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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Problematic Alcohol and Drug Use Is Associated with Low Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness
    S. Karger AG ; 2020
    In:  European Addiction Research Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 2020), p. 326-334
    Details
    In: European Addiction Research, S. Karger AG, Vol. 26, No. 6 ( 2020), p. 326-334
    Abstract: 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Background: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Personality traits, such as self-directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (CO), may be indicative of problematic alcohol and/or drug use. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Objectives: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 The aim of this study was to quantify the association of substance use with SD and CO in a large cohort of adolescents. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Method: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 A total of 6,917 individuals (58% women) at the age of 18 who had filled in the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT), and the SD and CO scales from the Temperament and Character ­Inventory, as part of the Child and Adolescent Twin study in Sweden were included in the analyses. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Results: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 High AUDIT scores ( & #x3e;15) were found in 2.4% of the population and high DUDIT scores ( & #x3e;7) in 1.2% of the population. Total score on the AUDIT was negatively correlated ( 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉 & #x3c; 0.001) with SD ( 〈 i 〉 r 〈 /i 〉 = –0.18) and CO ( 〈 i 〉 r 〈 /i 〉 = –0.15), as well as total DUDIT with SD ( 〈 i 〉 r 〈 /i 〉 = –0.11) and CO ( 〈 i 〉 r 〈 /i 〉 = –0.08). The risk of high AUDIT ( & #x3e;15) and DUDIT ( & #x3e;7) was highest for those with a low (1 standard deviation below mean) SD score (ORs 4.1 and 4.5, 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉 & #x3c; 0.001) and a low CO score (ORs 3.5 and 4.5, 〈 i 〉 p 〈 /i 〉 & #x3c; 0.001). However, at 1 standard deviation above mean, no association between alcohol or drug use and SD or CO was seen. Using SD and CO scores to predict AUDIT & #x3e;15 or DUDIT & #x3e;7 yielded a sensitivity between 62.4 and 71.3% and a specificity between 64.9 and 70.4%. 〈 b 〉 〈 i 〉 Conclusions: 〈 /i 〉 〈 /b 〉 Personality traits of low SD and CO are associated with increased alcohol and drug use. These findings support the notion that personality traits can be used to identify individuals at high risk of substance abuse.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1022-6877 , 1421-9891
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1159/000506473
    Language: English
    Publisher: S. Karger AG
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482231-3
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Anorexia nervosa and autism: a prospective twin cohort study
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 316-326
    Details
    In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Wiley, Vol. 62, No. 3 ( 2021-03), p. 316-326
    Abstract: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be phenotypically and etiologically linked. However, due to the absence of prospective studies, it remains unclear whether the elevation of autistic traits in AN is evident in early childhood. Here, we prospectively investigated autistic traits before and after the first diagnosis of AN. Methods In a population‐based sample of 5,987 individuals (52.4% female) from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, parents reported autistic traits at ages 9 and 18. AN and ASD diagnoses were retrieved from the Swedish National Patient Register. In addition, AN diagnoses were ascertained by parent‐reported treatment for AN. We compared whether individuals with and without AN differed in autistic traits before the first diagnosis of AN (age 9) and after the first diagnosis of AN (age 18). Results We did not find evidence for elevated autistic traits in 9‐year‐old children later diagnosed with AN. At age 18, however, there was a marked elevation in restricted/repetitive behavior and interests, but only in the subgroup of individuals with acute AN. A less pronounced elevation was observed for social communication problems. Conclusions Coping strategies in individuals with ASD and the somewhat different female ASD phenotype may explain why we did not find elevated autistic traits in children who later developed AN. Alternatively, it is possible that elevated autistic traits were not present prior to the onset of AN, thus questioning the previously reported elevated prevalence of ASD in AN. Future studies should use tailored measurements in order to investigate whether autistic traits in individuals with AN are best conceptualized as an epiphenomenon of the acute AN phase or whether these symptoms indeed represent ASD as a clinically verifiable neurodevelopmental disorder.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9630 , 1469-7610
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.v62.3
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13265
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470297-6
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Etiological links between autism and difficulties in initiating and maintaining sleep: a familial co‐aggregation and twin study
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 315-323
    Details
    In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Wiley, Vol. 63, No. 3 ( 2022-03), p. 315-323
    Abstract: Difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) are frequent features of autism, yet little is known about why these conditions co‐occur. One possibility is that they share etiological factors, yet this hypothesis remains to be tested using quantitative genetic designs. We thus investigated etiological links between autism and DIMS using familial co‐aggregation and twin methods. Methods Twins, siblings, half‐siblings, and cousins of 50,097 individuals with autism were identified from Swedish population registries. Their risk of DIMS, defined through diagnoses of insomnia and/or melatonin prescriptions, was then estimated. Twin analyses conducted on 15,279 child and adolescent twin pairs investigated etiological links between DIMS and ASD. Results 22.8% of autistic individuals had DIMS. Monozygotic co‐twins of individuals with autism were most at risk of DIMS compared to the reference group (OR = 6.6 [2.5–17.4]), followed by dizygotic co‐twins (OR = 2.6 [1.5–4.5] ) and full siblings (OR = 2.5 [2.4–2.6]). Half‐siblings and cousins of individuals with autism were least likely to have DIMS relative to the reference group (OR range = 1.3–1.5). Twin analyses estimated a correlation of 0.57 (0.53–0.61) between autism and DIMS, with a genetic correlation of 0.62 (0.60–0.68). These overlapping genetic factors explained 94% of the covariance between these conditions. Autistic traits also showed genetic overlap with DIMS. Conclusions Our results suggest that shared genetic mechanisms underlie autism and DIMS, which may lead them to co‐occur. Untangling the etiological overlap between these conditions has potential to assist in understanding the etiology of each condition, as well as their associated outcomes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9630 , 1469-7610
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.v63.3
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13473
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470297-6
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Autism spectrum disorders and coexisting disorders in a nationwide Swedish twin study
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry Vol. 56, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 702-710
    Details
    In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Wiley, Vol. 56, No. 6 ( 2015-06), p. 702-710
    Abstract: Evidence from twin and molecular genetic studies is accumulating that Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD ) shares substantial etiological factors with other disorders. This is mirrored in clinical practice where ASD without coexisting disorders is rare. The present study aims to examine the range of coexisting disorders in ASD in a genetically informative cohort. Methods Parents of all Swedish 9‐year‐old twins born between 1992 and 2001 ( n  = 19,130) underwent a telephone interview designed to screen for child psychiatric disorders, including ASD . To ensure full coverage of child psychiatric disorders, data were also retrieved from population‐based health registers. We investigated the coexistence of eight psychiatric disorders known to coexist with ASD s in probands and their co‐twins. Results Half of the individuals with ASD s (50.3%) had four or more coexisting disorders and only 4% did not have any concomitant disorder. The ‘healthy co‐twin’ in ASD discordant monozygotic twin pairs was very often (79% of boys and 50% of girls) affected by at least one non‐ ASD disorder. The corresponding figures for ASD discordant dizygotic twin pairs were significantly lower (46% of males and 30% of females). Conclusions Detailed phenotypic descriptions including symptoms of problems associated with a wide range of child psychiatric disorders may aid in unraveling the genetic architecture of ASD and should guide the development of intervention strategies addressing each problem type specifically.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-9630 , 1469-7610
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.2015.56.issue-6
    DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12329
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1470297-6
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Neural gain control measured through cortical gamma oscillations is associated with sensory sensitivity
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Human Brain Mapping Vol. 40, No. 5 ( 2019-04), p. 1583-1593
    Details
    In: Human Brain Mapping, Wiley, Vol. 40, No. 5 ( 2019-04), p. 1583-1593
    Abstract: Gamma oscillations facilitate information processing by shaping the excitatory input/output of neuronal populations. Recent studies in humans and nonhuman primates have shown that strong excitatory drive to the visual cortex leads to suppression of induced gamma oscillations, which may reflect inhibitory‐based gain control of network excitation. The efficiency of the gain control measured through gamma oscillations may in turn affect sensory sensitivity in everyday life. To test this prediction, we assessed the link between self‐reported sensitivity and changes in magneto‐encephalographic gamma oscillations as a function of motion velocity of high‐contrast visual gratings. The induced gamma oscillations increased in frequency and decreased in power with increasing stimulation intensity. As expected, weaker suppression of the gamma response correlated with sensory hypersensitivity. Robustness of this result was confirmed by its replication in the two samples: neurotypical subjects and people with autism, who had generally elevated sensory sensitivity. We conclude that intensity‐related suppression of gamma response is a promising biomarker of homeostatic control of the excitation–inhibition balance in the visual cortex.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1065-9471 , 1097-0193
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.v40.5
    DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24469
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1492703-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Associations between polymorphisms in sex steroid related genes and autistic-like traits
    Elsevier BV ; 2013
    In:  Psychoneuroendocrinology Vol. 38, No. 11 ( 2013-11), p. 2575-2584
    Details
    In: Psychoneuroendocrinology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 38, No. 11 ( 2013-11), p. 2575-2584
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-4530
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.06.004
    RVK:
    YH 2600
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1500706-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Childhood Behavior Problems and Adolescent Sexual Risk Behavior: Familial Confounding in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS)
    Elsevier BV ; 2013
    In:  Journal of Adolescent Health Vol. 52, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 606-612
    Details
    In: Journal of Adolescent Health, Elsevier BV, Vol. 52, No. 5 ( 2013-05), p. 606-612
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1054-139X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.001
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2006608-9
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The Quantified Behavioral Test Failed to Differentiate ADHD in Adolescents With Neurodevelopmental Problems
    SAGE Publications ; 2021
    In:  Journal of Attention Disorders Vol. 25, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 312-321
    Details
    In: Journal of Attention Disorders, SAGE Publications, Vol. 25, No. 3 ( 2021-02), p. 312-321
    Abstract: Objective: The Quantified Behavioral Test (QbTest) is a computerized diagnostic test for ADHD, used in clinical psychiatric care, but its validity may be questioned. We analyzed the QbTest’s diagnostic validity and its relation to cognitive ability and psychosocial factors in an adolescent population with a high occurrence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Method: In total, 340 participants aged 15 years, completed the QbTest, along with questionnaires, clinical and intelligence quotient (IQ) assessments. Results: The clinical assessment resulted in 89 (26%) participants with ADHD. Area under curve (AUC) scores indicated a random to poor validity of the QbTest (AUC range = 0.48-0.64). QbTest scores of inattention and impulsivity correlated with IQ. Conclusion: The QbTest was insufficient as a diagnostic test for ADHD, and was not able to differentiate ADHD from other neurodevelopmental conditions. Clinicians should be aware of the dubious discriminating power of the QbTest.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1087-0547 , 1557-1246
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1177/1087054718787034
    Language: English
    Publisher: SAGE Publications
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2188086-4
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Familial Factors, Victimization, and Psychological Health Among Sexual Minority Adolescents in Sweden
    American Public Health Association ; 2017
    In:  American Journal of Public Health Vol. 107, No. 2 ( 2017-02), p. 322-328
    Details
    In: American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, Vol. 107, No. 2 ( 2017-02), p. 322-328
    Abstract: Objectives. To determine the influences of victimization experience and familial factors on the association between sexual minority status and psychological health outcomes among adolescents. Methods. We used data from the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden, a prospective, population-based study of all twins born in Sweden since 1992. Cross-sectional analyses included individuals who completed assessments at age 18 years (n = 4898) from 2000 to 2013. We also compared psychological health among sexual minority adolescents and their nonminority co-twins. Results. Sexual minority adolescents were more likely than were unrelated nonminority adolescents to report victimization experiences, including emotional abuse, physical abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse. Sexual minority adolescents also reported significantly more symptoms of anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, disordered eating, and substance misuse in addition to increased parent-reported behavior problems. Victimization experience partially mediated these associations. However, when controlling for unmeasured familial confounding factors by comparing sexual minority adolescents to their same-sex, nonminority co-twins, the effect of sexual minority status on psychological health was almost entirely attenuated. Conclusions. Familial factors—common genetic or environmental influences—may explain decreased psychological adjustment among sexual minority adolescents.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0090-0036 , 1541-0048
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303573
    RVK:
    XA 10000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Public Health Association
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2054583-6
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and the development of adolescent alcohol problems: A prospective, population‐based study of Swedish twins
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics Vol. 171, No. 7 ( 2016-10), p. 958-970
    Details
    In: American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics, Wiley, Vol. 171, No. 7 ( 2016-10), p. 958-970
    Abstract: Children with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of problematic alcohol and other substance use in adolescence. This study used data from an ongoing, prospective, population‐based twin study of Swedish children and adolescents to evaluate the extent to which the association between ADHD symptoms and alcohol problems reflects a unique source of genetic or environmental risk related to ADHD versus a broader predisposition to youth externalizing behavior. We used all available data from same‐sex monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins on ADHD symptoms in childhood (age 9/12; N = 15,549) and alcohol problems in late adolescence (age 18; N = 2,564). Consistent with prior longitudinal studies, the phenotypic association between hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms and alcohol problems was small in magnitude, whereas the association for inattentive symptoms was even weaker. Additive genetic influences explained 99.8% of the association between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and alcohol problems. Furthermore, we found that the genetic risk specifically associated with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms was attenuated when estimated in the context of externalizing behavior liability during childhood, of which ADHD symptoms were specific expressions. In sensitivity analyses exploring hyperactivity in mid‐adolescence, we found a similar pattern of genetic associations. These results are consistent with previous findings of genetically driven overlap in the etiology of ADHD and problematic alcohol use. At least some of this co‐occurrence may result from a general predisposition to externalizing behaviors in youth. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1552-4841 , 1552-485X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.v171.7
    DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32412
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2143866-3
    SSG: 12
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