 The Geography of Health and Well-being: Some Causal Factors -- 10.3.1 Environmental Factors -- 10.3.2 Behaviour and Lifestyle -- 10.4 Health Inequalities -- 10.4.1 Age -- 10.4.2 Gender -- 10.4.3 Social Class -- 10.4.4 Ethnicity -- 10.5 Health care Provision -- 10.6 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 11 Culture and Identity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Understanding Culture and Identity -- 11.3 Challenges to Culture and Identity: Whither England? -- 11.4 Fabricators and Symbols of Culture and Identity -- 11.4.1 Place -- 11.4.2 Education -- 1.4.3 Language -- 11.4.4 Media -- 11.4.5 Religion -- 11.4.6 Sport -- 11.4.7 Dress -- 11.4.8 Music -- 11.4.9 Food and Drink -- 11.5 Gendered Culture and Identity -- 11.6 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 12 Policy Responses -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Rural and Urban Issues -- 12.3 Transport and Sustainability Debates -- 12.4 Regional Governance and The English Regions. , 12.5 The New Deal for Welfare to Work: From Full Employment to Full Employability -- 12.6 The UK Regions and EU Economic Development Policies -- 12.7 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- Part Three The UK: A Society and State Divided? -- 13 Constitutional and Political Change -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Devolution -- 13.2.1 Ireland-Northern Ireland -- 13.2.2 Scotland -- 13.2.3 Wales -- 13.2.4 England? -- 13.3 Regionalism -- 13.3.1 London -- 13.3.2 North East -- 13.3.3 Yorkshire and Humber -- 13.4 Other Constitutional Reform -- 13.4.1 The Monarchy -- 13.4.2 The House of Lords -- 13.4.3 Voting Reform -- 13.5 National Government and Politics: 'New' Labour, New Political Geography? -- 13.6 Local Government and Politics -- 13.7 Europe -- 13.8 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 14 Geographical Divisions: A Tale of Two Regions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Regions in the UK -- 14.3 A tale of two regions: the North East and South East -- 14.3.1 The People -- 14.3.2 Work -- 14.3.3 Housing -- 14.3.4 Lifestyle -- 14.3.5 Health -- 14.4 Intra-Regional Variation -- 14.5 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 15 The Haves and the Have-Nots -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The UK: The Emergence of two Nations? -- 15.2.1 Social Polarisation in The UK -- 15.2.2 The Haves -- 15.2.3 The Have-nots -- 15.3 Dimensions of Polarisation -- 15.3.1 Case Studies of Polarisation -- 15.4 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- 16 The Geography of Polarisation and Division -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Case Study: Divided Britain -- 16.2 The Forces of Polarisation in Urban and Rural Parts of The UK -- 16.3 The Impacts of Urban and Rural Change -- 16.3.1 Rust Belts, Urban Decline and Crime -- 16.3.2 Case Study: St Ann's, Nottingham-the 1960s Situation -- 16.3.3 Case Study: The Park Estate. , 16.3.4 Religious Division, Segregation and Exclusion in Northern Ireland -- 16.3.5 Gentrification and The Inner City -- 16.3.6 In Search of The Rural Idyll, NIMBYism and Green Belts -- 16.3.7 The 'other' Rural -- 16.4 Summary -- Revision Questions -- Key Texts -- Glossary -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Geophysical Monograph Series -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword: Darwin's Perspective -- Foreword: The Galápagos as a Natural Laboratory -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galápagos -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Magma Supply -- 2.2.1. Competition for magma supply and interactions between volcanoes -- 2.2.2. Archipelago-scale magma supply -- 2.3. Magma Storage -- 2.3.1. Characteristics of magma storage -- 2.3.2. Magma storage beneath volcanic flanks -- 2.4. Volcano Morphology and Structure -- 2.4.1. Volcano shape -- 2.4.2. Pattern of eruptive fissures -- 2.4.3. Calderas -- 2.4.4. Intracaldera faulting -- 2.4.5. Flank instability -- 2.5. Volcanic Eruptions and Volcano Evolution -- 2.5.1. Eruption style -- 2.5.2. Volcano evolution -- 2.6. Conclusions -- 2.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Galápagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Galápagos Islands -- 3.3. Easter-Salas y Gómez Seamount Chain -- 3.4. Discussion -- 3.4.1. Plumes at the edges of the LLSVP -- 3.4.2. Plume-Ridge Interaction Effects -- 3.4.3. Orientation of the chemical boundary -- 3.4.4. Geochemical heterogeneity of the Pacific LLSVP -- 3.5. Conclusions -- 3.6. Acknowledgments -- 3.7. Author Contributions -- References -- Chapter 4 Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galápagos Hotspot Center -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Sampling and Analytical Details -- 4.3. Constraints on Flow Mapping -- 4.4. Eruption Rate Estimate from Young Flows -- 4.5. Age of Oldest Lava Flows -- 4.6. Magmatic/Mantle Helium and Galápagos Geographic Variability -- 4.7. Conclusions -- 4.8. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Galápagos Magma Chambers -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Evidence from Volcanic History and Geomorphology. , 5.3. Evidence from Deformation and Gravity -- 5.4. Evidence from Magma Compositions and Crystals -- 5.5. Petrologic Monitoring of Eruptions -- 5.6. Summary of Interpretations -- 5.7. An Evolutionary Model for Mushy Magma Chambers -- 5.8. Conclusions: the Dynamic and Thermal Evolution of Galápagos Magma Chambers -- 5.9. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galápagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage Ocean Island Volcanism -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Geologic Background -- 6.3. Methods -- 6.4. Results -- 6.4.1. Geologic development of Floreana -- 6.4.2. Petrography of Floreana lavas -- 6.4.3. Mineral compositions -- 6.4.4. Major element compositions -- 6.4.5. Trace element compositions -- 6.4.6. Strontium, Neodymium, and Lead isotopic ratios -- 6.4.7. Age determinations -- 6.5. Discussion -- 6.5.1. Geologic development of Floreana -- 6.5.2. Petrogenetic model -- 6.5.3. The trace element composition of the Floreana ("FLO") component -- 6.5.4. Late-stage volcanism in Galápagos -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 6.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Tectonic Setting -- 7.2.1. General description -- 7.2.2. Age of Galápagos Islands and geographical relationship to plate motions -- 7.3. Fauna and Flora, and East-West Colonization -- 7.3.1. General description of life on oceanic islands -- 7.3.2. Life on Galápagos: ancient dating -- 7.3.3. Why east-to-west colonization? -- 7.4. Conclusion of Plate Motions Linked to Biodiversity Movements -- 7.4.1. New islands and the saving of native and endemic species -- 7.5. Volcanism Versus Introduced Species in the Survival of Species -- 7.6. Case Study of Fernandina: Haven or Hell? -- 7.6.1. General description. , 7.6.2. Conclusion of Fernandina as a Refuge of Galápagos Biodiversity -- 7.7. Biodiversity, Introduced Species, and Plate Tectonics -- 7.7.1. Contamination through introduced species -- 7.8. Fate of Biodiversity -- 7.9. Conclusions -- 7.10. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 A Paleogeographic Model of the Galápagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary Implications -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Ages of Island Emergence -- 8.2.1. Plate tectonic estimates -- 8.2.2. Direct age measurements of lavas -- 8.2.3. New age determinations -- 8.3. Biological Implications of the Islands' Ages -- 8.3.1. General models of island biogeography -- 8.3.2. Testing the general dynamic model -- 8.3.3. Modifications to the general dynamic model -- 8.4. Movement and Subsidence of the Galápagos Islands -- 8.4.1. Subsidence model -- 8.4.2. Paleogeography of the pleistocene Galápagos -- 8.5. The Proto-Galápagos and Evolutionary Geographic Pathways -- 8.5.1. Implications for phylogenetic divergence -- 8.5.2. Comparison with phylogenetic estimates -- 8.5.3. The progression rule -- 8.5.4. Dispersal and vicariance -- 8.6. Conclusions -- 8.7. Appendix I: Emergence Ages of the Individual Galápagos Islands -- 8.7.1. Isla Fernandina -- 8.7.2. Isla Isabela -- 8.7.3. Isla Santiago -- 8.7.4. Isla Pinzón -- 8.7.5. Isla Rabida -- 8.7.6. Isla Santa Cruz -- 8.7.7. Isla Floreana -- 8.7.8. Isla Santa Fe -- 8.7.9. Isla San Cristóbal -- 8.7.10. Isla Española -- 8.7.11. Islas Genovesa, Pinta, and Marchena -- 8.7.12. Islas Wolf and Darwin -- 8.8. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Hydrogeology of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach Between Islands -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Constraints of Basaltic Islands and Advocated Methodology -- 9.3. Main Features of San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz Islands and their Significance for Water Resources. , 9.3.1. Geology and weathering processes -- 9.3.2. Climate and water budget -- 9.3.3. Geomorphology and surface hydrology -- 9.3.4. Groundwater -- 9.4. Discussion -- 9.5. Recommendations for Groundwater Management Practices in the Galápagos -- 9.6. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes and Volcanic Ocean Islands -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. A General Framework for Volcanic Landscape Evolution -- 10.3. Insights from a Global Compilation of Volcanic Ocean Islands and Shield Volcanoes -- 10.4. Phenomena Driving Landscape Evolution -- 10.4.1. Soil development and dust deposition set the stage for landscape dissection -- 10.4.2. Chemical and physical erosion rates change throughout landscape evolution -- 10.4.3. Precipitation rate affects erosion and soil development -- 10.4.4. Flank collapses can hasten topographic dissection -- 10.4.5. Volcanic architecture and tectonics constrain the patterns of landscape evolution -- 10.5. Other Controls on Volcanic Landscape Evolution -- 10.6. Conclusions -- 10.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Climate and the Global Reach of the Galápagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge -- 11.1. Climatic and Oceanographic Setting -- 11.2. Influence on the Equilibrium State of the Tropical Pacific -- 11.2.1. Numerical modeling -- 11.2.2. Observations -- 11.2.3. Global climate modeling -- 11.3. Relationship with Climate Variability and Change -- 11.3.1. Islands in the crosshairs -- 11.3.2. Role in interannual climate variability (ENSO) -- 11.3.3. Role in anthropogenic climate change -- 11.4. Recap and Future Directions -- 11.5. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galápagos Islands -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Background -- 12.3. Method of Analysis. , 12.4. Results -- 12.4.1. Tsunami Maule, Chile 2010 -- 12.4.2. Tsunami Tohoku, Japan 2011 -- 12.5. Discussion -- 12.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge Interaction -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Methods -- 13.2.1. Mantle convection -- 13.2.2. Model mantle heterogeneity, melting, and magma composition -- 13.3. Results: Predicted and Observed Magma Flux -- 13.3.1. Model 1: Plume with low viscosity, without a dependence on water content -- 13.3.2. Model 2: High viscosity in the shallowest upper mantle with the dependence on water content -- 13.4. Results: Predicted and Observed Magma Compositions -- 13.4.1. Model 1 geochemical variations -- 13.4.2. Model 2 geochemical variations -- 13.4.3. Along-axis variations in incompatible element concentration -- 13.5. Discussion -- 13.5.1. Model limitations and robustness of model results -- 13.5.2. The case for a low-viscosity Galápagos plume -- 13.5.3. The nature of heterogeneity in the Galápagos plume and ambient mantle -- 13.5.4. Incompatible element concentrations along the Galápagos Spreading Center -- 13.6. Conclusions -- 13.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.1.1. The mechanics of plume-ridge and plume-lithosphere interaction -- 14.1.2. Along- and off-axis expressions of the Galápagos mantle plume -- 14.2. Data -- 14.3. Gravity Anomalies -- 14.3.1. Free air anomaly -- 14.3.2. Mantle Bouguer Anomaly -- 14.3.3. Residual Mantle Bouguer Anomaly -- 14.4. Gravity-Derived Crustal Thickness Variations -- 14.4.1. Inversion of MBA for crustal thickness -- 14.4.2. Inversion results -- 14.4.3. Other contributions to the MBA. , 14.5. Plate Flexure Associated with the Galápagos Lineaments.