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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental biology Hotspots for evolution (2003)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 424 (2003), S. 894-895 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The physical characteristics of animals evolve because their genes change over successive generations. It is not always clear, though, which genes are involved. The genes that regulate embryonic or larval development are likely candidates, because they control how the animal develops its ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/424894a
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental constraints versus flexibility in morphological evolution (2002)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 416 (2002), S. 844-847 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Evolutionary developmental biology has encouraged a change of research emphasis from the sorting of phenotypic variation by natural selection to the production of that variation through development. Some morphologies are more readily generated than others, and developmental ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/416844a
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Distal-less to quantitative variation in butterfly eyespots (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 415 (2002), S. 315-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The colour patterns decorating butterfly wings provide ideal material to study the reciprocal interactions between evolution and development. They are visually compelling products of selection, often with a clear adaptive value, and are amenable to a detailed developmental characterization. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415315a
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Captivity masks inbreeding effects on male mating success in butterflies (2003)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 424 (2003), S. 191-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Small isolated populations are frequently genetically less diverse than core populations, resulting in higher homozygosity that can hamper their long-term survival. The decrease in fitness of organisms owing to matings between relatives is well known from captive and laboratory animals. Such ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01713
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of food plant on phenotypic plasticity in the tropical butterfly Bicyclus anynana (1996)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 80 (1996), S. 149-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Lepidoptera ; Satyridae ; wing pattern induction ; food plant quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00194745
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butterfly wing patterns (1993)
    Springer
    Acta biotheoretica 41 (1993), S. 447-468 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8358
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract This paper integrates genetical studies of variation in the wing patterns of Lepidoptera with experimental investigations of developmental mechanisms. Research on the tropical butterfly,Bicyclus anynana, is described. This work includes artificial selection of lines with different patterns of wing eyespots followed by grafting experiments on the lines to examine the phenotypic and genetic differences in terms of developmental mechanisms. The results are used to show how constraints on the evolution of this wing pattern may be related to the developmental organisation. The eyespot pattrn can be envisaged as a set of developmental homologues; a common developmental mechanism is associated with a quantitative genetic system involving high genetic correlations. However, individual genes which influence only subsets of the eyespots, thus uncoupling the interdependence of the eyespots, may be important in evolutionary change. The postulated evolutionary constraints are illustrated with respect to differences in wing pattern found among other species ofBicyclus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00709376
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pedigree analysis on small laboratory populations of the butterfly Bicyclus anynana: The effects of selection on inbreeding and fitness (2000)
    Springer
    Conservation genetics 1 (2000), S. 321-328 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9737
    Keywords: Bicyclus anynana ; butterfly ; pedigree ; frequency-dependent selection ; inbreeding depression
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of small population size and gene flow on the rate ofinbreeding and loss in fitness in Bicyclus anynana populationswas quantified by means of a pedigree analysis. Laboratorymetapopulations each consisted of four subpopulations with breeding sizeof N = 6 or N = 12 and migration rate of m = 0 or m= 0.33. Pedigrees were established by individually marking about35,000 butterflies. The increase in inbreeding coefficients(F-coefficients) over time was compared to that of simulated populationswith similar N and m. In the seventh generation, the level of inbreedingin larger subpopulations did not deviate significantly from the expectedvalues, but smaller subpopulations were less inbred than expected.Individuals in the small populations still showed considerableinbreeding depression, indicating that only a small proportion of therecessive deleterious alleles had been purged by selection. Two opposingprocesses potentially affected the rate of inbreeding and fitness: (1)Inbreeding depression increased the variance in family size and reducedthe effective population size. This will accelerate the rate ofinbreeding and is expected to selectively purge deleterious recessivealleles. (2) Variance in reproductive success of families was reducedbecause individuals which had a large number of siblings in thepopulation were more likely to mate with a full-sib than individualswith a smaller number of siblings. Subsequent inbreeding depressionreduced the number of viable offspring produced by these full-sibmatings. As a consequence, natural selection purged only some of thedeleterious alleles from the butterfly populations during sevengenerations with inbreeding. These findings emphasise the potentialproblems of using only small numbers of breeding individuals (N≤10) incaptive populations for conservation purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011586612284
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Development, plasticity and evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns (1996)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 384 (1996), S. 236-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The developmental and genetic bases for the formation, plasticity and diversity of eyespot patterns in butterflies are examined. Eyespot pattern mutants, regulatory gene expression, and transplants of the eyespot developmental organizer demonstrate that eyespot position, number, size and colour are ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/384236a0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evolutionary developmental biology How and why to spot fly wings (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 433 (2005), S. 466-467 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Over the past two decades, comparative studies have shown that the development of even widely disparate organisms uses a surprisingly similar set of mechanisms. The process of development is controlled largely by where and when key genes are switched on or off — events that are in turn ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/433466a
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). I. Distribution of coccinelline and individual variation in defence in 7-spot ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata) (1991)
    Springer
    Chemoecology 2 (1991), S. 7-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1423-0445
    Keywords: chemical defence ; mimicry ; reflex bleeding ; variation ; alkaloid ; coccinelline ; Coleoptera ; Coccinellidae ; Coccinella septempunctata
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary 7-spot ladybirds secrete alkaloid (coccinelline)-rich fluid (reflex blood) from leg joints as a defence mechanism against predators. A technique is described that enables the collection and accurate quantification of reflex blood produced, and the amount of coccinelline therein. Coccinelline was found distributed throughout the body, although concentrated in the reflex blood. Reflex blood was collected from a large set of beetles at several time points. Significant variation was found among beetles in the amount of reflex blood produced (for males and for females corrected for body weight) and the coccinelline concentration of the reflex blood. The results are discussed in relation to automimicry and the maintenance of variation through energy trade-offs. The relationships between tendency to aggregate, ability to reflex bleed and the possession of aposematic coloration are also considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01240660
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