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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aircraft-Based AirCore Sampling for Estimates of N2O and CH4 Emissions
    American Chemical Society (ACS) ; 2023
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology
    Details
    In: Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0013-936X , 1520-5851
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04932
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04932.s001
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 2
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    Monitoring ambient ozone with a passive measurement technique method, field results and strategy
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 1996
    In:  Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Vol. 91, No. 3-4 ( 1996-10), p. 335-350
    Details
    In: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 91, No. 3-4 ( 1996-10), p. 335-350
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0049-6979 , 1573-2932
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/BF00666268
    RVK:
    ZC 7520
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 3
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    Evaluation of a field-deployable Nafion™-based air-drying system for collecting whole air samples and its application to stable isotope measurements of CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2020
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-07-28), p. 4051-4064
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 7 ( 2020-07-28), p. 4051-4064
    Abstract: Abstract. Atmospheric flask samples are either collected at atmospheric pressure by opening a valve of a pre-evacuated flask or pressurized with the help of a pump to a few bar above ambient pressure. Under humid conditions, there is a risk that water vapor in the sample leads to condensation on the walls of the flask, notably at higher than ambient sampling pressures. Liquid water in sample flasks is known to affect the CO2 mixing ratios and also alters the isotopic composition of oxygen (17O and 18O) in CO2 via isotopic equilibration. Hence, for accurate determination of CO2 mole fractions and its stable isotopic composition, it is vital to dry the air samples to a sufficiently low dew point before they are pressurized in flasks to avoid condensation. Moreover, the drying system itself should not influence the mixing ratio and the isotopic composition of CO2 or that of the other constituents under study. For the Airborne Stable Isotopes of Carbon from the Amazon (ASICA) project focusing on accurate measurements of CO2 and its singly substituted stable isotopologues over the Amazon, an air-drying system capable of removing water vapor from air sampled at a dew point lower than −2 ∘C, flow rates up to 12 L min−1 and without the need for electrical power was needed. Since to date no commercial air-drying device that meets these requirements has been available, we designed and built our own consumable-free, power-free and portable drying system based on multitube Nafion™ gas sample driers (Perma Pure, Lakewood, USA). The required dry purge air is provided by feeding the exhaust flow of the flask sampling system through a dry molecular sieve (type 3A) cartridge. In this study we describe the systematic evaluation of our Nafion™-based air sample dryer with emphasis on its performance concerning the measurements of atmospheric CO2 mole fractions and the three singly substituted isotopologues of CO2 (16O13C16O, 16O12C17O and 16O12C18O), as well as the trace gas species CH4, CO, N2O and SF6. Experimental results simulating extreme tropical conditions (saturated air at 33 ∘C) indicated that the response of the air dryer is almost instantaneous and that approximately 85 L of air, containing up to 4 % water vapor, can be processed staying below a −2 ∘C dew point temperature (at 275 kPa). We estimated that at least eight flasks can be sampled (at an overpressure of 275 kPa) with a water vapor content below −2 ∘C dew point temperature during a typical flight sampling up to 5 km altitude over the Amazon, whereas the remaining samples would stay well below 5 ∘C dew point temperature (at 275 kPa). The performance of the air dryer on measurements of CO2, CH4, CO, N2O, and SF6 and the CO2 isotopologues 16O13C16O and 16O12C18O was tested in the laboratory simulating real sampling conditions by compressing humidified air from a calibrated cylinder, after being dried by the air dryer, into sample flasks. We found that the mole fraction and the isotopic composition difference between the different test conditions (including the dryer) and the base condition (dry air, without dryer) remained well within or very close to, in the case of N2O, the World Meteorological Organization recommended compatibility goals for independent measurement programs, proving that the test condition induced no significant bias on the sample measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-13-4051-2020
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 4
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    Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2021
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-01-05), p. 89-116
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 14, No. 1 ( 2021-01-05), p. 89-116
    Abstract: Abstract. The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-14-89-2021
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2021
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  • 5
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    Magnitude and seasonal variation of N2O and CH4 emissions over a mixed agriculture-urban region
    Elsevier BV ; 2023
    In:  Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Vol. 334 ( 2023-05), p. 109433-
    Details
    In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 334 ( 2023-05), p. 109433-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0168-1923
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2023.109433
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 6
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    Detection of lightning‐produced NO in the midlatitude upper troposphere during STREAM 1998
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2001
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 106, No. D21 ( 2001-11-16), p. 27777-27785
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 106, No. D21 ( 2001-11-16), p. 27777-27785
    Abstract: Simultaneous in situ measurements of NO, NO y , HNO 3 , CO, CO 2 , O 3 , and aerosols were performed in the midlatitude upper troposphere (UT) and lower stratosphere during the StratosphereTroposphere Experiment by Aircraft Measurements (STREAM) 1998 summer campaign. The campaign focused on the region around Timmins in the Canadian province of Ontario (79.3°W, 48.2°N), close to the polar jet stream that rapidly transports trace species across the Atlantic Ocean. This paper focuses on the origin of total reactive nitrogen (NO y ) in the UT, as our measurements show strong variations, which reflect large local sources. In situ production by lightning, stratospheric downdraft, aircraft emissions, and upward transport of polluted boundary layer air are discussed in two case studies as potential contributors. We use correlations among NO, NO y and CO to distinguish between transport from the boundary layer and in situ formations. Lightning production of NO x is found to be a strong contributor to the budget of NO y during high NO y episodes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2001JD900210
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2001
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
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    Characterisation of methane sources in Lutjewad, The Netherlands, using quasi-continuous isotopic composition measurements
    Stockholm University Press ; 2020
    In:  Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology Vol. 72, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 1823733-
    Details
    In: Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Stockholm University Press, Vol. 72, No. 1 ( 2020-01-01), p. 1823733-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1600-0889 , 0280-6509
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/16000889.2020.1823733
    RVK:
    RA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 8382.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Stockholm University Press
    Publication Date: 2020
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    SSG: 16,13
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  • 8
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    Two decades of flask observations of atmospheric 〈i〉δ〈/i〉(O〈sub〉2〈/sub〉∕N〈sub〉2〈/sub〉), CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉, and APO at stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland), and 3 years from Halley station (Antarctica)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Earth System Science Data Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-03-02), p. 991-1014
    Details
    In: Earth System Science Data, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 14, No. 2 ( 2022-03-02), p. 991-1014
    Abstract: Abstract. We present 20-year flask sample records of atmospheric CO2, δ(O2/N2), and atmospheric potential oxygen (APO) from the stations Lutjewad (the Netherlands) and Mace Head (Ireland), and a 3-year record from Halley station (Antarctica). We include details of our calibration procedures and the stability of our calibration scale over time, which we estimate to be 3 per meg over the 11 years of calibration, and our compatibility with the international Scripps O2 scale. The measurement records from Lutjewad and Mace Head show similar long-term trends during the period 2002–2018 of 2.31 ± 0.07 ppm yr−1 for CO2 and −21.2 ± 0.8 per meg yr−1 for δ(O2/N2) at Lutjewad, and 2.22 ± 0.04 ppm yr−1 for CO2 and −21.3 ± 0.9 per meg yr−1 for δ(O2/N2) at Mace Head. They also show a similar δ(O2/N2) seasonal cycle with an amplitude of 54 ± 4 per meg at Lutjewad and 61 ± 5 per meg at Mace Head, while the CO2 seasonal amplitude at Lutjewad (16.8 ± 0.5 ppm) is slightly higher than that at Mace Head (14.8 ± 0.3 ppm). We show that the observed long-term trends and seasonal cycles are in good agreement with the measurements from various other stations, especially the measurements from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (United Kingdom). However, there are remarkable differences in the progression of annual trends between the Mace Head and Lutjewad records for δ(O2/N2) and APO, which might in part be caused by sampling differences, but also by environmental effects, such as North Atlantic Ocean oxygen ventilation changes to which Mace Head is more sensitive. The Halley record shows clear trends and seasonality in δ(O2/N2) and APO, the latter agreeing especially well with continuous measurements at the same location made by the University of East Anglia (UEA), while CO2 and δ(O2/N2) present slight disagreements, most likely caused by small leakages during sampling. From our 2002–2018 records, we find a good agreement with Global Carbon Budget 2021 (Friedlingstein et al. (2021) for the global ocean carbon sink: 2.1 ± 0.8 PgC yr−1, based on the Lutjewad record. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/qq7d-t060 (Nguyen et al., 2021).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1866-3516
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/essd-14-991-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 9
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    A UAV-based active AirCore system for measurements of greenhouse gases
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2018-05-07), p. 2683-2699
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 5 ( 2018-05-07), p. 2683-2699
    Abstract: Abstract. We developed and field-tested an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based active AirCore for atmospheric mole fraction measurements of CO2, CH4, and CO. The system applies an alternative way of using the AirCore technique invented by NOAA. As opposed to the conventional concept of passively sampling air using the atmospheric pressure gradient during descent, the active AirCore collects atmospheric air samples using a pump to pull the air through the tube during flight, which opens up the possibility to spatially sample atmospheric air. The active AirCore system used for this study weighs ∼ 1.1 kg. It consists of a ∼ 50 m long stainless-steel tube, a small stainless-steel tube filled with magnesium perchlorate, a KNF micropump, and a 45 µm orifice working together to form a critical flow of dried atmospheric air through the active AirCore. A cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) was used to analyze the air samples on site not more than 7 min after landing for mole fraction measurements of CO2, CH4, and CO. We flew the active AirCore system on a UAV near the atmospheric measurement station at Lutjewad, located in the northwest of the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. Five consecutive flights took place over a 5 h period on the same morning, from sunrise until noon. We validated the measurements of CO2 and CH4 from the active AirCore against those from the Lutjewad station at 60 m. The results show a good agreement between the measurements from the active AirCore and the atmospheric station (N = 146; RCO22: 0.97 and RCH42: 0.94; and mean differences: ΔCO2: 0.18 ppm and ΔCH4: 5.13 ppb). The vertical and horizontal resolution (for CH4) at typical UAV speeds of 1.5 and 2.5 m s−1 were determined to be ±24.7 to 29.3 and ±41.2 to 48.9 m, respectively, depending on the storage time. The collapse of the nocturnal boundary layer and the buildup of the mixed layer were clearly observed with three consecutive vertical profile measurements in the early morning hours. Besides this, we furthermore detected a CH4 hotspot in the coastal wetlands from a horizontal flight north to the dike, which demonstrates the potential of this new active AirCore method to measure at locations where other techniques have no practical access.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-11-2683-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
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  • 10
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    High-resolution inverse modelling of European CH 4 emissions using the novel FLEXPART-COSMO TM5 4DVAR inverse modelling system
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 20 ( 2022-10-17), p. 13243-13268
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 20 ( 2022-10-17), p. 13243-13268
    Abstract: Abstract. We present a novel high-resolution inverse modelling system (“FLEXVAR”) based on FLEXPART-COSMO back trajectories driven by COSMO meteorological fields at 7 km×7 km resolution over the European COSMO-7 domain and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation technique. FLEXVAR is coupled offline with the global inverse modelling system TM5-4DVAR to provide background mole fractions (“baselines”) consistent with the global observations assimilated in TM5-4DVAR. We have applied the FLEXVAR system for the inverse modelling of European CH4 emissions in 2018 using 24 stations with in situ measurements, complemented with data from five stations with discrete air sampling (and additional stations outside the European COSMO-7 domain used for the global TM5-4DVAR inversions). The sensitivity of the FLEXVAR inversions to different approaches to calculate the baselines, different parameterizations of the model representation error, different settings of the prior error covariance parameters, different prior inventories, and different observation data sets are investigated in detail. Furthermore, the FLEXVAR inversions are compared to inversions with the FLEXPART extended Kalman filter (“FLExKF”) system and with TM5-4DVAR inversions at 1∘×1∘ resolution over Europe. The three inverse modelling systems show overall good consistency of the major spatial patterns of the derived inversion increments and in general only relatively small differences in the derived annual total emissions of larger country regions. At the same time, the FLEXVAR inversions at 7 km×7 km resolution allow the observations to be better reproduced than the TM5-4DVAR simulations at 1∘×1∘. The three inverse models derive higher annual total CH4 emissions in 2018 for Germany, France, and BENELUX compared to the sum of anthropogenic emissions reported to UNFCCC and natural emissions estimated from the Global Carbon Project CH4 inventory, but the uncertainty ranges of top-down and bottom-up total emission estimates overlap for all three country regions. In contrast, the top-down estimates for the sum of emissions from the UK and Ireland agree relatively well with the total of anthropogenic and natural bottom-up inventories.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-13243-2022-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
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