Keywords:
Sediments (Geology).
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This book provides the first summary of known terrestrial distal impact ejecta layers, which although often erased or modified beyond easy recognition, can be vital evidence in helping to plot major climatic and biological effects of meteor impact.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (722 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783540882626
Series Statement:
Impact Studies
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=994501
DDC:
551.39
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Distal Impact Ejecta Layers -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Distal Ejecta Layers: Formation and Nomenclature -- 1.3…Importance of Distal Impact Ejecta Layers -- 1.4…Objectives -- 2 Impact Crater Formation, Shock Metamorphism, and Distribution of Impact Ejecta -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Impact Cratering -- 2.2.1 Energy Considerations -- 2.2.2 Impact Crater Formation -- 2.2.2.1 Contact and Compression Stage -- 2.2.2.2 Excavation Stage -- 2.2.2.3 Modification Stage -- 2.2.3 Simple Craters, Complex Craters, and Multi-Ring Basins -- 2.3…Shock Metamorphism -- 2.3.1 Vaporization and Melting -- 2.3.2 Shock-Induced Decomposition or Dissociation -- 2.3.3 Phase Transformation: High-Pressure Phases -- 2.3.4 Microscopic Shock-Deformation Features -- 2.3.4.1 Dislocations and Kink Bands -- 2.3.4.2 Planar Microstructures -- 2.3.4.2.1…Planar Fractures -- 2.3.4.2.2…Planar Deformation Features -- 2.3.4.2.3 Mechanical Twins -- 2.3.4.3 Mosaicism, X-Ray Asterism, and Diaplectic Glasses -- 2.3.4.4 Post-Shock Thermal Effects -- 2.3.5 Megascopic Shock-Deformation Features: Shatter Cones -- 2.3.6 Stages of Shock Metamorphism -- 2.4…Ejection and Distribution of Ejecta -- 2.5…Numerical Modeling of the Cratering Process -- 2.6…Variations in Ejecta with Distance from the Source Crater -- 2.7…Complications -- 2.7.1 Effects of Earth's Rotation and Atmosphere on Transport and Distribution of Distal Ejecta from Large Impacts -- 2.7.2 Lobate and Ray-Like Ejecta Patterns -- 2.7.3 Reworking of Distal Impact Ejecta by Impact-Produced Tsunamis -- 3 Distal Impact Ejecta Layers: Recognition, Confirmation, Dating, and Determining Source Craters -- 3.1…Recognition of Possible Distal Ejecta Layers -- 3.1.1 Stratigraphy/Lithology -- 3.1.2 Geochemistry -- 3.1.2.1 Siderophile and Platinum Group Elements.
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3.1.2.2 Osmium Isotopic Method -- 3.1.2.3 Chromium Isotopic Method -- 3.1.2.4 Helium-3 and Fullerenes -- 3.2…Confirmation of Impact Origin for a Suspected Distal Impact/Spherule Layer -- 3.2.1 Impact Spherules and Their Identification -- 3.2.1.1 Impact Spherules: Kinds and Description -- 3.2.1.2 Other Naturally-Occurring Spherules -- 3.2.1.3 Manmade Microscopic Spherical Glass Objects -- 3.2.1.4 Identification of Impact Spherules -- 3.2.2 Shock Metamorphism -- 3.3…Dating and Correlation of Distal Impact Ejecta Layers -- 3.3.1 Stratigraphy -- 3.3.2 Radiometric Dating -- 3.4…Search for Source Craters of Distal Ejecta Layers -- 3.4.1 Age of the Source Crater -- 3.4.2 Nature of the Target Rock -- 3.4.3 Size of and Distance to Source Crater -- 3.5…Examples of Spherules Misidentified as Impact Spherules -- 4 Cenozoic Microtektite/Ejecta Layers -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.1.1 Background -- 4.1.2 Tektites and Tektite Strewn Fields -- 4.2…The AustralasianAustralasian Microtektite Layer -- 4.2.1 Description of the AustralasianAustralasian Microtektites -- 4.2.2 Composition of the AustralasianAustralasian Microtektites -- 4.2.3 Age -- 4.2.4 Geographic Occurrence -- 4.2.5 Nature of the AustralasianAustralasian Microtektite Layer -- 4.2.6 Iridium Anomaly Associated with the AustralasianAustralasian Microtektite Layer -- 4.2.7 Unmelted Ejecta in the Microtektite Layer -- 4.2.8 Transantarctic Mountain Microtektites -- 4.2.9 Geographic Variations Within the AustralasianAustralasian Microtektite Strewn Field -- 4.2.10 Parent Rocks and Estimated Location and Size of the Source Crater -- 4.3…The Ivory CoastIvory Coast Microtektite Layer -- 4.3.1 Description of the Ivory CoastIvory Coast Microtektites -- 4.3.2 Composition -- 4.3.3 Age -- 4.3.4 The Ivory CoastIvory Coast Strewn Field -- 4.3.5 The Source Crater: Bosumtwi.
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4.4…The Central EuropeanCentral European Tektite Strewn Field -- 4.5…The North AmericanNorth American Microtektite Layer -- 4.5.1 Introduction -- 4.5.2 Description of the North AmericanNorth American Microtektites -- 4.5.3 Composition -- 4.5.4 Age -- 4.5.5 Geographic Occurrence -- 4.5.6 Relationship to the Clinopyroxene-Bearing Spherule Layer -- 4.5.7 Unmelted, Shock-Metamorphosed Ejecta Associated with the North AmericanNorth American Microtektite Layer -- 4.5.8 Geographic Variation Within the North AmericanNorth American Strewn Field -- 4.5.9 The Source Crater: Chesapeake BayChesapeake Bay -- 4.6…The Clinopyroxene-Bearing Spherule Layer -- 4.6.1 Introduction -- 4.6.2 Description of Cpx Spherules -- 4.6.3 Composition -- 4.6.4 The Number of Upper Eocene Spherule Layers -- 4.6.5 Age of the Cpx Spherule Layer -- 4.6.6 Geographic Distribution of Cpx Spherules -- 4.6.7 Associated IrIr Anomaly and Shock-Metamorphosed Grains -- 4.6.8 Nature of the Target Rock: Chemical Composition and Sr--Nd Isotopic Data -- 4.6.9 PopigaiPopigai: The Source Crater -- 4.6.10 Meteoritic Contamination and Projectile Identification -- 4.6.11 Geographic Variations Within and Ray-Like Nature of the Cpx Spherule Strewn Field -- 4.6.12 Formation of Cpx Spherules -- 4.6.13 Associated Climatic and Biological Changes -- 4.7…Additional Probable Cenozoic Distal Ejecta Layers -- 4.7.1 North PacificNorth Pacific Microtektites -- 4.7.2 Early Pliocene (4.6--12.1 Ma) Tasman RiseTasman Rise Microtektites -- 4.7.3 Paleocene Nuussuaq Spherule Bed -- 4.8…Distal Impact Glasses not Found in Stratigraphic Layers -- 4.8.1 Guatemalan (Tikal) Tektites (0.8 Ma) -- 4.8.2 Darwin Glass -- 4.8.3 South-Ural Glass -- 4.8.4 High Na/K ''Australites'' -- 4.8.5 Libyan Desert GlassLibyan Desert Glass -- 4.8.6 Urengoites -- 4.9…Other Proposed Cenozoic Distal Ejecta Layers -- 4.9.1 Younger Dryas ''Impact'' Layer.
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4.9.2 Late Pliocene ''Ejecta'' in the Ross Sea, Antarctica -- 4.9.3 The Paleocene-Eocene Event -- 4.10…Miscellaneous -- 4.10.1 Argentine Impact Glasses -- 4.10.2 Meteoritic Dust Layers in Antarctic Ice -- 4.10.3 The Eltanin Event -- 5 Mesozoic Spherule/Impact Ejecta Layers -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Boundary Impact Ejecta Layer -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 General Description of the K-T Boundary Layer -- 5.2.2.1 Gulf of MexicoGulf of Mexico Region and CubaCuba -- 5.2.2.2 Beloc, HaitiHaiti -- 5.2.2.3 Western Interior, North America -- 5.2.2.4 Western North AtlanticWestern North Atlantic and East Coast of the USAEast Coast of the USA -- 5.2.2.5 Western Equatorial Atlantic -- 5.2.2.6 Pacific OceanPacific Ocean Sites -- 5.2.2.7 Europe and North Africa -- 5.2.2.8 Indian OceanIndian Ocean -- 5.2.2.9 Woodside Creek, New ZealandWoodside Creek, New Zealand -- 5.2.3 Evidence for an Impact Origin -- 5.2.3.1 IrIr Anomaly, Platinum Group Elements (PGEs), and Osmium Isotope Data -- 5.2.3.2 Spherules and Accretionary Lapilli -- 5.2.3.3 NiNi-Rich Spinel Crystals -- 5.2.3.4 Shock Metamorphosed and Shock Produced Mineral Grains -- 5.2.3.4.1‡Shocked Quartz and Feldspar -- 5.2.3.4.2‡Stishovite -- 5.2.3.4.3‡Shocked Chromite and Zircon -- 5.2.3.4.4‡Diamonds -- 5.2.4 Radiometric Age of the Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Boundary Layer -- 5.2.5 Multiple Impact Ejecta Layers in Late Maastrichtian and Early Danian Deposits? -- 5.2.6 The K-T Boundary Source Crater: ChicxulubChicxulub -- 5.2.7 Variations in Nature of the K-T Boundary Layer with Distance from ChicxulubChicxulub -- 5.2.7.1 General Nature of the K-T Boundary Ejecta Layer with Distance from ChicxulubChicxulub -- 5.2.7.2 Dual Nature of the K-T Boundary Layer and Its Cause -- 5.2.7.3 Variation in Thickness of the K-T Boundary Layer with Distance from ChicxulubChicxulub.
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5.2.7.4 Geographic Variation in Maximum IrIr Content and Flux -- 5.2.7.5 Variation in Shocked Quartz Grains with Distance from ChicxulubChicxulub -- 5.2.8 Nature of the K-T Boundary (ChicxulubChicxulub) Projectile -- 5.2.9 The K-T (ChicxulubChicxulub) Impact as the Cause of the Terminal Cretaceous Mass Extinction -- 5.2.9.1 Dust, Global Cooling, Cessation of Photosynthesis -- 5.2.9.2 Wildfires -- 5.2.9.3 Acid Rain -- 5.2.9.4 Ozone Destruction -- 5.2.9.5 Greenhouse Warming -- 5.2.9.6 Other Possible Killing Mechanisms -- 5.2.9.7 Debate Regarding the Cause of the Terminal Cretaceous Mass Extinction -- 5.3…Distal Impact Ejecta from the MansonManson Impact Structure -- 5.3.1 MansonManson Impact Structure -- 5.3.2 Distal Impact Ejecta from the MansonManson Impact Structure -- 5.3.2.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2.2 Evidence of Shock Metamorphism -- 5.3.2.3 Age of the Crow Creek Member Ejecta Layer -- 5.3.2.4 Evidence that the MansonManson Structure Is the Source of the Crow Creek Ejecta Layer -- 5.4…Late Triassic Impact Ejecta Layer -- 5.5…Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Impact? -- 6 Paleozoic Impact Spherule/Ejecta Layers -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Late Devonian Spherule/Ejecta Layers -- 6.2.1 Introduction -- 6.2.2 The Qidong Silicate Glass Spherule Layer -- 6.2.3 Evidence for an Impact Ejecta Layer Near the Frasnian--Famennian Boundary -- 6.2.3.1 Introduction -- 6.2.3.2 IrIr and Other Platinum Group Element Data -- 6.2.3.3 Impact Spherules (Microtektites?) at SenzeilleSenzeille and HonyHony, Belgium -- 6.2.3.3.1‡Introduction -- 6.2.3.3.2‡Description -- 6.2.3.3.3‡Composition -- 6.2.3.3.4‡Comparison with the Qidong Spherules -- 6.2.3.3.5‡Nature of the Source Rock and Possible Source Crater -- 6.2.3.3.6‡Discussion -- 6.2.3.4 Other Possible Spherule Layers of Frasnian/Famennian Age -- 6.3…Proposed, but Not Accepted Distal Ejecta Layers.
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6.3.1 Permian--Triassic Boundary (PTB).
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