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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efficient low-cost DNA extraction and multiplex fluorescent PCR method for marker-assisted selection in breeding (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 123 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is an increasingly important tool in current breeding efforts for improved crop plants and animal breeds. It enables detection of favourable alleles in early developmental stages and thus may result in substantial cost savings. Until now, however, the high costs of the required chemicals and materials, together with the still very labour-intensive methods, have been an obstacle to widespread application of MAS. A new multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method has been developed for reliable low-cost, high-throughput screening. By its use 3366 apple seedlings were screened with an average hands-on time from DNA extraction to data ready for analysis of 〈 4 h per 96 plants, and at a cost below US$ 0.5 per marker per plant. Factors that have a strong effect on segregation ratios such as elevated levels of outcrossing are easily detected, as a significant correlation was observed between deviation from expected segregation ratios in some affected markers and the level of outcrossing in a cross. The new method is suitable for many crop species and, provided that suitable buffers are used for DNA extraction, for animals too.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.01033.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Extracellular complexation of Cd in the Hartig net and cytosolic Zn sequestration in the fungal mantle of Picea abies – Hebeloma crustuliniforme ectomycorrhizas (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Compartmentation of heavy metals on or within mycorrhizal fungi may serve as a protective function for the roots of forest trees growing in soils containing elevated concentrations of metals such as Cd and Zn. In this paper we present the first quantitative measurements by X-ray microanalysis of heavy metals in high-pressure frozen and cryosectioned ectomycorrhizal fungal hyphae. We used this technique to analyse the main sites of Cd and Zn in fungal cells of mantle and Hartig net hyphae and in cortical root cells of symbiotic Picea abies – Hebeloma crustuliniforme associations to gain new insights into the mechanisms of detoxification of these two metals in Norway spruce seedlings. The mycorrhizal seedlings were exposed in growth pouches to either 1 mM Cd or 2 mM Zn for 5 weeks. The microanalytical data revealed that two distinct Cd- and Zn-binding mechanisms are involved in cellular compartmentation of Cd and Zn in the mycobiont. Whereas extracellular complexation of Cd occurred predominantly in the Hartig net hyphae, both extracellular complexation and cytosolic sequestration of Zn occurred in the fungal tissue. The vacuoles were presumed not to be a significant pool for Cd and Zn storage. Cadmium was almost exclusively localized in the cell walls of the Hartig net (up to 161 mmol kg−1 DW) compared with significantly lower concentrations in the cell walls of mantle hyphae (22 mmol kg−1 DW) and in the cell walls of cortical cells (15 mmol kg−1 DW). This suggests that the apoplast of the Hartig net is a primary accumulation site for Cd. Zinc accumulated mainly in the cell walls of the mantle hyphae (111 mmol kg−1 DW), the Hartig net hyphae (130 mmol kg−1 DW) and the cortical cells (152 mmol kg−1 DW). In addition, Zn occurred in high concentrations in the cytoplasm of the fungal mantle hyphae (up to 164 mmol kg−1 DW) suggesting that both the cell walls and the cytoplasm of fungal tissue are the main accumulation sites for Zn in P. abies resulting in decreased Zn transfer from the fungus to the root.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00637.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of Zn in functionally different leaf epidermal cells of the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 23 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The aim of this study was to show the potential of Thlaspi caerulescens in the cleaning-up of a moderately Zn -contaminated soil and to elucidate tolerance mechanisms at the cellular and subcellular level for the detoxification of the accumulated metal within the leaf. Measured Zn concentrations in shoots were high and reached a maximum value of 83 mmol kg−1 dry mass, whereas total concentrations of Zn in the roots were lower (up to 13 mmol kg−1). In order to visualize and quantify Zn at the subcellular level in roots and leaves, ultrathin cryosections were analysed using energy-dispersive X-ray micro-analysis. Elemental maps of ultrathin cryosections showed that T. caerulescens mainly accumulated Zn in the vacuoles of epidermal leaf cells and Zn was almost absent from the vacuoles of the cells from the stomatal complex, thereby protecting the guard and subsidiary cells from high Zn concentrations. Observed patterns of Zn distribution between the functionally different epidermal cells were the same in both the upper and lower epidermis, and were independent of the total Zn content of the plant. Zinc stored in vacuoles was evenly distributed and no Zn-containing crystals or deposits were observed. From the elemental maps there was no indication that P, S or Cl was associated with the high Zn concentrations in the vacuoles. In addition, Zn also accumulated in high concentrations in both the cell walls of epidermal cells and in the mesophyll cells, indicating that apoplastic compartmentation is another important mechanism involved in zinc tolerance in the leaves of T. caerulescens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.2000.00590.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Element localization in ultrathin cryosections of high-pressure frozen ectomycorrhizal spruce roots (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant, cell & environment 20 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3040
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: We present, for the first time, elemental mapping of ultra-thin cryosections from high-pressure frozen ectomycorrhizal roots of Picea abies–Hebeloma crustuliniforme. The maps provide interpretable information on the relationship between elements and the structure of inhomogeneous objects. Cryoultramicrotomy together with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) offers the potential to study the subcellular localization of specific ions and ecologically important tracers (Cs and Sr) in ectomycorrhizal roots under conditions resembling the natural slate as closely as possible. Structural changes of the ectomycorrhizal roots, in particular the absence of a Hartig net at high NH4+ levels in the nutrient solution, were accompanied by elemental modification of Ca in cortical cell walls, where markedly higher concentrations of Ca were found. Cs and Sr applied to the nutrient solution were localized in root and fungal cells of the Hartig net. Cs accumulated mainly in the vacuoles of the Hartig net hyphae and its distribution was very similar to the distribution of K. In contrast to Cs, Sr was found to occur mainly in electron-opaque and P-rich granules. From this study, (here is no indication that Ca is the only ion accompanying P in the P-rich granules. Several elements including Ca, K, Cl, S, Cs and Sr, with highest concentrations for S, can occur together with P in these granules. The occurrence of the P-rich electron-opaque deposits in fungal cells might be the first evidence of polyphosphate granules in the native state, since our specimen preparation technique did not include chemical fixation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-132.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pore Structure of Coffee Beans Affected by Roasting Conditions (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 65 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Hot-air roasting of coffee beans not only forms color and flavor compounds but also leads to a complete alteration of the bean microstructure. The resulting pore structure controls mass transfer phenomena during roasting and storage. The principal objective of the present project was to investigate the influence of different roasting conditions on volume increase and pore-structure development. Coffee beans were roasted in 2 different, well-defined roasting processes to equal degree of roast. Volumetry, mercury porosimetry, and electron microscopy were employed to study structural product properties. The roasting conditions were found to have a major impact on microstructure. High-temperature roasted coffees had greater bean volume, pore volume and larger micropores in the cell walls as compared to low-temperature roasted beans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2000.tb16026.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UHT Milk Processing—Effect on Process Energy Requirements (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of food science 49 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1750-3841
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Energy requirements for processing milk using a free falling film steam infusion ultra-high temperature (UHT) sterilization process and a high temperature-short time (HTST) pasteurization process were determined and compared. Product flow rate was 2500 kg/hr. Milk to milk regeneration was used with both processes. UHT process temperatures were 138, 143, 149, and 154°C. The energy requirements for the UHT and HTST processes ranged between 573 and 667 kJ/kg milk and 217 and 228 kJ/kg milk, respectively. Although the UHT process consumed between 345 and 450 W/kg milk additional energy in the plant, the UHT sterilization of milk has been estimated to result in a net energy savings of 547 - 652 kJ/kg milk because the product does not require post-processing refrigeration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1984.tb13262.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of Specific Oligonucleotide Duplexes to Stimulate Cleavage of Refractory DNA Sites by Restriction Endonucleases
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Analytical Biochemistry 209 (1993), S. 232-237 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-2697
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/abio.1993.1113
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Purification and characterisation of the restriction endonuclease ItaI from Ilyobacter tartaricus recognizing 5'-GCJ↓NGC-3'
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Gene 137 (1993), S. 347-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 0378-1119
    Keywords: cleavage position ; isoelectric point ; ligation/recut ; molecular weight ; palindrome ; recognition sequence ; schizomer
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0378-1119(93)90033-Y
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chitin and ergosterol content of extraradical and intraradical mycelium of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Soil Biology and Biochemistry 26 (1994), S. 711-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0038-0717
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(94)90263-1
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MES [2-(N-morpholine)-ethane sulphonic acid] buffer promotes the growth of external hyphae of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in an alkaline sand (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 79-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ; External hyphae ; Glomus intraradices ; MES [2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulphonic acid] ; Trifolium pratense ; Sulphur stimulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In this work we investigated the hypothesis, suggested by unpublished experiments carried out previously, that application of MES [2-(N-morpholino)-ethane sulphonic acid] buffer to the substrate of plants hosting the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices might favour the growth of external hyphae. The substrate of Trifolium pratense plants, with or without G. intraradices inoculum, was treated twice weekly, between weeks 5 and 11 of growth, plant with distilled water, P-supplemented 10% Hewitt nutrient solution (H+P), 51mM in H+P or 1mM TRIS-HCl in H+P. MES buffer increased the length of external G. intraradices hyphae and the density of propagules in the substrate, but plant growth was not affected. Although both TRIS-HCl and MES caused substrate pH to fall (from 8.51 to 7.35 and 7.17, respectively), only MES induced a significant increase in external hypha length. We conclude that the effect of MES on external hypha length was not due to plant growth or to substrate pH per se.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050284
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