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  • 1
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    Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-12-23
    Description: Fine-particle pollution associated with winter haze threatens the health of more than 400 million people in the North China Plain. Sulfate is a major component of fine haze particles. Record sulfate concentrations of up to ~300 μg m –3 were observed during the January 2013 winter haze event in Beijing. State-of-the-art air quality models that rely on sulfate production mechanisms requiring photochemical oxidants cannot predict these high levels because of the weak photochemistry activity during haze events. We find that the missing source of sulfate and particulate matter can be explained by reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water. The aerosol water serves as a reactor, where the alkaline aerosol components trap SO 2 , which is oxidized by NO 2 to form sulfate, whereby high reaction rates are sustained by the high neutralizing capacity of the atmosphere in northern China. This mechanism is self-amplifying because higher aerosol mass concentration corresponds to higher aerosol water content, leading to faster sulfate production and more severe haze pollution.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Improving aerosol by assimilating cloud retrievals [Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-07-25
    Description: Limitations in current capabilities to constrain aerosols adversely impact atmospheric simulations. Typically, aerosol burdens within models are constrained employing satellite aerosol optical properties, which are not available under cloudy conditions. Here we set the first steps to overcome the long-standing limitation that aerosols cannot be constrained using satellite remote sensing under cloudy conditions. We introduce a unique data assimilation method that uses cloud droplet number (Nd) retrievals to improve predicted below-cloud aerosol mass and number concentrations. The assimilation, which uses an adjoint aerosol activation parameterization, improves agreement with independent Nd observations and with in situ aerosol measurements below shallow cumulus clouds. The impacts of a single assimilation on aerosol and cloud forecasts extend beyond 24 h. Unlike previous methods, this technique can directly improve predictions of near-surface fine mode aerosols responsible for human health impacts and low-cloud radiative forcing. Better constrained aerosol distributions will help improve health effects studies, atmospheric emissions estimates, and air-quality, weather, and climate predictions.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 3
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    Attenuated Response to Interferon-{beta} in Human Stem Cells [Signal Transduction] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-06-01
    Description: Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) binds to cell surface receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 and triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes. This response is a crucial component in innate immunity in that it establishes an “antiviral state” in cells and protects them against further damage. Previous work demonstrated that, compared with their differentiated counterparts, pluripotent human cells have a much weaker response to cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and are only able to produce a minimal amount of IFN-β. We show here that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) also exhibit an attenuated response to IFN-β. Even though all known type I IFN signaling components are expressed in these cells, STAT1 phosphorylation is greatly diminished upon IFN-β treatment. This attenuated response correlates with a high expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Upon differentiation of hESCs into trophoblasts, cells acquire the ability to respond to IFN-β, and this is accompanied by a significant induction of STAT1 phosphorylation as well as a decrease in SOCS1 expression. Furthermore, SOCS1 knockdown in hiPSCs enhances their ability to respond to IFN-β. Taken together, our results suggest that an attenuated cellular response to type I IFNs may be a general feature of pluripotent human cells and that this is associated with high expression of SOCS1.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 4
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    The H19/let-7 double-negative feedback loop contributes to glucose metabolism in muscle cells (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-17
    Description: The H19 lncRNA has been implicated in development and growth control and is associated with human genetic disorders and cancer. Acting as a molecular sponge, H19 inhibits microRNA (miRNA) let-7. Here we report that H19 is significantly decreased in muscle of human subjects with type-2 diabetes and insulin resistant rodents. This decrease leads to increased bioavailability of let-7, causing diminished expression of let-7 targets, which is recapitulated in vitro where H19 depletion results in impaired insulin signaling and decreased glucose uptake. Furthermore, acute hyperinsulinemia downregulates H19, a phenomenon that occurs through PI3K/AKT-dependent phosphorylation of the miRNA processing factor KSRP, which promotes biogenesis of let-7 and its mediated H19 destabilization. Our results reveal a previously undescribed double-negative feedback loop between sponge lncRNA and target miRNA that contributes to glucose regulation in muscle cells.
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    SnoVectors for nuclear expression of RNA (2015)
    Oxford University Press
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    Publication Date: 2015-01-10
    Description: Many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are constrained to the nucleus to exert their functions. However, commonly used vectors that were designed to express mRNAs have not been optimized for the study of nuclear RNAs. We reported recently that sno-lncRNA s are not capped or polyadenylated but rather are terminated on each end by snoRNAs and their associated proteins. These RNAs are processed from introns and are strictly confined to the nucleus. Here we have used these features to design expression vectors that can stably express virtually any sequence of interest and constrain its accumulation to the nucleus. Further, these RNAs appear to retain normal nuclear associations and function. SnoVectors should be useful in conditions where nuclear RNA function is studied or where export to the cytoplasm needs to be avoided.
    Keywords: Synthetic Biology and Assembly Cloning, Recombinant DNA expression
    Print ISSN: 0305-1048
    Electronic ISSN: 1362-4962
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RNA Replication: Function and Structure of QBeta-Replicase (1979)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Biochemistry 48 (1979), S. 525-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4154
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.48.070179.002521
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    p-benzoquinone and p-hydroquinone as histochemical reagents (1968)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 16 (1968), S. 299-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Studies on the rate controlling factors of the MTT-Hydroquinone lipoprotein reaction show that the formazan production is quantitatively linear on time of incubation, and dependent on temperature and hydroquinone concentration. Experiments indicate that the reproducibility is sufficient for the reaction to be used as a reference parameter in the numerical expression of dehydrogenase activities in tissue sections. A ratio system is described in which the formazan produced by the dehydrogenase is expressed in terms of the formazan from the non-enzymatic lipoprotein reaction, and a nomenclature for a unit measure is proposed. The method has been tested on guinea pig liver and heart, and the range of variation investigated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306352
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The regional distribution of tropospheric ozone in East Asia from satellite-based measurements (1992)
    Springer
    Journal of atmospheric chemistry 14 (1992), S. 285-295 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0662
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Estimates of tropospheric ozone in the East Asian region were obtained using the TOMS and SAGE II satellite data sets through the application of residual analysis on a regional scale. The resulting tropospheric residual ozone shows seasonal variability with highest values in spring and summer. Latitudinal variations give indications of possible input to the tropospheric ozone column from anthropogenic activity. A strong correlation between residual and TOMS total ozone data during summer time suggests a significant level of photochemical ozone production in this region during this period. Comparisons are made with surface ozone measurements from remotely located sites in Japan and show a similar overall pattern.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00115240
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute toxicity of ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate to the guadalupe bass,Micropterus treculi (1986)
    Springer
    Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology 36 (1986), S. 866-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623596
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Energy use, emissions, and air pollution reduction strategies in Asia (1995)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 85 (1995), S. 2277-2282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: Asia ; Acid Rain ; Energy ; Emissions ; Sulfur Deposition ; Critical Loads ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Conservation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In contrast to Europe and North America, air pollution in Asia is increasing rapidly, resulting in both local air quality problems and higher acidic depositions. In 1989, an east-west group of scientists initiated a multi-institutional research project on Acid Rain and Emissions Reduction in Asia, funded for the past two years by the World Bank and the Asian Development Bank. Phase I, covering 23 countries of Asia, focussed on the development of PC-based software called the Regional Air Pollution INformation and Simulation Model (RAINS-ASIA). A 94-region Regional Energy Scenario Generator was developed to create alternative energy/emission scenarios through the year 2020. A long-range atmospheric transport model was developed to calculate dispersion and deposition of sulfur, based upon emissions from area and large point sources, on a one-degree grid of Asia. The resulting impacts of acidic deposition on a variety of vegetation types were analyzed using the critical loads approach to test different emissions management strategies, including both energy conservation measures and sulfur abatement technologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01186173
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