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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, part of the Taylor & Francis Group
    Addiction 96 (2001), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To assess the prevalence of HIV infection among young drug users in Haiphong and, secondarily, to document the current patterns of drug use and sexual behavior in them. Design, setting and participants. A cross-sectional survey of drug users 15-30 years old, identified from police lists and by the snowballing method between March 15 and May 30, 1999, was conducted in Haiphong City. Measurements. Subjects (n = 520: 514 males and six females) were interviewed and donated blood specimens for HIV-1 antibody testing. Findings. Mean age of the subjects was 25 years (range 15-30 years). The prevalence of HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs) was 74% and among drug users not reporting injecting was 46% (92/201). Sixty-one per cent (319) reported injecting drugs. Among injectors, 72% used heroin, and 68% had shared needles. Factors related to the presence of HIV antibody among IDUs were sharing needles (OR: 4.12) and injecting more than 31 times per month (OR: 2.37). Extramarital sex within the last 6 months was reported by 44% of single and 24% of married IDUs. Conclusion. The high HIV-1 prevalence in drug users and their frequent sexual mixing with the non-drug-using population suggests that preventive interventions for reduction of high-risk drug taking and sexual activities are urgently needed in these populations. Interventions through public sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics are unlikely to have much impact, as only 16% of IDUs with an STI attended a public STI clinic.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 100 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims  To describe the drug use practices among female sex workers (FSWs) in Hanoi and to identify factors associated with their drug injecting.Design, setting and particicipants  A two-stage cluster survey of 400 FSWs was conducted from June to September, 2002. Participating FSWs were both establishment- (160) and street-based (240), who were practising in seven urban and one suburban districts of Hanoi.Measurements  Subjects were interviewed face to face using a structured questionnaire.Findings  Among the middle-class FSWs, 27% used drugs, of whom 79% injected. Among low-class FSWs, 46% used drugs and 85% injected. Among drug-using FSWs, 86% had started using drugs within the past 6 years. Among drug-injecting FSWs, 81% had started injecting within the past 4 years. Cleaning of injecting equipment was not common among those who shared. Having drug-injecting ‘love mates’, drug-using clients, longer residence in Hanoi, more clients and not currently cohabiting were found to be independently associated with drug injecting among FSWs.Conclusions  The high prevalence of injecting drug use among FSWs makes them susceptible to HIV infection, and is a threat to their clients. There is a strong relationship between drug-using FSWs and male drug-using clients and non-client partners. Intervention to prevent drug use initiation among non-drug-using FSWs and harm reduction among drug-using FSWs are urgently needed.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: To identify risk factors for drug use among young males in southwest China a cross-sectional survey and a non-concurrent cohort study were conducted. Demographic, behavioral and drug-use information was collected from young males aged 18–29 years. The non-concurrent cohort included the period 1 January 1991 to 1 August 1994. A total of 1548 subjects were interviewed. The cumulative incidence increased between 1991 and 1993. Multivariate analysis identified the following significant risk factors for drug use: being divorced/widowed/separated, having been encouraged by friends/others to ay drugs, smoking cigarettes, belonging to the fingpo ethnic group, and having a family member who used drugs in 1991. More than 6 years of education vjas a protective factor for drug use. Drug use in the community was associated with having been encouraged by friends or others to try drugs (71%), to smoking cigarettes (50%), and to belonging to the Jingpo group (24%). The results are consistent with community based prevention approaches which should be studied carefully because of the unique cultural and epidemiological situation in China.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] A major controversy regarding Kaposi's sarcoma–associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8)1,2 is whether or not it is a ubiquitous infection of humans3,4. Immunoassays based on KSHV– and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–coinfected cell lines show that most US AIDS–KS patients have ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Natural killer (NK) cells provide defense in the early stages of the innate immune response against viral infections by producing cytokines and causing cytotoxicity. The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells regulate the inhibition and activation of NK-cell responses through ...
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Demography ; Epidemiology ; Multiple sclerosis, etiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurden Durchschnittsdaten von 1793 Fällen definitiver und wahrscheinlicher Multipler Sklerose (MS) analysiert, die in umfangreichen Bevölkerungserhebungen identifiziert wurden, in den Landkreisen King und Pierce (K-P) in Washington und in dem Landkreis Los Angeles (LA). Verglichen mit der Gesamtbevölkerung der Vereinigten Staaten, waren die Patienten häufiger geschieden und hatten mehr Jahre Schulung. Das Auftreten von MS war häufiger bei weiblichen Personen und bei solchen, die im Norden geboren waren, ungeachtet des Geschlechts. Die Schätzungen der Rate der rekonstruierten alters- und geschlechtsspezifischen Fälle für die Einwohner der zwei Gebiete zeigt einen viel höheren Höchstwert von jährlichem Fallauftreten bei den älteren Altersgruppen in K-P als in LA. Erste Symptome in beiden Gegenden waren Gefühllosigkeit in den Beinen, Doppelsichtigkeit und Verlust des Sehvermögens auf einem oder beiden Augen. Schwäche in den Armen, Sprachschwierigkeiten und Harnfluß waren mehr spätere Symptome. Die Gesamtbewertung der Behinderungsstadien zeigte, daß mehr als die Hälfte der Patienten zur Zeit des ersten Interviews völlig ambulant waren, mit einem etwas höheren Anteil an schwer behinderten bei Personen von beiderlei Geschlecht in Kalifornien. Das Alter bei Beginn neigte in LA jünger zu sein als in K-P. Das frühere Anfangsalter der Krankheit und der höhere Anteil von Patienten mit schwerer Behinderung in dem Landkreis Los Angeles weist auf einen bösartigeren Verlauf in diesem Gebiet mit geringer Verbreitung.
    Notes: Summary Cross-sectional data from 1,793 cases of definite or probable multiple sclerosis (MS) identified in an extensive population survey in King and Pierce (K-P) Counties, Washington and Los Angeles (LA) County, California, were analyzed. Compared to the U.S. population as a whole, patients were more likely to be divorced and to have more years of schooling. The prevalence of MS was higher for females, and for northern-born, regardless of sex. Reconstructed age-, sex-specific incidence rate estimates for natives of the two areas showed a much higher peak annual incidence occurring in an older age group in K-P than in LA. Earliest symptoms in both areas were numbness in the legs, double vision, and loss of vision in one or both eyes. Weakness in arms, speech difficulties, and urinary incontinence tended to be late symptoms. The overall assessment of disability levels showed more than half of the patients to be fully ambulatory at the time of the first interview, with a somewhat higher proportion of each sex severely disabled in California. The ages of onset tended to be younger in LA than in K-P. The earlier onset of disease and the higher proportion of patients with high disability in Los Angeles County suggest that the course of disease is more malignant in this low-prevalence area.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: HIV (human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) infection ; Leu8 ; T lymphocytes ; acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In order to characterize the effects of HIV (human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus) on the immune system, Leu8− and Leu8+ subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells were studied in seropositive homosexually active men without acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Controls included both heterosexual men and HIV-seronegative homosexually active men. The decrease in CD4 levels, observed in HIV-seropositive men who were asymptomatic, as well as in those who had persistent generalized lymphadenopathy or constitutional symptoms of HIV infection, occurred proportionally in both the Leu8− and the Leu8+ CD4 subsets. This observation, that HIV infection does not selectively diminish either subset of CD4 cells, indicates that the selective loss of T cell-mediated functions which accompanies the development of AIDS is not related to preferential loss of the Leu8+ CD4 subset. Among CD8 cells, however, HIV infection resulted in a threefold elevation in the number of Leu8− CD8 cells, while the number of Leu8+ CD8 cells remained constant. The increase in Leu8− CD8 cells was present in recent seroconverters, persistently seropositive men, and patients with AIDS. We propose that the increase in Leu8− CD8 cells represents an HIV-specific cytotoxic T-cell response. These cells may operate by killing infected CD4 cells, thereby partially controlling viral infection while simultaneously contributing to the destruction of the immune system.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Aids and behavior 3 (1999), S. 243-249 
    ISSN: 1573-3254
    Keywords: Data collection ; sexual behavior ; survey methods ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A survey of sexual behavior was conducted among rural residents of Anhui, China, in 1997 to determine if using a tape recorder with earphones to administer sensitive questions increased the acceptance and accuracy of the survey. Validity of the responses was evaluated by determining the internal consistency of responses to related questions, comparing reported sexual activities and frequencies reported by husband and wife within a couple, and by resurveying a cluster. Among the 1,269 individuals selected, 185 were not home. Most (62%) had migrated to cities. Among the 1,084 at home, 1,057 (97.5%) participated in the survey, compared to 70–80% in similar surveys in China. The percentage inconsistency among related questions was 〈 1%. The discordance within couples was 5% for premarital sex, 3% for oral–genital and/or anal–genital sexual intercourse, and 19% for coital frequency within the past 4 weeks. A repeat survey gave similar results. The authors suggest that use of a tape recorder, earphones, and an anonymous answer sheet contributed to the very high acceptance rate for this sexual behavior survey and enhanced the validity of the responses. This strategy may enhance the response rate for similar surveys in other countries.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1573-2592
    Keywords: Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) ; acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The activity of both serum and effector cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV) was assessed in HIV-infected individuals. The goal was to relate ADCC levels with the stage or progression of HIV disease. Serial serum samples, usually collected at 6-month intervals, from individuals at defined stages of HIV disease (sero-conversion, the HIV-seropositive period before AIDS, and around the time of clinical AIDS diagnosis) were tested. HIV-coated CEM tumor cells were used as targets. Effector-cell ADCC activity was evaluated using fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-infected individuals at different stages of HIV disease. Samples were obtained from male homosexual participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). In seroconverters, ADCC-inducing HIV-specific antibodies were detected at the time that the ELISA antibody test was first positive. Within several months, serum ADCC activity stabilized in each individual. In 29 HIV-seroprevalent individuals (HIV seropositive on their first visit), serum ADCC activity remained constant regardless of whether the individual's HIV disease was stable (high stable CD4;n=9) or rapidly deteriorating (sharply declining CD4,n=10; AIDS progressors,n=10). With respect to effector-cell activity, PBMC from HIV-infected individuals with or without AIDS were capable of mediating ADCC with heterologous and usually with autologous sera. Although the level of NK cytotoxic activity and the level of antibody-armed effector cell activity have been reported to decline as disease progresses, our results support previous observations that ADCC effector-cell activity against antibody-coated targets does not decline in HIV infection. These results indicate that both serum and effector cells with ADCC activity are present in HIV-infected individuals shortly after seroconversion and are maintained throughout HIV disease. Although levels of serum and effector-cell ADCC activity do not predict whether an individual will develop AIDS, CD4 cells which express HIV antigens (either produced endogenously or adsorbed onto the surface) could serve as targets for anti-HIV-mediated ADCCin vivo. ADCC could, thereby, contribute to CD4 T-cell depletion in infected individuals. However, since serum and effector-cell ADCC levels do not seem to relate to disease stage or progression, the protective or pathogenic role that ADCC plays in HIV-disease remains unresolved.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1573-3610
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Maintenance of long-term care of populations with high mobility patterns poses problems for programs designed to prevent and treat cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. The Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program (HDFP)—a community-based screening and treatment program implemented in 1973—provided an opportunity to examine residential mobility among adults under long-term treatment in 13 communities. Whereas 11% of hypertensives included in the HDFP changed residence in the first two years of the study, only 4% moved outside the service areas of the programs. Although a higher proportion of blacks (to whites) moved within the service areas, a similar proportion moved outside the service areas. This low residential mobility, especially the low rate of movement outside the service areas of the treatment centers, suggests that mobility of cohorts under long-term treatment and observation may present lesser problems to continuous, long-term community health care programs than do other factors affecting adherence.
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