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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR): An Hourly Updating Convection-Allowing Forecast Model. Part I: Motivation and System Description
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Weather and Forecasting Vol. 37, No. 8 ( 2022-08), p. 1371-1395
    Details
    In: Weather and Forecasting, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 37, No. 8 ( 2022-08), p. 1371-1395
    Abstract: The High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) is a convection-allowing implementation of the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) Model with hourly data assimilation that covers the conterminous United States and Alaska and runs in real time at the NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). Implemented operationally at NOAA/NCEP in 2014, the HRRR features 3-km horizontal grid spacing and frequent forecasts (hourly for CONUS and 3-hourly for Alaska). HRRR initialization is designed for optimal short-range forecast skill with a particular focus on the evolution of precipitating systems. Key components of the initialization are radar-reflectivity data assimilation, hybrid ensemble-variational assimilation of conventional weather observations, and a cloud analysis to initialize stratiform cloud layers. From this initial state, HRRR forecasts are produced out to 18 h every hour, and out to 48 h every 6 h, with boundary conditions provided by the Rapid Refresh system. Between 2014 and 2020, HRRR development was focused on reducing model bias errors and improving forecast realism and accuracy. Improved representation of the planetary boundary layer, subgrid-scale clouds, and land surface contributed extensively to overall HRRR improvements. The final version of the HRRR (HRRRv4), implemented in late 2020, also features hybrid data assimilation using flow-dependent covariances from a 3-km, 36-member ensemble (“HRRRDAS”) with explicit convective storms. HRRRv4 also includes prediction of wildfire smoke plumes. The HRRR provides a baseline capability for evaluating NOAA’s next-generation Rapid Refresh Forecast System, now under development. Significance Statement NOAA’s operational hourly updating, convection-allowing model, the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR), is a key tool for short-range weather forecasting and situational awareness. Improvements in assimilation of weather observations, as well as in physics parameterizations, have led to improvements in simulated radar reflectivity and quantitative precipitation forecasts since the initial implementation of HRRR in September 2014. Other targeted development has focused on improved representation of the diurnal cycle of the planetary boundary layer, resulting in improved near-surface temperature and humidity forecasts. Additional physics and data assimilation changes have led to improved treatment of the development and erosion of low-level clouds, including subgrid-scale clouds. The final version of HRRR features storm-scale ensemble data assimilation and explicit prediction of wildfire smoke plumes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0882-8156 , 1520-0434
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/WAF-D-21-0151.1
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2025194-4
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  • 2
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    Online Resource
    High-Resolution Smoke Forecasting for the 2018 Camp Fire in California
    American Meteorological Society ; 2022
    In:  Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 103, No. 6 ( 2022-06), p. E1531-E1552
    Details
    In: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, American Meteorological Society, Vol. 103, No. 6 ( 2022-06), p. E1531-E1552
    Abstract: Smoke from the 2018 Camp Fire in Northern California blanketed a large part of the region for 2 weeks, creating poor air quality in the “unhealthy” range for millions of people. The NOAA Global System Laboratory’s HRRR-Smoke model was operating experimentally in real time during the Camp Fire. Here, output from the HRRR-Smoke model is compared to surface observations of PM 2.5 from AQS and PurpleAir sensors as well as satellite observation data. The HRRR-Smoke model at 3-km resolution successfully simulated the evolution of the plume during the initial phase of the fire (8–10 November 2018). Stereoscopic satellite plume height retrievals were used to compare with model output (for the first time, to the authors’ knowledge), showing that HRRR-Smoke is able to represent the complex 3D distribution of the smoke plume over complex terrain. On 15–16 November, HRRR-Smoke was able to capture the intensification of PM 2.5 pollution due to a high pressure system and subsidence that trapped smoke close to the surface; however, HRRR-Smoke later underpredicted PM 2.5 levels due to likely underestimates of the fire radiative power (FRP) derived from satellite observations. The intensity of the Camp Fire smoke event and the resulting pollution during the stagnation episodes make it an excellent test case for HRRR-Smoke in predicting PM 2.5 levels, which were so high from this single fire event that the usual anthropogenic pollution sources became insignificant. The HRRR-Smoke model was implemented operationally at NOAA/NCEP in December 2020, now providing essential support for smoke forecasting as the impact of U.S. wildfires continues to increase in scope and magnitude.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0003-0007 , 1520-0477
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0329.1
    DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0329.2
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: American Meteorological Society
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2029396-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 419957-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Camera traps link population-level activity patterns with wildfire smoke events for mammals in Eastern Washington State
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Fire Ecology Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2023-08-24)
    Details
    In: Fire Ecology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 19, No. 1 ( 2023-08-24)
    Abstract: Debido al cambio climático de origen antrópico y la histórica supresión de fuegos, la frecuencia e intensidad de los incendios se están incrementando a lo largo y ancho del oeste de los EEUU. Mientras que los efectos indirectos del fuego sobre la fauna, a través de los cambios en el hábitat, han sido bien estudiados, es menos conocido el impacto del humo causado por los incendios sobre la salud y el comportamiento animal. En este trabajo, exploramos los efectos del humo causado por incendios en el comportamiento de ocho mamíferos, de tamaños medianos a grandes, en un área de estudios heterogénea en Washington, EEUU. Relacionamos las medidas de actividad a nivel de poblaciones, derivadas de datos de cámaras trampas, con concentraciones de partículas finas (PM 2,5 ) generadas específicamente por fuegos. Hipotetizamos que la actividad de los mamíferos podría declinar durante eventos que producen humos, dado que los animales tienden a reducir el riesgo potencial sobre su salud al inhalar esos humos. Usamos modelos de ocupación y regresiones de Poisson para probar los efectos específicos de niveles de PM 2,5 en la probabilidad de detección diaria y en el número de detecciones diarias para cada especie en estudio, respectivamente. Resultados Aunque no observamos ninguna respuesta significativa a las concentraciones diarias de PM 2,5 en los modelos de ocupación, encontramos tres especies con respuestas significativas en su tasa de detección diaria mediante el modelo de regresión de Poisson. Específicamente, para cada incremento en la desviación estándar en la concentración media de PM 2,5 , hubo un 12.9% de decrecimiento en la detección de linces por día, un 11,2% de decremento en el número de alces americanos detectados, y un 5,8% de incremento en la detección de ciervos mulos por día. En general, los efectos del PM 2,5 fueron muy pequeños en relación a otras covariables relevantes. Conclusiones Encontramos en general poca evidencia para avalar nuestra hipótesis de que los animales podrían reducir su actividad en respuesta al humo de incendios de vegetación. Sin embargo, nuestro estudio demostró que los mamíferos exhibieron respuestas de comportamiento especie-específicas al efecto del humo, las cuales podrían revelar respuestas adaptativas para reducir impactos en su salud por inhalación de humo. Aunque encontramos solamente muy pocas indicaciones de comportamiento inmediatas a la exposición al humo, notamos que las consecuencias a largo plazo en la salud para la fauna son posibles, aunque desconocidas. Nuestro estudio mostró como las cámaras trampa, que son ampliamente usadas para estudiar la fauna silvestre, pueden ser usadas para investigar los impactos del humo de los incendios sobre la conducta animal, y que proveen de un paso más para el desarrollo de métodos para entender mejor esta fuente incremental de estrés ambiental sobre la fauna.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1933-9747
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/s42408-023-00207-1
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Los Angeles megacity: a high-resolution land–atmosphere modelling system for urban CO〈sub〉2〈/sub〉 emissions
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 16, No. 14 ( 2016-07-22), p. 9019-9045
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 16, No. 14 ( 2016-07-22), p. 9019-9045
    Abstract: Abstract. Megacities are major sources of anthropogenic fossil fuel CO2 (FFCO2) emissions. The spatial extents of these large urban systems cover areas of 10 000 km2 or more with complex topography and changing landscapes. We present a high-resolution land–atmosphere modelling system for urban CO2 emissions over the Los Angeles (LA) megacity area. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Chem model was coupled to a very high-resolution FFCO2 emission product, Hestia-LA, to simulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations across the LA megacity at spatial resolutions as fine as  ∼  1 km. We evaluated multiple WRF configurations, selecting one that minimized errors in wind speed, wind direction, and boundary layer height as evaluated by its performance against meteorological data collected during the CalNex-LA campaign (May–June 2010). Our results show no significant difference between moderate-resolution (4 km) and high-resolution (1.3 km) simulations when evaluated against surface meteorological data, but the high-resolution configurations better resolved planetary boundary layer heights and vertical gradients in the horizontal mean winds. We coupled our WRF configuration with the Vulcan 2.2 (10 km resolution) and Hestia-LA (1.3 km resolution) fossil fuel CO2 emission products to evaluate the impact of the spatial resolution of the CO2 emission products and the meteorological transport model on the representation of spatiotemporal variability in simulated atmospheric CO2 concentrations. We find that high spatial resolution in the fossil fuel CO2 emissions is more important than in the atmospheric model to capture CO2 concentration variability across the LA megacity. Finally, we present a novel approach that employs simultaneous correlations of the simulated atmospheric CO2 fields to qualitatively evaluate the greenhouse gas measurement network over the LA megacity. Spatial correlations in the atmospheric CO2 fields reflect the coverage of individual measurement sites when a statistically significant number of sites observe emissions from a specific source or location. We conclude that elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations over the LA megacity are composed of multiple fine-scale plumes rather than a single homogenous urban dome. Furthermore, we conclude that FFCO2 emissions monitoring in the LA megacity requires FFCO2 emissions modelling with  ∼  1 km resolution because coarser-resolution emissions modelling tends to overestimate the observational constraints on the emissions estimates.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-9019-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Instrumentation and measurement strategy for the NOAA SENEX aircraft campaign as part of the Southeast Atmosphere Study 2013
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2016
    In:  Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2016-07-18), p. 3063-3093
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 9, No. 7 ( 2016-07-18), p. 3063-3093
    Abstract: Abstract. Natural emissions of ozone-and-aerosol-precursor gases such as isoprene and monoterpenes are high in the southeastern US. In addition, anthropogenic emissions are significant in the southeastern US and summertime photochemistry is rapid. The NOAA-led SENEX (Southeast Nexus) aircraft campaign was one of the major components of the Southeast Atmosphere Study (SAS) and was focused on studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions to form secondary pollutants. During SENEX, the NOAA WP-3D aircraft conducted 20 research flights between 27 May and 10 July 2013 based out of Smyrna, TN. Here we describe the experimental approach, the science goals and early results of the NOAA SENEX campaign. The aircraft, its capabilities and standard measurements are described. The instrument payload is summarized including detection limits, accuracy, precision and time resolutions for all gas-and-aerosol phase instruments. The inter-comparisons of compounds measured with multiple instruments on the NOAA WP-3D are presented and were all within the stated uncertainties, except two of the three NO2 measurements. The SENEX flights included day- and nighttime flights in the southeastern US as well as flights over areas with intense shale gas extraction (Marcellus, Fayetteville and Haynesville shale). We present one example flight on 16 June 2013, which was a daytime flight over the Atlanta region, where several crosswind transects of plumes from the city and nearby point sources, such as power plants, paper mills and landfills, were flown. The area around Atlanta has large biogenic isoprene emissions, which provided an excellent case for studying the interactions between biogenic and anthropogenic emissions. In this example flight, chemistry in and outside the Atlanta plumes was observed for several hours after emission. The analysis of this flight showcases the strategies implemented to answer some of the main SENEX science questions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1867-8548
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/amt-9-3063-2016
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2505596-3
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  • 6
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    Online Resource
    Nitrous acid formation in a snow-free wintertime polluted rural area
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2018
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2018-02-12), p. 1977-1996
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2018-02-12), p. 1977-1996
    Abstract: Abstract. Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis is an important source of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in the lower atmosphere, in particular in winter when other OH sources are less efficient. The nighttime formation of HONO and its photolysis in the early morning have long been recognized as an important contributor to the OH budget in polluted environments. Over the past few decades it has become clear that the formation of HONO during the day is an even larger contributor to the OH budget and additionally provides a pathway to recycle NOx. Despite the recognition of this unidentified HONO daytime source, the precise chemical mechanism remains elusive. A number of mechanisms have been proposed, including gas-phase, aerosol, and ground surface processes, to explain the elevated levels of daytime HONO. To identify the likely HONO formation mechanisms in a wintertime polluted rural environment we present LP-DOAS observations of HONO, NO2, and O3 on three absorption paths that cover altitude intervals from 2 to 31, 45, and 68 m above ground level (a.g.l.) during the UBWOS 2012 experiment in the Uintah Basin, Utah, USA. Daytime HONO mixing ratios in the 2–31 m height interval were, on average, 78 ppt, which is lower than HONO levels measured in most polluted urban environments with similar NO2 mixing ratios of 1–2 ppb. HONO surface fluxes at 19 m a.g.l., calculated using the HONO gradients from the LP-DOAS and measured eddy diffusivity coefficient, show clear upward fluxes. The hourly average vertical HONO flux during sunny days followed solar irradiance, with a maximum of (4.9 ± 0.2)  ×  1010 molec. cm−2 s−1 at noontime. A photostationary state analysis of the HONO budget shows that the surface flux closes the HONO budget, accounting for 63 ± 32 % of the unidentified HONO daytime source throughout the day and 90 ± 30 % near noontime. This is also supported by 1-D chemistry and transport model calculations that include the measured surface flux, thus clearly identifying chemistry at the ground as the missing daytime HONO source in this environment. Comparison between HONO surface flux, solar radiation, NO2 and HNO3 mixing ratios, and results from 1-D model runs suggest that, under high NOx conditions, HONO formation mechanisms related to solar radiation and NO2 mixing ratios, such as photo-enhanced conversion of NO2 on the ground, are most likely the source of daytime HONO. Under moderate to low NO2 conditions, photolysis of HNO3 on the ground seems to be the main source of HONO.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-18-1977-2018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Simulating wildfire emissions and plume rise using geostationary satellite fire radiative power measurements: a case study of the 2019 Williams Flats fire
    Copernicus GmbH ; 2022
    In:  Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2022-08-10), p. 10195-10219
    Details
    In: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Copernicus GmbH, Vol. 22, No. 15 ( 2022-08-10), p. 10195-10219
    Abstract: Abstract. We use the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with new implementations of GOES-16 wildfire emissions and plume rise based on fire radiative power (FRP) to interpret aerosol observations during the 2019 NASA-NOAA FIREX-AQ field campaign and perform model evaluations. We compare simulated aerosol concentrations and optical properties against observations of black carbon aerosol from the NOAA Single Particle Soot Photometer (NOAA-SP2), organic aerosol from the CU High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-AMS), and aerosol backscatter coefficients from the high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) system. This study focuses on the Williams Flats fire in Washington, which was repeatedly sampled during four science flights by the NASA DC-8 (3–8 August 2019). The emissions and plume-rise methodologies are implemented following NOAA's operational High-Resolution Rapid Refresh coupled with Smoke (HRRR-Smoke) forecasting model. In addition, new GOES-16 FRP-based diurnal cycle functions are developed and incorporated into WRF-Chem. The FIREX-AQ observations represented a diverse set of sampled environments ranging from fresh/aged smoke from the Williams Flats fire to remnants of plumes transported over long distances. The Williams Flats fire resulted in significant aerosol enhancements during 3–8 August 2019, which were substantially underestimated by the standard version of WRF-Chem. The simulated black carbon (BC) and organic carbon (OC) concentrations increased between a factor of 92–125 (BC) and a factor of 28–78 (OC) with the new implementation compared to the standard WRF-Chem version. These increases resulted in better agreement with the FIREX-AQ airborne observations for BC and OC concentrations (particularly for fresh smoke sampling phases) and aerosol backscatter coefficients. The model still showed a low bias in simulating the aerosol loadings observed in aged plumes from Williams Flats. WRF-Chem with the FRP-based plume rise simulated similar plume heights to the standard plume-rise model in WRF-Chem. The simulated plume heights (for both versions) compared well with estimated plume heights using the HSRL measurements. Therefore, the better agreement with observations was mainly driven by the higher emissions in the FRP-based version. The model evaluations also highlighted the importance of accurately accounting for the wildfire diurnal cycle and including adequate representation of the underlying chemical mechanisms, both of which could significantly impact model forecasting performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1680-7324
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-10195-2022
    Language: English
    Publisher: Copernicus GmbH
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2092549-9
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069847-1
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Airborne Emission Rate Measurements Validate Remote Sensing Observations and Emission Inventories of Western U.S. Wildfires
    American Chemical Society (ACS) ; 2022
    In:  Environmental Science & Technology Vol. 56, No. 12 ( 2022-06-21), p. 7564-7577
    Details
    In: Environmental Science & Technology, American Chemical Society (ACS), Vol. 56, No. 12 ( 2022-06-21), p. 7564-7577
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0013-936X , 1520-5851
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07121
    RVK:
    AR 10100
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 280653-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1465132-4
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  • 9
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    Megafires and thick smoke portend big problems for migratory birds
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology Vol. 103, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 103, No. 1 ( 2022-01)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v103.1
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3552
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1797-8
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    High winter ozone pollution from carbonyl photolysis in an oil and gas basin
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2014
    In:  Nature Vol. 514, No. 7522 ( 2014-10), p. 351-354
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 514, No. 7522 ( 2014-10), p. 351-354
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/nature13767
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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