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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
    IOP Publishing ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 3, No. 08 ( 2008-08-14), p. S08003-S08003
    Details
    In: Journal of Instrumentation, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 08 ( 2008-08-14), p. S08003-S08003
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1748-0221
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/3/08/S08003
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Production and integration of the ATLAS Insertable B-Layer
    IOP Publishing ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 13, No. 05 ( 2018-05-16), p. T05008-T05008
    Details
    In: Journal of Instrumentation, IOP Publishing, Vol. 13, No. 05 ( 2018-05-16), p. T05008-T05008
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1748-0221
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/13/05/T05008
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2235672-1
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    ATLAS pixel detector electronics and sensors
    IOP Publishing ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Instrumentation Vol. 3, No. 07 ( 2008-07-24), p. P07007-P07007
    Details
    In: Journal of Instrumentation, IOP Publishing, Vol. 3, No. 07 ( 2008-07-24), p. P07007-P07007
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1748-0221
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/3/07/P07007
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: IOP Publishing
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2235672-1
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2013
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2013-03-15), p. 3063-3085
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 6 ( 2013-03-15), p. 3063-3085
    Abstract: Abstract. Ozone (O3) from 17 atmospheric chemistry models taking part in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) has been used to calculate tropospheric ozone radiative forcings (RFs). All models applied a common set of anthropogenic emissions, which are better constrained for the present-day than the past. Future anthropogenic emissions follow the four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, which define a relatively narrow range of possible air pollution emissions. We calculate a value for the pre-industrial (1750) to present-day (2010) tropospheric ozone RF of 410 mW m−2. The model range of pre-industrial to present-day changes in O3 produces a spread (±1 standard deviation) in RFs of ±17%. Three different radiation schemes were used – we find differences in RFs between schemes (for the same ozone fields) of ±10%. Applying two different tropopause definitions gives differences in RFs of ±3%. Given additional (unquantified) uncertainties associated with emissions, climate-chemistry interactions and land-use change, we estimate an overall uncertainty of ±30% for the tropospheric ozone RF. Experiments carried out by a subset of six models attribute tropospheric ozone RF to increased emissions of methane (44±12%), nitrogen oxides (31 ± 9%), carbon monoxide (15 ± 3%) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (9 ± 2%); earlier studies attributed more of the tropospheric ozone RF to methane and less to nitrogen oxides. Normalising RFs to changes in tropospheric column ozone, we find a global mean normalised RF of 42 mW m−2 DU−1, a value similar to previous work. Using normalised RFs and future tropospheric column ozone projections we calculate future tropospheric ozone RFs (mW m−2; relative to 1750) for the four future scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) of 350, 420, 370 and 460 (in 2030), and 200, 300, 280 and 600 (in 2100). Models show some coherent responses of ozone to climate change: decreases in the tropical lower troposphere, associated with increases in water vapour; and increases in the sub-tropical to mid-latitude upper troposphere, associated with increases in lightning and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport. Climate change has relatively small impacts on global mean tropospheric ozone RF.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-3063-2013-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multimodel assessment of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere: Extratropics
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2010
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 115 ( 2010-10-23)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 115 ( 2010-10-23)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2010JD013884
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2010
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094167-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multimodel projections of stratospheric ozone in the 21st century
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2007
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research Vol. 112, No. D16 ( 2007-08-21)
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 112, No. D16 ( 2007-08-21)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2006JD008332
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publication Date: 2007
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094268-8
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094181-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094219-6
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2220777-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Projections of UV radiation changes in the 21st century: impact of ozone recovery and cloud effects
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2011
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2011-08-01), p. 7533-7545
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 11, No. 15 ( 2011-08-01), p. 7533-7545
    Abstract: Abstract. Monthly averaged surface erythemal solar irradiance (UV-Ery) for local noon from 1960 to 2100 has been derived using radiative transfer calculations and projections of ozone, temperature and cloud change from 14 chemistry climate models (CCM), as part of the CCMVal-2 activity of SPARC. Our calculations show the influence of ozone depletion and recovery on erythemal irradiance. In addition, we investigate UV-Ery changes caused by climate change due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The latter include effects of both stratospheric ozone and cloud changes. The derived estimates provide a global picture of the likely changes in erythemal irradiance during the 21st century. Uncertainties arise from the assumed scenarios, different parameterizations – particularly of cloud effects on UV-Ery – and the spread in the CCM projections. The calculations suggest that relative to 1980, annually mean UV-Ery in the 2090s will be on average ~12 % lower at high latitudes in both hemispheres, ~3 % lower at mid latitudes, and marginally higher (~1 %) in the tropics. The largest reduction (~16 %) is projected for Antarctica in October. Cloud effects are responsible for 2–3 % of the reduction in UV-Ery at high latitudes, but they slightly moderate it at mid-latitudes (~1 %). The year of return of erythemal irradiance to values of certain milestones (1965 and 1980) depends largely on the return of column ozone to the corresponding levels and is associated with large uncertainties mainly due to the spread of the model projections. The inclusion of cloud effects in the calculations has only a small effect of the return years. At mid and high latitudes, changes in clouds and stratospheric ozone transport by global circulation changes due to greenhouse gases will sustain the erythemal irradiance at levels below those in 1965, despite the removal of ozone depleting substances. At northern high latitudes (60°–90°), the projected decreases in cloud transmittance towards the end of the 21st century will reduce the yearly average surface erythemal irradiance by ~5 % with respect to the 1960s.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-11-7533-2011
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Pre-industrial to end 21st century projections of tropospheric ozone from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2013
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2013-02-21), p. 2063-2090
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 4 ( 2013-02-21), p. 2063-2090
    Abstract: Abstract. Present day tropospheric ozone and its changes between 1850 and 2100 are considered, analysing 15 global models that participated in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The ensemble mean compares well against present day observations. The seasonal cycle correlates well, except for some locations in the tropical upper troposphere. Most (75 %) of the models are encompassed with a range of global mean tropospheric ozone column estimates from satellite data, but there is a suggestion of a high bias in the Northern Hemisphere and a low bias in the Southern Hemisphere, which could indicate deficiencies with the ozone precursor emissions. Compared to the present day ensemble mean tropospheric ozone burden of 337 ± 23 Tg, the ensemble mean burden for 1850 time slice is ~30% lower. Future changes were modelled using emissions and climate projections from four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). Compared to 2000, the relative changes in the ensemble mean tropospheric ozone burden in 2030 (2100) for the different RCPs are: −4% (−16%) for RCP2.6, 2% (−7%) for RCP4.5, 1% (−9%) for RCP6.0, and 7% (18%) for RCP8.5. Model agreement on the magnitude of the change is greatest for larger changes. Reductions in most precursor emissions are common across the RCPs and drive ozone decreases in all but RCP8.5, where doubled methane and a 40–150% greater stratospheric influx (estimated from a subset of models) increase ozone. While models with a high ozone burden for the present day also have high ozone burdens for the other time slices, no model consistently predicts large or small ozone changes; i.e. the magnitudes of the burdens and burden changes do not appear to be related simply, and the models are sensitive to emissions and climate changes in different ways. Spatial patterns of ozone changes are well correlated across most models, but are notably different for models without time evolving stratospheric ozone concentrations. A unified approach to ozone budget specifications and a rigorous investigation of the factors that drive tropospheric ozone is recommended to help future studies attribute ozone changes and inter-model differences more clearly.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-2063-2013-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2013
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Multi-model assessment of stratospheric ozone return dates and ozone recovery in CCMVal-2 models
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2010
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2010-10-07), p. 9451-9472
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 10, No. 19 ( 2010-10-07), p. 9451-9472
    Abstract: Abstract. Projections of stratospheric ozone from a suite of chemistry-climate models (CCMs) have been analyzed. In addition to a reference simulation where anthropogenic halogenated ozone depleting substances (ODSs) and greenhouse gases (GHGs) vary with time, sensitivity simulations with either ODS or GHG concentrations fixed at 1960 levels were performed to disaggregate the drivers of projected ozone changes. These simulations were also used to assess the two distinct milestones of ozone returning to historical values (ozone return dates) and ozone no longer being influenced by ODSs (full ozone recovery). The date of ozone returning to historical values does not indicate complete recovery from ODSs in most cases, because GHG-induced changes accelerate or decelerate ozone changes in many regions. In the upper stratosphere where CO2-induced stratospheric cooling increases ozone, full ozone recovery is projected to not likely have occurred by 2100 even though ozone returns to its 1980 or even 1960 levels well before (~2025 and 2040, respectively). In contrast, in the tropical lower stratosphere ozone decreases continuously from 1960 to 2100 due to projected increases in tropical upwelling, while by around 2040 it is already very likely that full recovery from the effects of ODSs has occurred, although ODS concentrations are still elevated by this date. In the midlatitude lower stratosphere the evolution differs from that in the tropics, and rather than a steady decrease in ozone, first a decrease in ozone is simulated from 1960 to 2000, which is then followed by a steady increase through the 21st century. Ozone in the midlatitude lower stratosphere returns to 1980 levels by ~2045 in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) and by ~2055 in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and full ozone recovery is likely reached by 2100 in both hemispheres. Overall, in all regions except the tropical lower stratosphere, full ozone recovery from ODSs occurs significantly later than the return of total column ozone to its 1980 level. The latest return of total column ozone is projected to occur over Antarctica (~2045–2060) whereas it is not likely that full ozone recovery is reached by the end of the 21st century in this region. Arctic total column ozone is projected to return to 1980 levels well before polar stratospheric halogen loading does so (~2025–2030 for total column ozone, cf. 2050–2070 for Cly+60×Bry) and it is likely that full recovery of total column ozone from the effects of ODSs has occurred by ~2035. In contrast to the Antarctic, by 2100 Arctic total column ozone is projected to be above 1960 levels, but not in the fixed GHG simulation, indicating that climate change plays a significant role.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-9451-2010
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-10-9451-2010-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Preindustrial to present-day changes in tropospheric hydroxyl radical and methane lifetime from the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2013
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2013-05-27), p. 5277-5298
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 13, No. 10 ( 2013-05-27), p. 5277-5298
    Abstract: Abstract. We have analysed time-slice simulations from 17 global models, participating in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP), to explore changes in present-day (2000) hydroxyl radical (OH) concentration and methane (CH4) lifetime relative to preindustrial times (1850) and to 1980. A comparison of modeled and observation-derived methane and methyl chloroform lifetimes suggests that the present-day global multi-model mean OH concentration is overestimated by 5 to 10% but is within the range of uncertainties. The models consistently simulate higher OH concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) compared with the Southern Hemisphere (SH) for the present-day (2000; inter-hemispheric ratios of 1.13 to 1.42), in contrast to observation-based approaches which generally indicate higher OH in the SH although uncertainties are large. Evaluation of simulated carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations, the primary sink for OH, against ground-based and satellite observations suggests low biases in the NH that may contribute to the high north–south OH asymmetry in the models. The models vary widely in their regional distribution of present-day OH concentrations (up to 34%). Despite large regional changes, the multi-model global mean (mass-weighted) OH concentration changes little over the past 150 yr, due to concurrent increases in factors that enhance OH (humidity, tropospheric ozone, nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions, and UV radiation due to decreases in stratospheric ozone), compensated by increases in OH sinks (methane abundance, carbon monoxide and non-methane volatile organic carbon (NMVOC) emissions). The large inter-model diversity in the sign and magnitude of preindustrial to present-day OH changes (ranging from a decrease of 12.7% to an increase of 14.6%) indicate that uncertainty remains in our understanding of the long-term trends in OH and methane lifetime. We show that this diversity is largely explained by the different ratio of the change in global mean tropospheric CO and NOx burdens (ΔCO/ΔNOx, approximately represents changes in OH sinks versus changes in OH sources) in the models, pointing to a need for better constraints on natural precursor emissions and on the chemical mechanisms in the current generation of chemistry-climate models. For the 1980 to 2000 period, we find that climate warming and a slight increase in mean OH (3.5 ± 2.2%) leads to a 4.3 ± 1.9% decrease in the methane lifetime. Analysing sensitivity simulations performed by 10 models, we find that preindustrial to present-day climate change decreased the methane lifetime by about four months, representing a negative feedback on the climate system. Further, we analysed attribution experiments performed by a subset of models relative to 2000 conditions with only one precursor at a time set to 1860 levels. We find that global mean OH increased by 46.4 ± 12.2% in response to preindustrial to present-day anthropogenic NOx emission increases, and decreased by 17.3 ± 2.3%, 7.6 ± 1.5%, and 3.1 ± 3.0% due to methane burden, and anthropogenic CO, and NMVOC emissions increases, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-5277-2013
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-13-5277-2013-supplement
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2013
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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