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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Anaesthesia 57 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 92 (1970), S. 208-209 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Inorganic chemistry 7 (1968), S. 1208-1214 
    ISSN: 1520-510X
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 90 (1968), S. 2189-2190 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Computers in Human Behavior 6 (1990), S. 69-81 
    ISSN: 0747-5632
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Computer Science , Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Hämorrhagische Transformation ; Intrazerebrale Blutung ; Thrombolyse ; Basalmembran ; Zerebrale Mikrogefäße ; Key words Intracerebral hemorrhage ; Thrombolysis ; Basal lamina ; Cerebral microvasculature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The role of cerebral hemorrhagic transformation, either as clinically silent hemorrhagic infarction or disastreous parenchymal hemorrhage, is crucial for any risk/benefit analysis of thrombolysis. Especially, thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke increases the risk of severe, life-threatening hemorrhagic complications up to 10 times compared to untreated controls. In this paper, previous proposed concepts for the development of intracerebral hemorrhage and hemorrhagic transformation are presented. The role of the cerebral microvasculature will be emphasized. In experimental focal cerebral ischemia a significant loss of basal lamina components of the cerebral microvessels has been demonstrated. This loss in vessel wall integrity is associated with the development of petechial hemorrhage. The mechanisms for this microvascular damage may include the plasmin-generated laminin degradation, matrix metalloproteinases activation, and the transmigration of leukocytes through the vessel wall. The attenuation of the microvascular integrity loss with subsequent reduction in hemorrhage is theoretically possible 1) by an improvement in the definition of an individual time window of therapy (by means of imaging techniques), 2) by a biochemical quantification of the basal lamina damage to avoid dangerous interventions, and 3) by pharmacological strategies to protect the basal lamina during thrombolysis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bedeutung hämorrhagischer Transformationen, entweder als klinisch stumme hämorrhagische Infarkte oder als klinisch auffällige bis lebensbedrohliche parenchymatöse Blutungen, ist entscheidend für die Beurteilung des Risiko-Nutzen-Verhältnisses der Thrombolyse, aber auch anderer gerinnungshemmender Therapien, wie der Antikoagulation, beim Hirninfarkt. Insbesondere kann die Thrombolyse das Risiko schwerer Blutungskomplikationen verglichen mit unbehandelten Hirninfarktpatienten bis zu 10fach erhöhen. Verschiedene Konzepte der Entwicklung intrazerebraler Blutungen und hämorrhagischer Transformationen werden vorgestellt. Die Rolle der zerebralen Mikrogefäßstrombahn wird betont. Es konnte in experimentellen Untersuchungen der fokalen zerebralen Ischämie ein signifikanter Verlust von Basalmembranbestandteilen der zerebralen Mikrogefäße nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Verlust von Basalmembranstrukturen, der zu einer deutlichen Integritätsminderung der Gefäßwand führte, war auch signifikant mit der Entwicklung petechialer Blutungen in der Umgebung zerstörter Gefäße verbunden. Mechanismen für die mikrovaskuläre Schädigung können die Plasmin-vermittelte Laminindegradation, die Aktivierung von Matrixmetalloproteinasen, sowie die Transmigration von Leukozyten durch die Gefäßwand sein. Eine mögliche Verbesserung der mikrovaskulären Integrität mit nachfolgender Reduktion der Blutungsrate ist theoretisch über verschiedene Wege möglich: 1. Durch eine Verbesserung der Definition des individuellen Zeitfensters zur Behandlung, z.B. durch neue Kernspintechniken 2. durch den biochemischen Nachweis der Basalmembranschädigung, insbesondere um Patienten mit starken Basalmembranschädigungen von einer Intervention auszuschließen, und 3. durch pharmakologische Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zum Schutz der Basalmembran während der Thrombolyse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 678-682 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Ischämischer Hirninfarkt ; Thrombolyse ; Plasminogenaktivator ; Hirnblutung ; Key words Ischemic stroke ; Thrombolysis ; Plasminogen activator ; Brain hemorrhage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Following the study protocol, we stratified the 615 patients of ECASS I according age (≤/〉70 years) and analysed the response to intravenous rt-PA in both subgroups. The older patients (248) suffered from the same stroke severity as the younger patients (367) experienced, however, a more severy clinical course (placebo group after 3 months after stroke: Barthel Index 50 vs. 85, mortality 24% vs. 11%). Treatment with rt-PA increased the proportion of undisabled patients at 3 months after stroke onset significantly only in the younger patients. The risk for brain parenchymal hemorrhage was increased by the factor of 4.7and 4.6 in both age groups. It is obviously harder to achieve an undisabled state by systemic thrombolysis in the elderly. Facing the risk of brain hemorrhage asscociated with rt-PA, the risk-benfit-ratio may be less fovourable in patients over 70 years.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Entsprechend dem Protokoll der ersten European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS I) wurden die 615 Studienpatienten nach dem Lebensalter (≤/〉70 Jahre) stratifiziert und die Wirkung der Thrombolyse mit intravenös appliziertem Gewebeplasminogenaktivator (rt-PA) untersucht. Die älteren Patienten (248) hatten im Mittel gleich schwere Hirninsulte erlitten wie die 367 jüngeren, nahmen jedoch einer schlechteren Verlauf (Placebogruppe nach 3 Monaten: Barthel-Index 50 vs. 85, Letalität 24% vs. 11%). Nur bei den jüngeren Patienten hatte die rt-PA-Therapie einen positiven Effekt auf die Wahrscheinlichkeit, 3 Monate nach dem Insult unbehindert zu sein. In beiden Altersgruppen nahmen Hirnblutungen proportional um den Faktor 4,6 bzw. 4,7 nach rt-PA-Therapie zu. Wegen des schlechteren Spontanverlaufs scheint es bei über 70jährigen Schlaganfallpatienten schwerer zu sein, mit der systemischen rt-PA Thrombolyse einen Heilungserfolg zu erreichen. Bei etwa gleichem Hirnblutungsrisiko ergibt sich ein ungünstiges Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnis bei den älteren Patienten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral ischaemia ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Contrast media ; Superparamagnetic iron oxide ; Stroke model ; Cerebral blood flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract An imaging technique capable of detecting ischaemic cerebral injury at an early stage could improve diagnosis in acute or transient cerebral ischaemia. We compared the ability of superparamagnetically contrastenhanced MRI and conventional T2-weighted MRI to detect ischaemic injury early after unilateral occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in 12 male Wistar rats. Permanent vessel occlusion was achieved by a transvascular approach, which has the advantage of not requiring a craniectomy. At 45–60 min after the procedure, the animals had conventional T2-weighted MRI before and after administration of a superparamagnetic contrast agent (iron oxide particles). Unenhanced images were normal in all animals. After administration of iron oxide particles, the presumed ischaemic area was clearly visible, as relatively increased signal, in all animals; this high signal area corresponded to the area of ischaemic brain infarction seen on histological studies. Magnetic susceptibility effects of iron particles cause low signal in normally perfused cerebral tissue, whereas tissue with reduced or absent blood flow continues to give relatively high signal. Our results suggest that superparamagnetic iron particles may significantly reduce the interval between an ischaemic insult and the appearance of parenchymal changes on MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Cerebral ischaemic ; Ischaemic infarcts ; Cranial computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine how early and how reliably ischaemic brain infarcts can be detected on CT within 6 h of the onset of cerebral hemisphere strokes, 44 such studies were interpreted by an experienced neuroradiologist blinded to clinical signs, but aware that the cohort was a stroke population. He was asked to detect and localise an area of parenchymal low density and/or focal brain swelling. A follow-up study showing the definite infarct served as a reference in each case. In 38 patients areas of slightly low density were seen, and in 36 follow-up CT confirmed infarcts in the locations indicated. In 2 patients the reading was false positive. In 6 patients no low density focus could be detected. In these 8 patients examined by CT within 180 min of the stroke, no low density could be identified, even in retrospect with the knowledge of the findings on follow-up. Thus, 42 readings (95%) were true positive or true negative; 2 were false positive; and none was a false negative. CT within 6 h of the onset of symptoms has a mean sensitivity of 82% (36/44) for ischaemic cerebral hemisphere infarcts. By contrast, its sensitivity to ischaemic parenchymal low density is low during the initial 2 h. The early development of hemispheric infarcts can be detected reliably if the radiologist is familiar with the signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Cerebral ischaemic ; Ischaemic infarcts ; Cranial computed tomography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine how early and how reliably ischaemic brain infarcts can be detected on CT within 6 h of the onset of cerebral hemisphere strokes, 44 such studies were interpreted by an experienced neuroradiologist blinded to clinical signs, but aware that the cohort was a stroke population. He was asked to detect and localise an area of parenchymal low density and/or focal brain swelling. A follow-up study showing the definite infarct served as a reference in each case. In 38 patients areas of slightly low density were seen, and in 36 follow-up CT confirmed infarcts in the locations indicated. In 2 patients the reading was false positive. In 6 patients no low density focus could be detected. In these 8 patients examined by CT within 180 min of the stroke, no low density could be identified, even in retrospect with the knowledge of the findings on follow-up. Thus, 42 readings (95 %) were true positive or true negative; 2 were false positive; and none was a false negative. CT within 6 h of the onset of symptoms has a mean sensitivity of 82 % (36/44) for ischaemic cerebral hemisphere infarcts. By contrast, its sensitivity to ischaemic parenchymal low density is low during the initial 2 h. The early development of hemispheric infarcts can be detected reliably if the radiologist is familiar with the signs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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