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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: Benthic communities north of Svalbard are less investigated than in other Arctic shelf regions, as this area was covered by sea-ice during most of the year. Improving our knowledge on this region is timely, however, since climate change is strongly evident there, particularly with regard to the extent of sea-ice decline and its huge ecological impact on all marine biota, including the benthos. Moreover, longer ice-free periods will certainly lead to an increase in human activity levels in the area, including bottom trawling. In two adjacent shelf and slope regions off northern Svalbard, we studied the composition of epibenthic megafauna and seafloor habitat structures by analyzing seabed images taken with both still and video cameras. In addition, we also used an Agassiz trawl to catch epibenthic organisms for ground-truthing seabed-image information. A wide variety of mostly sessile organisms 141 epibenthic taxa were identified in the images. The brittle star Ophiura sarsii and the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis were the most common species. At all stations 〉300 m in depth, evidence of trawling activities was detected at the seabed. The distribution of the benthic fauna in the study area exhibited a clear depth zonation, mainly reflecting depth-related differences in seabed composition. We conclude that natural factors determining the composition of the seafloor mostly affect the distribution and composition of epibenthic assemblages. Anthropogenic impact indicated by the trawl scours found is likely also important at smaller spatial scales.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Climate warming can trigger abrupt ecosystem changes in the Arctic. Despite the considerable interest in characterizing and understanding the ecological impact of rapid climate warming in the Arctic, few long time series exist that allow addressing these research goals. During a 30-y period (1980–2010) of gradually increasing seawater temperature and...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1. A diver-operated suction sampler was used to collect the macrobenthic fauna on a rocky bottom in Lübeck Bay (Western Baltic Sea) from the Underwater Laboratory (UWL) “Helgoland” in October 1974. A comparison of the faunal composition with the angle of inclination of the substrates was the prime goal of the investigation. 2. The ascidianDendrodoa grossularia and the polychaetePolydora ciliata constituted 95.6% of the total number of specimens sampled. The lowest densities of both species occurred on overhanging substrates. Both species appared to have a heavy settlement during the late summer or autumn. 3. In general, the angle of inclination of the substrate bore little relation to the qualitative composition of the fauna on a rocky bottom in Niendorf Bay, but some of the species(Dendrodoa grossularia, Polydora ciliata, Astrias rubens, Diastylis rathkei) were more sparsely distributed on overhanging substrates. 4. The calculated values forFisher's “coefficient of dispersion” indicates that all the three most abundant species(Dendrodoa grossularia, Polydora ciliata, Nereimyra punctata) show some degree of aggregated distribution. 5. Four motile invertebrates,Nereimyra punctata, Idotea balthica, Diastylis rathkei andFacelina drummondi were observed swarming in the water.N. punctata andI. balthica were most abundant in samples taken during the daytime,D. rathkei was most abundant in samples obtained during the early part of the survey when water temperatures were higher, while no relation could be found between the occurrence ofF. drummondi and the time of day of sampling. For the ultimate picture of the composition of the fauna on rocky bottom substrates, the time of day at which the samples are taken is of importance, due to the varying degree of activity of the motile benthic invertebrates.
    Notes: Kurzfassung Die Makrobenthosfauna an Felsblöcken und Steinen wurde an einer 15 m tiefen Lokalität der Lübecker Bucht (westliche Ostsee) während eines Forschungsaufenthaltes im Unterwasserlabor (UWL) „Helgoland“ (vom 5. 10. bis 19. 10. 1974) durch Freitauchen untersucht. Die Tiere wurden mit einem speziell für den Taucheinsatz konstruierten Saugprobennehmer aufgesammelt. Die AscidieDendrodoa grossularia und der PolychaetPolydora ciliata machten zusammen allein 95,6 % aller gesammelten Tierindividuen aus. Die Artenzusammensetzung änderte sich nicht signifikant in Abhängigkeit vom Neigungswinkel des Anwachssubstrats (Geröll- und Felsbrocken), doch wurden Unterschiede in der Besatzdichte für einige Arten festgestellt. Von vier benthischen Arten wurde eine Schwarmbildung beobachtet: Der PolychaetNereimyra punctata und die AsselIdotea balthica traten am häufigsten in Proben auf, die während des hellen Tages genommen wurden, die CumaceeDiastylis rathkei war häufig in Proben, die zu Anfang der zweiwöchigen Beobachtungszeit, während der höhere Wassertemperaturen vorherrschten, erbeutet wurden. Ähnliche Korrelationen der Aggregationsaktivität konnten bei dem NudibranchierFacelina drummondi nicht beobachtet werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 33 (1980), S. 467-472 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sublittoral hard bottom biocoenoses in Balsfjord, Norway (69°31′ N, 19°1′ E), were monitored using underwater stereophotogrammetry. The study includes manipulation of natural densities of organisms and testing the importance of biological interactions and “key species ” for the structure of biocoenoses. Underwater photography has the advantages of being a non-destructive method, but it is selective because small or hidden organisms cannot always be observed. Field experiments with exclusion of organisms from cages seem suitable for testing hypotheses concerning which animals are “key species ” in certain biocoenoses. Sea-urchins(Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis, S. pallidus) were suspected to be “key species ” in the present study, and their removal from cages caused an increase in abundance of barnacles(Balanus balanoides), the limpetAcmaea testudinalis and algal cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 29 (1977), S. 460-463 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In situ sampling of gas from cod swim-bladders took place during a fortnight's saturation mission with the underwater laboratory “Helgoland“ in May–June 1975. These samples were compared to those done by the conventional method of transporting the fish to the surface for sampling. Based upon these in-situ measurements, the mean O2-concentration was 55.7% in buoyant cod at 15 m depth. Repeated sampling of the same fish showed a change in gas composition. Compared to the conventional method of transporting fish for sampling to the surface, in-situ sampling gave results with less variation, and indicated that surface-sampling does not give the correct gas composition of buoyant fish at depth of catch.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 187-191 
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) associated with drifting sea-ice were collected in the western Barents sea and north of Svalbard with dip-nets while SCUBA-diving in 1986 and 1987. Length-frequency measurements and otolith-readings suggested that the specimens were either one or two years old. The diet of fish from the western Barents sea (first-year ice) consisted mainly of copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis) and the hyperiid amphipod Parathemisto libellula. Fish collected north of the Svalbard archipelago (multi-year ice) had a more diverse diet, in which P. libellula and the sympagic amphipod Apherusa glacialis contributed more to the total diet biomass than copepods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to describe growth, determine age at sexual maturity and investigate the condition of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) collected in the fjords of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Morphometric data, teeth and sex organs were collected from 110 animals. Age was determined by reading the cementum layers in hard longitudinal sections of canine teeth. Sexual maturity in males was determined according to the size of the testes and bacula. Females were defined as being sexually mature according to findings of mature follicles or corpora lutea/albicantia. Von Bertalanffy growth curves were applied to both standard length and body mass, and asymptotic values for males and females were 231.1 ± 11.4 cm and 269.9 ± 26.2 kg, and 233.1 ± 7.5 cm and 275.3 ± 47.8 kg, respectively. Maximum recorded lengths and masses were 254 cm and 313 kg in males and 242 cm and 358 kg in females. All males older than 6 years were found to have been sexually mature. Females were found to attain sexual maturity at about 90% of the asymptotic length, corresponding to an age of 5 years. In males a significant decrease in condition was observed from June to August, with a subsequent increase in September. In adult females, condition decreased from May to June and increased again from June to September. The conditional changes seen are likely to be due to the extra energetic cost and reduced food intake associated with reproduction, lactation and molt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Macrofaunal (〉1 mm) and chemical sediment sampling was carried out in August 1992 close to the garbage dumping sites of the coal-mining industrialised settlements Longyearbyen (Adventfjord) and Barentsburg (Grønfjord), located in the Isfjord system, Svalbard. Six stations were sampled with respect to chemical parameters and fauna, while three stations were sampled with respect to only chemical parameters that comprised total organic carbon, total nitrogen, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (5-CB, HCB, γ-HCH, DDT, PCB7). The concentrations of PCB7, PAH and HCB were, respectively, up to 5, 16 and 30 times higher than assumed background concentrations, presumably as a result of terrestrial water drainage of coal particles originating from local coal-stores and industrial activities in general. The faunal diversities across the sampled areas were relatively low (e.g. Shannon-Wiener indices between 2.0 and 3.2), probably mainly as a result of glacier-induced fine-particulated inorganic impacts. A relatively high faunal abundance, and a quantitative dominance of the opportunistic polychaete taxa Capitella capitata and Chaetozone/Tharyx sp. in the Adventfjord indicated an additional source of perturbation, which was related to the untreated local sewage effluents and/or drainage water from the garbage dumping sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 457-469 
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sympagic fauna (= sea ice fauna) of the Barents Sea was investigated on nine (2–5 weeks) cruises in the period 1983–1988. The amphipods Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp. and Gammarus wilkitzkii were the most conspicuous and abundant invertebrate species associated with the ice. Mean biomass-values ranged from 0 to about 2 g/m2, and were less than 0.001 g/m2 in five of the nine cruises. Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp. and Gammarus wilkitzkii are regarded as autochthonous sympagic species, and as such dependent upon a permanent ice cover. Allochthonous sympagic species were few and without significant importance. The variations in species abundance and biomass were believed to be closely connected to the age and drift-history of the ice. The density of the sympagic fauna increases as a result of increasing influx of ice into the Barents Sea from the Arctic Ocean. Density of the sympagic fauna were believed to increase with decreasing distance to the multiyear/first-year ice boundary. A. glacialis was found further away from the spreading centers and in higher numbers than the other sympagic species due to its greater motility. No day-night variations in the occurrences of the sympagic fauna were recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 471-477 
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The object of the present investigation was to map the distribution and abundance of sympagic fauna (= ice fauna) (〉350 μm) within the perennial sea ice zone near Svalbard and to study relations between the sympagic fauna and the age and history of its ice substrate. The sampling took place in July/August 1986 and September 1988 using SCUBA-operated sampling gear (suction samplers, plankton nets with especially designed frames for sampling at the sea-ice/seawater interface, and underwater cameras). The amphipods Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp., and Gammarus wilkitzkii were the most conspicuous sympagic species both years. Scattered individuals of the amphipods Gammaracanthus loricatus, Weyprechtia penguis and the polychaete Harmathoinae indet. were also recorded. A. glacialis was the most numerous and contributed near 65% of the collected specimens in both years, with a maximum density exceeding 2000 individuals/m2. However, G. wilkitzkii was on average larger, and contributed most to the biomass (1986: 80%; 1988: 77%). The average biomass of sympagic fauna in 1986 and 1988 was estimated to be 4.7 g/m2 and 8.3 g/m2 respectively. Biomass values reported here are ten to hundred times higher than what is found within the seasonal sea ice zone. Autochthonous sympagic species, like A. glacialis, Onisimus sp. and G. wilkitzkii, have a permanent association with ice. The seasonal sea ice zone will thus have to be recolonized every year resulting in lower densities compared to multiyear ice. It is suggested that the speed of the ice leaving the Polar Basin through the Fram Strait is too high for the sympagic fauna to remain its position in the sea ice zone. The result is an annual loss in the order of 7*105 tons of sympagic fauna from the perennial sea ice zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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