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  • 1
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    In situ measurements of the dynamics of a full scale bottom moored mine model (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Under the sponsorship of the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC), Dalgren Division, White Oak, Marland, the Ocean Systems & Mooring Laboratory of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution devised (1991) and conducted (1992) an experiment to measure the dynamic response of a full scale model of the CAPTOR mine, submerged and moored in strong tidal currents near Woods Hole, MA. Specifically, the purpose of this sophisticated engineering experiment was to obtain long term, high frequency measurements of the spatial position of the CAPTOR body, of the tension at both ends of the mooring line, and of the mooring line strumming, as a function of the currents prevailing at the site. This report first describes the main components and the method of deployment of the complex CAPTOR Dynamics Experiment (CAPTORDYN) set up. It then presents the mechanical and electrical designs of the entire system. Finally a review of the results obtained concludes the report.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Naval Surface Warfare Center under Contract No. N60921-91-C-0216.
    Keywords: Moored mine dynamics ; Buoy dynamics ; Mooring dynamics
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 2840213 bytes
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  • 2
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    ESOM I and II final report (2006)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: An Engineering Surface Oceanographic Mooring (ESOM) program was initiated in 1989 by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution for the purpose of evaluating the long term, in situ performance of new moored array materials and sensors. For logistic and practical reasons, a site 12 miles southwest of Bermuda, with a water depth of 3000m was selected to deploy the mooring. Following well established design practice the upper part of the mooring down to a depth of 1900m was made of plastic jacketed, steel armored wire ropes and cables. Groups of test samples were attached at different depths to the main mooring line. The lower part of the mooring was made of compliant, plaited nylon rope. The mooring was deployed in March 1989. It was recovered and reset, with a vertical acoustic telemetry prototype system, in April 1990. The at-sea phase of the program ended in November 1990 when the termination of a test cable failed and the mooring broke loose. The entire mooring was recovered and all of its samples and components were carefully inspected and tested. In addition to the novel acoustic link, mooring components tested included new wire ropes, new electromechanical cables and their terminations, low drag fairings, fishbite resistant jackets, and a new type of surface buoy.
    Description: Funding was provided by the Office of Naval Research under Contract No. N00014-90-J-1719.
    Keywords: Mooring components ; Fishbite ; Acoustic telemetry
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Technical Report
    Format: 3728872 bytes
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  • 3
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    Bottom array specifications for the low frequency acoustic seismic experiment (LFASE) (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Low Frequency Acoustic Seismic Experiment (LFASE) was conducted to measure sound propagation and ambient noise above, at and below the sea floor. To this end an array consisting of four geophone nodes was introduced into a DSDP borehole. These seismic sensors were clamped inside the borehole at various depths below the ocean floor. The geophone array was connected by an electromechanical cable to a bottom reentry structure (BCU frame) housing the Data Recording Unit (DRU), the Data Telemetry Unit (DTU), the Bottom Control Unit (BCU) and the power supply.
    Description: Report prepared under Office of Naval Research Contracts #N00014-89-C-0018, N00014-89-J-1012 and Office of Naval Technology Contract #00014-90-C-0098, WHOI Project #13/1012
    Keywords: Seismic arrays ; Seismology ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR01MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR05MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR09MV ; Melville (Ship) Cruise HYDR10MV
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 4
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    Bottom side-roll feeding by humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the southern Gulf of Maine, U.S.A (2014)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 30 (2014): 494–511, doi:10.1111/mms.12053.
    Description: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known for the variety and complexity of their feeding behaviors. Here we report on the use of synchronous motion and acoustic recording tags (DTAGs) to provide the first detailed kinematic descriptions of humpback whales using bottom side-rolls (BSRs) to feed along the seafloor. We recorded 3,505 events from 19 animals (individual range 8–722). By animal, mean BSR duration ranged from 14.1 s to 36.2 s.; mean body roll angle from 80º to 121º, and mean pitch from 7º to 38º. The median interval between sequential BSRs, by animal, ranged from 24.0 s to 63.6 s and animals tended to maintain a consistent BSR heading during long BSR series encompassing multiple dives. BSRs were most frequent between 2200 and 0400. We identify three classes of behavior: simple side-roll, side-roll inversion, and repetitive scooping. Results indicate that BSR feeding is a common technique in the study area and there is both coordination and noncoordination between animals. We argue that this behavior is not lunge feeding as normally characterized, because animals are moving slowly through the event. The behavior also leads to vulnerability to entanglement in bottom-set fishing gear, a major mortality factor for the species.
    Description: Funding for TrackPlot development was provided by an ONR grant to Colin Ware (ONR N0014091601) and from NOAA Grant #NA05NOS4001153 to the Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping. Field work and analysis was supported by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-08-0630 (to SEP, DW), National Oceanographic Partnership Program (to DW), the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary and the Office of National Marine Sanctuaries.
    Keywords: Humpback whale ; Megaptera novaeangliae ; Bottom feeding ; Bottom side-rolls ; Coordination ; Entanglement
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    A sea floor winch system for wire line re-entry of deep sea boreholes (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The following report describes the scientific motivations for the use of a Sea Floor Winch System for Wireline Re-entry of Deep Sea Boreholes and presents a conceptual design for the winch system.
    Description: This report has been prepared for the Scripps Institution of Oceanography under U.C.S.D. Order # G29733-0901.
    Keywords: Oceanographic instruments ; Winches
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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  • 6
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    Photogrammetry of blue whales with an unmanned hexacopter (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Society for Marine Mammalogy, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of Society for Marine Mammalogy for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 32 (2016):1510–1515, doi:10.1111/mms.12328.
    Description: Baleen whales are the largest animals ever to live on earth, and many populations were hunted close to extinction in the 20th century (Clapham et al. 1999). Their recovery is now a key international conservation goal, and they are important in marine ecosystems as massive consumers that can promote primary production through nutrient cycling (Roman et al. 2014). However, although abundance has been assessed to monitor the recovery of some large whale populations (e.g., Barlow et al. 2011, Laake et al. 2012) many populations are wide-ranging and pelagic, and this inaccessibility has generally impeded quantitative assessments of recovery (Peel et al. 2015). To augment traditional abundance monitoring, we suggest that photogrammetric measures of individual growth and body condition can also inform about population status, enabling assessment of individual health as well as population numbers. Photogrammetry from manned aircraft has used photographs taken from directly above whales to estimate individual lengths (Gilpatrick and Perryman 2008) and monitor growth trends (Fearnbach et al. 2011), and shape profiles can be measured to assess body condition to infer reproductive and nutritional status (e.g., Perryman and Lynn 2002, Miller et al. 2012). Recently, Durban et al. (2015) demonstrated the utility of an unmanned hexacopter for collecting aerial photogrammetry images of killer whales (Orcinus orca); this provided a noninvasive, cost-effective, and safe platform that could be deployed from a boat to obtain vertical images of whales. Here we describe the use of this small, unmanned aerial system (UAS) to measure length and condition of blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus), the largest of all whales.
    Description: María Francisca Cortés Solari; Rafaela Landea Briones; MERI Foundation; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Access
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Clicking for calamari : toothed whales can echolocate squid Loligo pealeii (2011)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2007. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Aquatic Biology 1 (2007): 141-150, doi:10.3354/ab00014.
    Description: Squid play an important role in biomass turnover in marine ecosystems and constitute a food source for ~90% of all echolocating toothed whale species. Nonetheless, it has been hypothesized that the soft bodies of squid provide echoes too weak to be detected by toothed whale biosonars, and that only the few hard parts of the squid body may generate significant backscatter. We measured the acoustic backscatter from the common squid Loligo pealeii for signals similar to toothed whale echolocation clicks using an energy detector to mimic the mammalian auditory system. We show that the dorsal target strengths of L. pealeii with mantle lengths between 23 and 26 cm fall in the range from –38 to –44 dB, and that the pen, beak and lenses do not contribute significantly to the backscatter. Thus, the muscular mantle and fins of L. pealeii constitute a sufficient sonar target for individual biosonar detection by toothed whales at ranges between 25 and 325 m, depending on squid size, noise levels, click source levels, and orientation of the ensonified squid. While epipelagic squid must be fast and muscular to catch prey and avoid visual predators, it is hypothesized that some deep-water squid may have adopted passive acoustic crypsis, with a body of low muscle mass and low metabolism that will render them less conspicuous to echolocating predators.
    Description: This study was funded by the Oticon Foundation with additional support from Reson, and a Steno scholarship to P.T.M. from the Danish Natural Science Research Council. M.W. was funded by a PhD scholarship from the Faculty of Natural Sciences at Aarhus University and the PhD School SOAS. R.T.H. acknowledges partial funding from NOAA/NURP grant UAF-05-0133.
    Keywords: Squid ; Predator ; Prey ; Echolocation ; Toothed whale ; Target strength
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Behavioral impacts of disentanglement of a right whale under sedation and the energetic cost of entanglement (2014)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Society for Marine Mammalogy for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 30 (2014): 282–307, doi:10.1111/mms.12042.
    Description: Protracted entanglement in fishing gear often leads to emaciation through reduced mobility and foraging ability, and energy budget depletion from the added drag of towing gear for months or years. We examined changes in kinematics of a tagged entangled North Atlantic right whale (Eg 3911), before, during and after disentanglement on 15 Jan 2011. To calculate the additional drag forces and energetic demand associated with various gear configurations, we towed three sets of gear attached to a load-cell tensiometer at multiple speeds. Tag analyses revealed significant increases in dive depth and duration; ascent, descent and fluke stroke rates; and decreases in root mean square fluke amplitude (a proxy for thrust) following disentanglement. Conservative drag coefficients while entangled in all gear configurations (mean ± SD Cd,e,go = 3.4x10-3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,gb = 3.7x10-3 ± 0.0003, Cd,e,sl = 3.8x10-3 ± 0.0004) were significantly greater than in the nonentangled case (Cd,n = 3.2x10-3±0.0003; P = 0.0156, 0.0312, 0.0078 respectively). Increases in total power input (including standard metabolism) over the nonentangled condition ranged 1.6%-120.9% for all gear configurations tested; locomotory power requirements increased 60.0%-164.6%. These results highlight significant alteration to swimming patterns, and the magnitude of energy depletion in a chronically entangled whale.
    Description: Funding sources include NOAA Cooperative Agreement NA09OAR4320129, PO EA133F09SE4792, the M.S. Worthington Foundation, the North Pond Foundation, Sloan and Hardwick Simmons.
    Description: 2014-05-21
    Keywords: Disentanglement ; Dtag ; Drag ; Energetics ; Entanglement ; Sedation ; Right whale ; Eubalaena glacialis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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    Format: application/postscript
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  • 9
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    First observed wild birth and acoustic record of a possible infanticide attempt on a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) (2016)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2015. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Society for Marine Mammalogy for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 32 (2016): 376–385, doi:10.1111/mms.12248.
    Description: We observed the birth of a common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) followed immediately by a possible infanticide attempt in the estuary near Savannah, Georgia. Our report is unique in several ways: first, we witnessed the birth of the calf; second, we observed infanticidal behavior almost immediately afterward; and third, we obtained acoustic recordings concurrent with the possible infanticidal behavior. Our observations provide insight into aggressive, possible infanticidal, behavior in bottlenose dolphins.
    Description: Boat time and support was provided by Department of Education/Title VII Award P382G090003. Additional support was provided by EDGE (Enhancing Diversity in Geosciences Education through Costal Research in Port City) NSF award GEO-0194680.
    Description: 2016-07-14
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 10
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    Seafloor borehole array seismic system (SEABASS) (2016)
    Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: The Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) has been developed to measure the pressure and three dimensional particle velocity of the VLF sound field (2-50HZ) below the seafloor in the deep ocean (water depths of up to 6km). The system consists off our three-component borehole seismometers (with an optional hydrophone), a borehole digitizing unit, and a seafloor control and recording package. The system can be deployed using a wire line re-entry capability from a conventional research vessel in Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and Ocean Drilling Project (ODP) boreholes. Data from below the seafloor are acquired either on-board the research vessel via coaxial tether or remotely on the seafloor in a self-contained package. If necessary the data module from the seafloor package can be released independently and recovered on the surface. This paper describes the engineering specifications of SEABASS, the tests that were carried out, and preliminary results from an actual deep sea deployment. Ambient noise levels beneath the seafloor acquired on the Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment (LFASE) are within 20dB of levels from previous seafloor borehole seismic experiments and from land borehole measurements. The ambient noise observed on LFASE decreases by up to 12dB in the upper 100m of the seafloor in a sedimentary environment.
    Description: This work was carried out under JHU Contract # 602809-0 and under ONR contracts #N00014-89-C-0018, #N00014-89-J-1012, and #N00014-90-C-0098.
    Keywords: Very Low Frequency (VLF) sound fields (2-50 Hz) ; Seafloor Borehole Array Seismic System (SEABASS) ; Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). ; Low Frequency Acoustic-Seismic Experiment (LFASE)
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Working Paper
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