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  • 1
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    Inputs of disinfection by-products to the marine environment from various industrial activities: Comparison to natural production (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Highlights: • Overview on oxidative treatment processes for different industrial applications • Compilation of disinfection by-product types/concentrations in marine water uses • Estimation of global DBP inputs into marine water from different industries • Comparison of anthropogenic bromoform production to emissions from natural sources Abstract: Oxidative treatment of seawater in coastal and shipboard installations is applied to control biofouling and/or minimize the input of noxious or invasive species into the marine environment. This treatment allows a safe and efficient operation of industrial installations and helps to protect human health from infectious diseases and to maintain the biodiversity in the marine environment. On the downside, the application of chemical oxidants generates undesired organic compounds, so-called disinfection by-products (DBPs), which are discharged into the marine environment. This article provides an overview on sources and quantities of DBP inputs, which could serve as basis for hazard analysis for the marine environment, human health and the atmosphere. During oxidation of marine water, mainly brominated DBPs are generated with bromoform (CHBr3) being the major DBP. CHBr3 has been used as an indicator to compare inputs from different sources. Total global annual volumes of treated seawater inputs resulting from cooling processes of coastal power stations, from desalination plants and from ballast water treatment in ships are estimated to be 470 – 800 × 109 m3, 46 × 109 m3 and 3.5 × 109 m3, respectively. Overall, the total estimated anthropogenic bromoform production and discharge adds up to 13.5 – 21.8 × 106 kg/a (kg per year) with contributions of 11.8 – 20.1 × 106 kg/a from cooling water treatment, 0.89 × 106 kg/a from desalination and 0.86 × 106 kg/a from ballast water treatment. This equals approximately 2 – 6 % of the natural bromoform emissions from marine water, which is estimated to be 385 – 870 × 106 kg/a.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Effect-based characterization of mixtures of environmental pollutants in sediments worldwide (2018)
    In:  EPIC3SETAC Europe 28th Annual Meeting, Rome, 2018-05-14Rome
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-22
    Description: There is a multitude of pollutants that combine persistent and hydrophobic properties. In aquatic environments, they are largely deposited in sediments. The amount and characteristics of the organic carbon determine how strongly they are bound or if they are readily available for partitioning to biota and biouptake. These pollutants can be accumulated by aquatic organisms and biomagnified to higher trophic levels. Hence, it is important to explore the composition, activity and effects of environmental mixtures of pollutants in sediments of different origin, characteristics and pollution history. Sediments from Sweden, the European Arctic (coastal Svalbard vs. open sea), Queensland (Australia) and a French-German river were collected. The freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of the chemicals were determined using equilibration with thin coatings of silicone on the inner walls of glass jars with subsequent solvent extraction. Total sediment concentrations (Ctotal) were determined using accelerated solvent extraction. While there is a wide range of pollutants that have been detected in sediments world-wide, traditional chemical analysis cannot cover all compounds and their transformation products. Therefore, in this study, the extracts were dosed into seven cell-based bioassays covering cytotoxicity, activation of metabolic enzymes (binding to the arylhydrocarbon receptor, AhR), specific, receptor-mediated effects such as estrogenicity (ERa); and adaptive stress response (oxidative stress, AREc32). Cytotoxicity was assessed in all bioassays and occurred occasionally. Moreover, four of the seven bioassays were active in this study: AhR, AREc32, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg) and ERa. The activation of the AhR was by far most responsive and showed a distinct pattern across the sampling locations. The other three assays showed responses only at higher enrichment factors of the extracts, also revealing specific contamination patterns. A comparison between Cfree vs. Ctotal will enable assessing the actual risk (Cfree) vs. the potential hazard of those chemicals that might be released in future scenarios (Ctotal). The presented work calls for more detailed studies at specific sites and testing of additional endpoints with the aim of obtaining a complete picture of mixture effects caused by the freely dissolved and total concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Emerging investigator series: effect-based characterization of mixtures of environmental pollutants in diverse sediments (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-10-29
    Description: This study investigated whether cell-based bioassays were suitable to characterize profiles of mixture effects of hydrophobic pollutants in multiple sediments covering remote Arctic and tropical sites to highly populated sites in Europe and Australia. The total contamination was determined after total solvent extraction and the bioavailable contamination after silicone-based passive equilibrium sampling. In addition to cytotoxicity, we observed specific responses in cell-based reporter gene bioassays: activation of metabolic enzymes (arylhydrocarbon receptor: AhR, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma: PPARγ) and adaptive stress responses (oxidative stress response: AREc32). No mixture effects were found for effects on the estrogen, androgen, progesterone and glucocorticoid receptors, or they were masked by cytotoxicity. The bioanalytical equivalent concentrations (BEQ) spanned several orders of magnitude for each bioassay. The bioavailable BEQs (passive equilibrium sampling) typically were 10–100 times and up to 420 times lower than the total BEQ (solvent extraction) for the AhR and AREc32 assays, indicating that the readily desorbing fraction of the bioactive chemicals was substantially lower than the fraction bound strongly to the sediment sorptive phases. Contrarily, the bioavailable BEQ in the PPARγ assay was within a factor of five of the total BEQ. We identified several hotspots of contamination in Europe and established background contamination levels in the Arctic and Australia.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 4
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    Influence of Emission Sources and Tributaries on the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Micropollutant Mixtures and Associated Effects in a Small River (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Organic micropollutants of anthropogenic origin in river waters may impair aquatic ecosystem health and drinking water quality. To evaluate micropollutant fate and turnover on a catchment scale, information on input source characteristics as well as spatial and temporal variability is required. The influence of tributaries from agricultural and urban areas and the input of wastewater were investigated by grab and Lagrangian sampling under base flow conditions within a 7.7‐km‐long stretch of the Ammer River (southwest Germany) using target screening for 83 organic micropollutants and 4 in vitro bioassays with environmentally relevant modes of action. In total, 9 pesticides and transformation products, 13 pharmaceuticals, and 6 industrial and household chemicals were detected. Further, aryl hydrocarbon receptor induction, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor activity, estrogenicity, and oxidative stress response were measured in the river. The vast majority of the compounds and mixture effects were introduced by the effluent of a wastewater‐treatment plant, which contributed 50% of the total flow rate of the river on the sampling day. The tributaries contributed little to the overall load of organic micropollutants and mixture effects because of their relatively low discharge but showed a different chemical and toxicological pattern from the Ammer River, though a comparison to effect‐based trigger values pointed toward unacceptable surface water quality in the main stem and in some of the tributaries. Chemical analysis and in vitro bioassays covered different windows of analyte properties but reflected the same picture. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1382–1391. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Chemical analysis ; Bioassays ; Catchment scale ; Micropollutant mixtures ; Lagrangian sampling
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 5
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    The Combined Algae Test for the Evaluation of Mixture Toxicity in Environmental Samples (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: The combined algae test is a 96‐well plate‐based algal toxicity assay with the green algae Raphidocelis subcapitata that combines inhibition of 24‐h population growth rate with inhibition of photosynthesis detected after 2 and 24 h with pulse‐amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry using a Maxi‐Imaging PAM. The combined algae test has been in use for more than a decade but has had limitations due to incompatibilities of the measurements of the 2 biological endpoints on the same microtiter plates. These limitations could be overcome by increasing growth rates and doubling times on black, clear‐bottom 96‐well plates by application of dichromatic red/blue light‐emitting diode illumination. Different robotic dosing approaches and additional data evaluation methods helped to further expand the applicability domain of the assay. The combined algae test differentiates between nonspecifically acting compounds and photosynthesis inhibitors, such as photosystem II (PSII) herbicides. The PSII herbicides acted immediately on photosynthesis and showed growth rate inhibition at higher concentrations. If growth was a similar or more sensitive endpoint than photosynthesis inhibition, this was an indication that the tested chemical acted nonspecifically or that a mixture or a water sample was dominated by chemicals other than PSII herbicides acting on algal growth. We fingerprinted the effects of 45 chemicals on photosynthesis inhibition and growth rate and related the effects of the single compounds to designed mixtures of these chemicals detected in water samples and to the effects directly measured in water samples. Most of the observed effects in the water samples could be explained by known photosystem II inhibitors such as triazines and phenylurea herbicides. The improved setup of the combined algae test gave results consistent with those of the previous method but has lower costs, higher throughput, and higher precision. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2496–2508. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: The combined algae test (CAT) allows cost‐efficient high‐throughput monitoring of chemicals and water samples for their algae toxicity with a diagnostic component to differentiate between the mixture effects of photosynthesis inhibitors and other chemicals.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Algae ; Aquatic toxicology ; Effects‐based monitoring ; Herbicide ; Mixture toxicology ; Photosynthesis inhibition
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 6
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    Storm Event–Driven Occurrence and Transport of Dissolved and Sorbed Organic Micropollutants and Associated Effects in the Ammer River, Southwestern Germany (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Storm events lead to agricultural and urban runoff, to mobilization of contaminated particulate matter, and to input from combined sewer overflows into rivers. We conducted time‐resolved sampling during a storm event at the Ammer River, southwest Germany, which is representative of small river systems in densely populated areas with a temperate climate. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water from 2 sampling sites were separately analyzed by a multi‐analyte liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method for 97 environmentally relevant organic micropollutants and with 2 in vitro bioassays. Oxidative stress response (AREc32) may become activated by various stressors covering a broad range of physicochemical properties and induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor–chemical‐activated luciferase gene expression (AhR‐CALUX) by hydrophobic compounds such as dioxins and dioxin‐like molecules. Compound numbers, concentrations, their mass fluxes, and associated effect fluxes increased substantially during the storm event. Micropollutants detected in water and on SPM pointed toward inputs from combined sewer overflow (e.g., caffeine, paracetamol), urban runoff (e.g., mecoprop, terbutryn), and agricultural areas (e.g., azoxystrobin, bentazone). Particle‐facilitated transport of triphenylphosphate and tris(1‐chloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate accounted for up to 34 and 33% of the total mass flux even though SPM concentrations were 〈1 g L–1. Effect fluxes attributed to SPM were similar or higher than in the water phase. The important role of SPM‐bound transport emphasizes the need to consider not only concentrations but also mass and effect fluxes for surface water quality assessment and wastewater/stormwater treatment options. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:88–99. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659
    Keywords: 551 ; Storm event ; Organic micropollutants ; Chemical analysis ; In vitro bioassays ; Water quality
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 7
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    Effect‐Based Trigger Values for Mixtures of Chemicals in Surface Water Detected with In Vitro Bioassays (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-05
    Description: Effect‐based trigger (EBT) values for in vitro bioassays are important for surface water quality monitoring because they define the threshold between acceptable and poor water quality. They have been derived for highly specific bioassays, such as hormone‐receptor activation in reporter gene bioassays, by reading across from existing chemical guideline values. This read‐across method is not easily applicable to bioassays indicative of adaptive stress responses, which are triggered by many different chemicals, and activation of nuclear receptors for xenobiotic metabolism, to which many chemicals bind with rather low specificity. We propose an alternative approach to define the EBT from the distribution of specificity ratios of all active chemicals. The specificity ratio is the ratio between the predicted baseline toxicity of a chemical in a given bioassay and its measured specific endpoint. Unlike many previous read‐across methods to derive EBTs, the proposed method accounts for mixture effects and includes all chemicals, not only high‐potency chemicals. The EBTs were derived from a cytotoxicity EBT that was defined as equivalent to 1% of cytotoxicity in a native surface water sample. The cytotoxicity EBT was scaled by the median of the log‐normal distribution of specificity ratios to derive the EBT for effects specific for each bioassay. We illustrate the new approach using the example of the AREc32 assay, indicative of the oxidative stress response, and 2 nuclear receptor assays targeting the peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma and the arylhydrocarbon receptor. The EBTs were less conservative than previously proposed but were able to differentiate untreated and insufficiently treated wastewater from wastewater treatment plant effluent with secondary or tertiary treatment and surface water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:487–499. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: New effect‐based triggers were derived for bioassays that are responsive to many different chemicals with relatively low potency accounting for their mixture effects. AhR = arylhydrocarbon receptor; BEQ = bioanalytical equivalent concentration; EBT = effect‐based trigger; PPARγ = peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor gamma; SR = specificity ratio; WWTP = wastewater‐treatment plant.
    Description: Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC)
    Keywords: 551.9 ; Cytotoxicity ; Specific mode of action ; Environmental quality standard ; Water quality ; Reporter gene assay ; Water pollution
    Type: article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 8
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    The Eco‐Exposome Concept: Supporting an Integrated Assessment of Mixtures of Environmental Chemicals (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-04
    Description: Organisms are exposed to ever‐changing complex mixtures of chemicals over the course of their lifetime. The need to more comprehensively describe this exposure and relate it to adverse health effects has led to formulation of the exposome concept in human toxicology. Whether this concept has utility in the context of environmental hazard and risk assessment has not been discussed in detail. In this Critical Perspective, we propose—by analogy to the human exposome—to define the eco‐exposome as the totality of the internal exposure (anthropogenic and natural chemicals, their biotransformation products or adducts, and endogenous signaling molecules that may be sensitive to an anthropogenic chemical exposure) over the lifetime of an ecologically relevant organism. We describe how targeted and nontargeted chemical analyses and bioassays can be employed to characterize this exposure and discuss how the adverse outcome pathway concept could be used to link this exposure to adverse effects. Available methods, their limitations, and/or requirement for improvements for practical application of the eco‐exposome concept are discussed. Even though analysis of the eco‐exposome can be resource‐intensive and challenging, new approaches and technologies make this assessment increasingly feasible. Furthermore, an improved understanding of mechanistic relationships between external chemical exposure(s), internal chemical exposure(s), and biological effects could result in the development of proxies, that is, relatively simple chemical and biological measurements that could be used to complement internal exposure assessment or infer the internal exposure when it is difficult to measure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:30–45. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
    Description: Illustration of the eco‐exposome assessment and how chemical analysis and bioassays could be used to estimate internal exposure. MIE = molecular initiation event; KE = key event; AO = adverse outcome.
    Description: DAAD German academic exchange service
    Keywords: ddc:577.14
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
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