Note: Volume 1 -- Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIODIVERSITY -- DEDICATION -- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BIOGRAPHY -- SECTION EDITORS LIST -- CONTENTS -- CONTENTS OF ALL VOLUMES -- SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION -- CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 1 -- CONTRIBUTORS -- FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -- A -- A: Acid and Mercury Deposition Effects on Forest and Freshwater Aquatic Ecosystems -- Adaptation -- Adaptive Radiation -- Aesthetic Factors -- Africa, Ecosystems of -- African and Asian Savannas -- Agricultural Invasions -- Agriculture, Industrialized -- Agriculture, Nutrient Management, and Water Quality -- Agriculture, Sustainable -- Agriculture, Traditional -- Agrobiodiversity -- Air Pollution -- Alpine Ecosystems -- Amazon Ecosystems -- Amphibians, Biodiversity of -- Antarctic Ecosystems -- Aquaculture -- Arachnids -- Archaea, Origin of -- Arctic Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Arthropods (Terrestrial), Amazonian -- Asia, Ecosystems of -- Atmospheric Gases -- Australia, Biodiversity of Ecosystems -- B -- Bacterial Biodiversity -- Bacterial Genetics -- Beetles -- Biodiversity and Cultural Ecosystem Services -- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- Biodiversity and Human Health -- Biodiversity and Pest Control Services -- Biodiversity as a Commodity -- Biodiversity, Definition of -- Biodiversity, Evolution and -- Biodiversity-Friendly Farming -- Biodiversity Generation, Overview -- Biodiversity, Human Well-Being, and Markets -- Biodiversity Informatics -- Biodiversity in Logged and Managed Forests -- Biodiversity in Plant Breeding -- Biodiversity of Harmful Marine Algae -- Biodiversity of the Succulent Karoo -- Biodiversity, Origin of -- Biodiversity-Rich Countries -- Biodiversity State and Trends in Southeast Asia -- Biofuels and Biodiversity: The Implications of Energy Sprawl. , Biofuels and Biodiversity, Wildlife Habitat Restoration -- Biogeochemical Cycles -- Biogeographical Models -- Biogeography, Overview -- Bioprospecting -- Birds, Biodiversity of -- Boreal Forest Ecosystems -- Breeding of Animals -- Butterflies -- C -- C: Captive Breeding and Reintroduction -- Captive Breeding and the Evolutionarily Significant Unit -- Carbon Cycle -- Carnivores -- Carrying Capacity, Concept of -- Cattle, Sheep, and Goats, Ecological Role of -- Volume 2 -- Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIODIVERSITY -- DEDICATION -- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BIOGRAPHY -- SECTION EDITORS LIST -- CONTENTS -- SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION -- CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 2 -- FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -- C -- Census of Marine Life -- Central America, Ecosystems of -- Cladistics -- Cladogenesis -- Climate Change and Ecology, Synergism of -- Climate Change and Extinctions -- Climate Change and Wild Species -- Climate Change: Anticipating and Adapting to the Impacts on Terrestrial Species -- Climate, Effects of -- Coastal Beach Ecosystems -- Coevolution -- Commons, Concept and Theory of -- Commons, Institutional Diversity of -- Comparing Extinction Rates: Past, Present, and Future -- Competition, Interspecific -- Complementarity -- Complexity Versus Diversity -- Computer Systems and Models, Use of -- Conservation and People -- Conservation and the World's Poorest of the Poor -- Conservation Biology, Discipline of -- Conservation Efforts, Contemporary -- Conservation Genetics -- Conservation Movement, Historical -- Conserving Biodiversity Outside Protected Areas -- Convention on Biological Diversity -- Cooperation, Evolution of -- Corals and Coral Reefs -- Countryside Biogeography -- C4 Plants -- Crop Mixtures and the Mechanisms of Overyielding -- Crustaceans -- D. , Darwin, Charles (Darwinism) -- Defenses, Ecology of -- Defining, Measuring, and Partitioning Species Diversity -- Deforestation and Land Clearing -- Desert Ecosystems -- Desertification -- Development by Design: Using a Revisionist History to Guide a Sustainable Future -- Differentiation -- Dinosaurs, Extinction Theories for -- Diseases, Conservation and -- Dispersal Biogeography -- Disturbance, Mechanisms of -- Disturbance Regimes and the Historical Range of Variation in Terrestrial Ecosystems -- Diversity and Conservation of Neotropical Mammals -- Diversity, Community/Regional Level -- Diversity, Ecology, and Biogeochemical Influence of N2-Fixing Microorganisms in the Sea -- Diversity, Molecular Level -- Diversity, Organism Level -- Diversity, Taxonomic versus Functional -- Domestication of Crop Plants -- Dormancy and Diapause -- Dynamic Global Vegetation Models -- E -- Ecogenomic Sensors -- Ecological Footprint, Concept of -- Ecological Genetics -- Volume 3 -- Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIODIVERSITY -- DEDICATION -- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BIOGRAPHY -- SECTION EDITORS LIST -- CONTENTS -- SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION -- CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 3 -- FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -- E -- Ecology, Concept and Theories in -- Ecology of Agriculture -- Economic Control of Invasive Species -- Economic Growth and the Environment -- Economics of Agrobiodiversity -- Economics of the Regulating Services -- Economic Value of Biodiversity, Measurements of -- Ecosystem, Concept of -- Ecosystem Function Measurement, Aquatic and Marine Communities -- Ecosystem Function Measurement, Terrestrial Communities -- Ecosystem Function, Principles of -- Ecosystem Services -- Ecosystems of South America -- Ecotoxicology -- Edible Plants -- Education and Biodiversity. , Effects of Ecotones on Biodiversity -- Elevational Trends in Biodiversity -- El Niño and Biodiversity -- Endangered Amphibians -- Endangered Ecosystems -- Endangered Freshwater Invertebrates -- Endangered Mammals -- Endangered Marine Invertebrates -- Endangered Plants -- Endangered Reptiles -- Endangered Terrestrial Invertebrates -- Endemism -- Energy Flow and Ecosystems -- Energy Use, Human -- Environmental Ethics -- Environmental Impact, Concept and Measurement of -- Estuarine Ecosystems -- Ethical Issues in Biodiversity Protection -- Ethnobiology and Ethnoecology -- Eukaryotes, Origin of -- Europe, Ecosystems of -- Eutrophication and Oligotrophication -- Evaluation of Ecosystem Service Policies from Biophysical and Social Perspectives: The Case of China -- Evolution in Response to Climate Change -- Evolution, Theory of -- Extinction, Causes of -- Extinction in the Fossil Record -- F -- Feeding the World and Protecting Biodiversity -- Fires, Ecological Effects of -- Fishes, Biodiversity of -- Fish Stocks -- Flies, Gnats, and Mosquitoes -- Food Webs -- Forest Canopies, Animal Diversity -- Forest Canopies, Plant Diversity -- Forest Ecology -- Fossil Record -- Framework for Assessment and Monitoring of Biodiversity -- Freshwater Ecosystems -- Freshwater Ecosystems, Human Impact on -- Functional Diversity -- Functional Diversity Measures -- Functional Groups -- Fungi -- G -- Gene Banks -- Genes, Description of -- Genetic Diversity -- Geologic Time, History of Biodiversity in -- Global Declines of Amphibians -- Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species -- Global Species Richness -- Government Legislation and Regulations in the United States -- Grasshoppers and their Relatives -- Volume 4 -- Front Cover -- ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIODIVERSITY -- DEDICATION -- EDITOR-IN-CHIEF BIOGRAPHY -- SECTION EDITORS LIST -- CONTENTS -- SUBJECT CLASSIFICATION. , CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 4 -- FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION -- PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION -- GUIDE TO USE OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA -- G -- Grassland Ecosystems -- Grazing, Effects of -- Greenhouse Effect -- Guilds -- H -- Habitat and Niche, Concept of -- Habitat Loss and Fragmentation -- Habitat Selection -- Hemiparasitism -- Herbaceous Vegetation, Species Richness in -- Herbicides -- High-Elevation Andean Ecosystems -- High-Temperature Ecosystems -- Historical Awareness of Biodiversity -- Hotspots -- Human Impact on Biodiversity, Overview -- Human Impacts on Ecosystems: An Overview -- Hunter-Gatherer Societies, Ecological Impact of -- Hybridization in Plants -- Hymenoptera -- I -- Identifying Conservation Priorities using a Return on Investment Analysis -- Impact of Ecological Restoration on Ecosystem Services -- Impact of Extreme and Infrequent Events on Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity -- Impact of Past Global Warming on Biodiversity -- Implications of Urbanization for Conservation and Biodiversity Protection -- Inbreeding and Outbreeding -- Indicator Species -- Indicator Species: Computation -- Indigenous Peoples and Biodiversity -- Indigenous Strategies Used to Domesticate Plants in Brazilian Amazon -- Indirect Land Use and Greenhouse Gas Impacts of Biofuels -- Insecticide Resistance -- Insects, Overview -- In Situ, Ex Situ Conservation -- International Organizations and Biodiversity -- Intertidal Ecosystems -- Introduced Plants, Negative Effects of -- Introduced Species, Impacts and Distribution of -- Invertebrates, Freshwater, Overview -- Invertebrates, Marine, Overview -- Invertebrates, Terrestrial, Overview -- Island Biogeography -- Isoptera -- J -- Justice, Equity and Biodiversity -- K -- Keystone Species -- L -- Lake and Pond Ecosystems -- Landscape Corridors -- Landscape Diversity. , Landscape Ecology and Population Dynamics.

Note: Intro -- The Neural Control of Movement: Model Systems and Tools to Study Locomotor Function -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Introduction An interphyletic tool kit to study locomotor function: Past, present, and future directions -- Introduction -- Why study locomotion in a variety of species? -- Motivational factors -- Practical factors -- Historical account -- Pre-1900s -- Contemporary motor control history -- Pillar 1: Sherrington and his influence -- Electrophysiology, Eccles, and cats -- Pillar 2: Invertebrates in motor control neuroscience -- New approaches and cross-fertilization of the vertebrate field -- Pillar 3: Influence of developmental biologists -- Looking back while moving forward -- Where are we in 2020? -- The next pillar? -- Challenges moving forward -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Section I : Invertebrates -- Chapter 1 Elegantly -- In the beginning -- C. elegans lends itself to a wide range of experimental approaches -- Locomotion behavior -- Body mechanics -- The locomotion circuit -- Rhythm and pattern generation -- Analogy to other systems and framework of comparison -- Locomotion of the first-stage larva -- Completeness and compactness, maps and hope -- About the authors -- References -- Chapter 2 Small steps and larger strides in understanding the neural bases of crawling in the medicinal leech -- Overview -- Kinematics of crawling -- The centrally generated crawl motor pattern -- Role of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in locomotor selection -- Crawling and the brain -- Intersegmental coordination, the cephalic cell R3b-1, and the CV motoneuron -- The chronic loss of cephalic inputs and the ability to recover coordinated crawling -- Homeostatic plasticity and a new dependence on peripheral information. , Remodeling of the stretch receptors during crawl recovery -- Principles of flexible locomotor organization and action selection -- The reconfiguration of locomotor networks and lessons for spinal cord injury -- The next chapter of the leech model: A new, bigger, and better tool kit -- Inspiring new neural recording techniques -- The leech and new device-related neuromodulation technologies -- The leech as an inspiration for the design of biomimetic robots -- About the authors -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Studying the neural basis of animal walking in the stick insect -- Introduction -- Experimental approaches -- Insights into the neural basis of motor control based on research on the stick insect -- Task dependence in locomotion -- Forward and backward walking -- Curve walking -- Walking speed -- Managing unpredictable environment-How to select the appropriate kind of leg movement -- Conclusions for future research -- About the authors -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Neural control of flight in locusts -- Historical perspectives -- Flight -- Central pattern generation -- Sensorimotor integration -- Proprioception -- Exteroception -- Neuromodulation -- Plasticity -- Evolution -- Conclusion -- About the author -- References -- Section II: Vertebrates -- Chapter 5 Neural control of swimming in lampreys -- Historical perspectives -- Important discoveries made in lampreys relative to the control of locomotion -- The role of excitatory amino acid receptors in generating locomotion -- Uncovering the Central Pattern Generator for locomotion in an adult vertebrate -- Detailing the outputs and inputs of the multifunctional MLR -- The neural substrate for transforming an olfactory stimulus into a locomotor command -- From lampreys to humans: An amazing conservation through evolution. , The lamprey as a model for regeneration and recuperation of locomotor function -- Conclusions and perspectives -- About the authors -- References -- Chapter 6 Toward a comprehensive model of circuits underlying locomotion: What did we learn from zebrafish? -- Introduction -- Advantages of using zebrafish as a research model to investigate locomotor circuits -- Molecular and cellular control of locomotor activity: Seeing through the functional diversity of spinal neurons -- Motor neurons come in two gears: Fast or slow -- Premotor interneurons: Many players for a common goal -- A new twist on sensory feedback: Modulation of speed-controlling microcircuits by mechanosensory neurons in the central a ... -- Stereotyped organization of interneurons in the hindbrain -- Anatomical identification of individually recognizable reticulospinal neurons -- Functional investigations reveal a specialization of reticulospinal neurons as a function of the locomotor pattern -- Linking birth date with function in descending command neurons -- Conclusions -- About the authors -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Neural control of swimming in hatchling Xenopus frog tadpoles -- Historical perspectives -- Sensory systems and the initiation of swimming (swimming decision-making) -- Swimming rhythm generation (deciphering the swim CPG) -- Properties and role of excitatory dINs -- Role of inhibition from cINs -- Role of inhibition from aINs -- Sensory termination of swimming -- Autonomous mechanisms regulating swim episode duration -- Purinergic signaling -- Na+ pump-dependent short-term motor memory -- Motor pattern switching between swimming and struggling -- Postembryonic development -- Neuromodulation and metamodulation -- The biogenic amines: Acute effects -- Ontogenic effects of 5-HT -- Metamodulation by nitric oxide -- Conclusions and future prospects. , About the authors -- References -- Chapter 8 Xenopus frog metamorphosis: A model for studying locomotor network development and neuromodulation -- Historical perspectives on metamorphosis and locomotion -- Introduction -- An evolutionary-developmental perspective -- Locomotor system remodeling during metamorphosis -- Comparison with mammalian locomotor system development -- Other neuronal changes accompanying locomotor circuit remodeling -- Comparison with other metamorphosing locomotor systems -- Neuromodulation, metamodulation, and locomotor CPG circuit development -- Monoamines -- Nitric oxide -- Developmental changes in other locomotor-related systems during metamorphosis -- Conclusions -- About the authors -- References -- Chapter 9 The turtle as a model for spinal motor circuits -- Introduction -- Experimental model and historical overview -- What has the turtle taught us about the circuits for locomotor control? -- Organization: Modular and distributed -- Multifunctional and dedicated neurons coexist -- Synaptic excitation and inhibition: Balanced versus reciprocal -- Cellular response properties -- Population activity and motor behaviors -- Challenges using the turtle as a model -- About the author -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Development of the locomotor system-Chick embryo -- Introduction -- Development of the locomotor system -- Motoneuron pathfinding -- Molecular specification of spinal neurons -- Naturally occurring cell death -- Embryonic movements -- Embryonic movements in the chick as precursors to locomotion -- Spontaneous network activity in the isolated spinal cord preparation -- Homeostatic control of embryonic movements and spinal SNA -- About the author -- References -- Chapter 11 Using mouse genetics to study the developing spinal locomotor circuit -- Experimental models -- In vitro locomotion. , Neonatal spinal cord preparations -- Tools to monitor locomotor-like activity using in vitro preparations -- Adult locomotion -- Decerebrate preparations -- Freely behaving mouse -- From classical approaches to mouse genetics to assess neural control of movement and locomotion -- How to assess whether a neuronal population is necessary to locomotion? -- How to assess whether a neuronal population is sufficient to evoke locomotion? -- How to probe neuronal and network activity during locomotion? -- What have we learned about the spinal locomotor circuit using mouse genetics? -- The spinal locomotor circuit -- Genetic markers for studying the spinal locomotor circuit -- V3, V0, dI6, and V2a spinal interneurons are involved in left-right coordination -- Glutamatergic V2d and Hb9 spinal interneurons as rhythm generators -- V1 and V2b spinal interneurons are important for flexor-extensor alternation -- Role of peripheral sensory afferents during locomotion -- Proprioceptive afferents -- Cutaneous afferents -- Presynaptic inhibition of sensory afferents during locomotion -- Forelimb and hindlimb locomotor coordination -- Neonatal cervical and lumbar locomotor circuits -- Long propriospinal interneuronal pathways -- Functional locomotor studies in the adult -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- About the authors -- References -- Chapter 12 Using mouse genetics to investigate supraspinal pathways of the brain important to locomotion -- Experimental models -- In vitro neonatal brainstem-spinal cord preparations -- In vivo and in vitro adult decerebrate preparations -- Body-, head-, and spinal-restrained rodent -- Freely behaving rodents -- Locomotor paradigm -- Tools to monitor freely walking rodents -- Kinematic analysis -- Electromyographic analysis -- From classical approaches to mouse genetics -- How to assess the necessity of brain circuits to locomotion?. , How to assess the functional contribution of brain neurons to locomotion?.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- 1. Conservation in a Human-Dominated World / Anthony R. E. Sinclair and Andy Dobson -- 2. Shaping the Serengeti Ecosystem / Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Andy Dobson, Simon A. R. Mduma, and Kristine L. Metsger -- I. Natural Sources of Heterogeneity and Disturbance -- 3. Scales of Change in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem / Kristine L. Metzger, Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Sandy Macfarlane, Michael Coughenour, and Junyan Ding -- 4. Fire in the Serengeti Ecosystem: History, Drivers, and Consequences / Stephanie Eby, Jan Dempewolf, Ricardo M. Holdo, and Kristine L. Metzger -- 5. Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Plant Structure and Diversity in Serengeti Savannas / T. Michael Anderson, John Bukombe, and Kristine L. Metzger -- 6. Why Are Wildebeest the Most Abundant Herbivore in the Serengeti Ecosystem? / J. Grant C. Hopcraft, Ricardo M. Holdo, Ephraim Mwangomo, Simon A. R. Mduma, Simon J. Thirgood, Markus Borner, John M. Fryxell, Han Olff, and Anthony R .E. Sinclair -- 7. Climate-Induced Effects on the Serengeti Mammalian Food Web / John M. Fryxell, Kristine L. Metzger, Craig Packer, Anthony R. E. Sinclair, and Simon A. R. Mduma -- II. Response of Biodiversity to Disturbance -- 8. From Bacteria to Elephants: Effects of Land-Use Legacies on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes in the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem / Louis V. Verchot, Naomi L. Ward, Jayne Belnap, Deborah Bossio, Michael Coughenour, John Gibson, Olivier Hanotte, Andrew N. Muchiru, Susan L. Phillips, Blaire Steven, Diana H. Wall, and Robin S. Reid -- 9. Biodiversity and the Dynamics of Riverine Forests in Serengeti / Roy Turkington, Gregory Sharam, and Anthony R. E. Sinclair. , 10. Invertebrates of the Serengeti: Disturbance Effects on Arthropod Diversity and Abundance / Sara N. de Visser, Bernd P. Freymann, Robert F. Foster, Ally K. Nkwabi, Kristine L. Metzger, Andrew W. Harvey, and Anthony R. E. Sinclair -- 11. The Butterflies of Serengeti: Impact of Environmental Disturbance on Biodiversity / Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Ally K. Nkwabi, and Kristine L. Metzger -- 12. Small Mammal Diversity and Population Dynamics in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem / Andrea E. Byrom, Wendy A. Ruscoe, Ally K. Nkwabi, Kristine L. Metzger, Guy J. Forrester, Meggan E. Craft, Sarah M. Durant, Stephen Makacha, John Bukombe, John Mchetto, Simon A. R. Mduma, Denne N. Reed, Katie Hampson, and Anthony R. E. Sinclair -- 13. Bird Diversity of the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem: Spatial Patterns of Taxonomic and Functional Richness and Turnover / Jill E. Jankowski, Anthony R. E. Sinclair, and Kristine L. Metzger -- 14. The Effect of Natural Disturbances on the Avian Community of the Serengeti Woodlands / Ally K. Nkwabi, Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Kristine L. Metzger, and Simon A. R. Mduma -- 15. Carnivore Communities in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem / Meggan E. Craft, Katie Hampson, Joseph O. Ogutu, and Sarah M. Durant -- III. The Human Ecosystem and Its Response to Disturbance -- 16. The Plight of the People: Understanding the Social-Ecological Context of People Living on the Western Edge of Serengeti National Park / Eli J. Knapp, Dennis Rentsch, Jennifer Schmitt, and Linda M. Knapp -- 17. Transitions in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area: The Story of Land Use, Human Well-Being, and Conservation / Kathleen A. Galvin, Randall B. Boone, J. Terrence McCabe, Ann L. Magennis, and Tyler A. Beeton. , 18. Agricultural Expansion and Human Population Trends in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem from 1984 to 2003 / Anna B. Estes, Tobias Kuemmerle, Hadas Kushnir, V. C. Radeloff , and H. H. Shugart -- 19. Infectious Diseases in the Serengeti: What We Know and How We Know It / Tiziana Lembo, Harriet Auty, Katie Hampson, Meggan E. Craft, Andy Dobson, Robert Fyumagwa, Eblate Ernest, Dan Haydon, Richard Hoare, Magai Kaare, Felix Lankester, Titus Mlengeya, Dominic Travis, and Sarah Cleaveland -- IV. Coupled Human- Natural Interactions -- 20. Socioecological Dynamics and Feedbacks in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem / Ricardo M. Holdo and Robert D. Holt -- 21. Living in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem: Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence / Katie Hampson, J. Terrence McCabe, Anna B. Estes, Joseph O. Ogutu, Dennis Rentsch, Meggan E. Craft, Cuthbert B. Hemed, Eblate Ernest, Richard Hoare, Bernard Kissui, Lucas Malugu, Emmanuel Masenga, and Sarah Cleaveland -- V. Consequences of Disturbance for Policy, Management, and Conservation -- 22. Bushmeat Hunting in the Serengeti Ecosystem: An Assessment of Drivers and Impact on Migratory and Nonmigratory Wildlife / Dennis Rentsch, Ray Hilborn, Eli J. Knapp, Kristine L. Metzger, and Martin Loibooki -- 23. Human Health in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem / Linda M. Knapp, Eli J. Knapp, Kristine L. Metzger, Dennis Rentsch, Rene Beyers, Katie Hampson, Jennifer Schmitt, Sarah Cleaveland, and Kathleen A. Galvin -- 24. Multiple Functions and Institutions: Management Complexity in the Serengeti Ecosystem / Deborah Randall, Anke Fischer, Alastair Nelson, Maurus Msuha, Asanterabi Lowassa, and Camilla Sandström -- 25. Sustainability of the Serengeti-Mara Ecosystem for Wildlife and People / Robin S. Reid, Kathleen A. Galvin, Eli J. Knapp, Joseph O. Ogutu, and Dickson S. Kaelo -- VI. Synthesis. , 26. The Role of Research in Conservation and the Future of the Serengeti / Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Julius D. Keyyu, Simon A. R. Mduma, Mtango Mtahiko, Emily Kisamo, J. Grant C. Hopcraft, John M. Fryxell, Kristine L. Metzger, and Markus Borner -- 27. The Future of Conservation: Lessons from the Serengeti / Anthony R. E. Sinclair, Andy Dobson, Kristine L. Metzger, John M. Fryxell, and Simon A. R. Mduma -- Contributors -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- PART I USING EXPERIMENTAL REMOVALS OF SPECIES TO REVEAL THE CONSEQUENCES OF BIODIVERSITY DEPLETION -- 1. Native Thistles: Expendable or Integral to Ecosystem Resistance to Invasion? -- 2. The Overriding Importance of Environmental Context in Determining the Outcome of Species-Deletion Experiments -- 3. Species Importance and Context: Spatial and Temporal Variation in Species Interactions -- 4. Effects of Removing a Vertebrate versus an Invertebrate Predator on a Food Web, and What Is Their Relative Importance? -- 5. Understanding the Effects of Reduced Biodiversity: A Comparison of Two Approaches -- PART II THE ANTHROPOGENIC PERSPECTIVE -- 6. Models of Ecosystem Reliability and Their Implications for the Question of Expendability -- 7. Predicting the Effects of Species Loss on Community Stability -- 8. One Fish, Two Fish, Old Fish, New Fish: Which Invasions Matter? -- 9. Ecological Gambling: Expendable Extinctions Versus Acceptable Invasions -- 10. Rarity and Functional Importance in a Phytoplankton Community -- 11. Community and Ecosystem Impacts of Single-Species Extinctions -- PART III LINKAGES AND EXTERNALITIES -- 12. Social Conflict, Biological Ignorance, and Trying to Agree Which Species Are Expendable -- 13. Which Mutualists Are Most Essential? Buffering of Plant Reproduction against the Extinction of Pollinators -- 14. The Expendability of Species: A Test Case Based on the Caterpillars on Goldenrods -- 15. An Evolutionary Perspective on the Importance of Species: Why Ecologists Care about Evolution -- 16. Recovering Species of Conservation Concern-Are Populations Expendable? -- 17. Virus Specificity in Disease Systems: Are Species Redundant? -- Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 - The new era of genome sequencing using high-throughput sequencing technology: generation of the first version of th... -- Introduction -- The first version of the Atlantic cod genome -- The sequencing of a wild-caught cod specimen -- The challenges of assembling large, outbred genomes -- Assembling the first version of the cod genome -- Annotating the first version of the cod genome -- Synteny with other teleost genomes -- Ongoing efforts to improve the Atlantic cod genome assembly -- The impact of combining different sequencing technologies -- Software developments for de novo assembly -- Goals for a new reference genome -- Acknowledgments -- Glossary -- References -- 2 - The rainbow trout genome, an important landmark for aquaculture and genome evolution -- Rainbow trout -- Rainbow trout and Salmonids commercial importance -- Rainbow trout: a freshwater laboratory rat -- Rainbow trout life cycle -- Genomic aspects -- The rainbow trout genome: diversity, structure, organization -- Genomic resources preexisting before the first genome sequence in rainbow trout -- Rainbow trout genome sequencing -- Rainbow trout genome structure -- A genome for genetic and functional investigations -- Deciphering the genetic architecture of traits -- Functional insights in Rainbow trout nutrition -- Selected examples of nutritional regulation of transcript levels -- Nutrition and flesh quality: molecular LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway is functional -- Functional but atypically regulated glucose metabolism -- Linking nutrition to metabolism: hormonal and nutrient sensor roles -- The 21st century or the "omics" boom in nutritional studies -- Nutritional regulation of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase genes expression in rainbow trout: how the trout genome sequencing. , Trout genomics for health -- The rainbow trout immunome: the added value of a full repertoire of fish immunity genes -- Toward the definition of a trout immunome -- The case of antigen specific receptors, Igs and TCRs -- Interest of a genome assembly for linkage studies: gene clusters and linkage studies -- Rainbow trout reproduction with a genome sequence -- Future directions and concluding remarks: resources are still expending -- References -- 3 - An improved version of the Atlantic cod genome and advancements in functional genomics: implications for the future... -- The Atlantic cod fisheries-and the rebirth of cod aquaculture -- Immunogenomics-the unusual immune system of Atlantic cod -- Atlantic cod functional genomics research -- Immunity and/or stress -- Reproduction and development -- Nutrigenomics -- Toxicogenomics -- Generation of a new version of the Atlantic cod genome -- Annotation using MAKER2 -- Tandem repeat content-assembly and biological implications -- An improved Atlantic cod genome-a valuable resource for biological inferences, fisheries management and the future cod aqua... -- References -- 4 - Catfish genomic studies: progress and perspectives -- Introduction -- The genome: structure and organization -- Development of molecular markers -- Linkage mapping -- Physical mapping -- Whole genome sequencing -- Genome evolution and comparative genomics -- The transcriptome: expression and function -- Early efforts of EST sequencing -- RNA-Seq based transcriptome analysis -- Protein-coding genes -- Long noncoding RNAs -- MicroRNAs -- Analysis of gene expression under various stress conditions -- Gene pathways, networks, and their regulation -- The genome: single nucleotide polymorphisms and genomic variations -- Single nucleotide polymorphisms -- Strain and population level genomic variations. , Historical application of molecular markers for the analysis of populations -- Development of high-density SNP arrays -- The genome: its relationship with phenome -- QTL analysis -- Genome-wide association studies -- Sex determination and progress toward understanding of sex in catfish -- Gene expression and regulation in control of phenotypes -- Future directions -- Functional analysis of genes -- Gene knockout systems and their potential use in catfish -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 - Tilapia genomic studies -- Introduction -- Life history -- The genome: structure and organization -- Development of molecular markers -- Linkage mapping -- Repetitive sequences in the tilapia genome -- Physical mapping -- Whole genome sequencing -- Genome evolution and comparative genomics -- Transcriptome: expression and function -- Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) -- RNA-seq -- microRNAs -- Gene expression under different conditions -- Liver transcriptome response to variation in dietary fat level -- Response to pathogen infection -- Functional and applied aspects -- Reproduction-sex determination and differentiation -- Salinity -- Future direction and aspects -- Whole genome sequence -- Genetic improvement based on genomics -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 - Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) genomic resources: application for boosting aquaculture production -- Biology and aquaculture -- Turbot biology -- Turbot production: aquaculture -- Main problems of turbot production -- Breeding programs -- Impact of turbot aquaculture on wild populations -- Genomic resources -- Introduction -- Transcriptome -- Genetic map -- Whole genome sequencing -- Genetic architecture and function of productive traits -- Growth-related traits -- Molecular genomics of growth -- QTL screening: growth-related QTL -- QTL methodology -- Growth-related QTL. , Identification of candidate genes through comparative mapping -- Genomics of the resistance of turbot to the main industrial diseases -- Main diseases in turbot farms -- High-throughput gene expression: microarrays and RNAseq -- Functional genomics of the response to the main turbot diseases -- Furunculosis versus scuticociliatosis -- VHSV -- Enteromyxosis -- QTL screening: disease resistance related QTL -- Crossing information from functional and association studies -- Reproduction and sex control: general revision, QTL, functional genomics, and ongoing research -- Sex differentiation in fish -- Genetic architecture of sex determination in turbot -- Gonad development and differentiation in turbot -- Concluding remarks and perspectives -- References -- 7 - Zebrafish offer aquaculture research their services -- Introduction -- The Genome: diversity, structure and organization -- The Genome and the corresponding transcriptome -- Comparative perspectives -- DNA and genome sequencing -- Expressing the genome-the transcriptome defines all transcripts produced -- Epigenetics-three levels of non-Mendelian heritage -- Level 1: DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation -- Level 2: histone protein modifications are dynamic -- Level 3: Noncoding RNAs dominate the transcriptomes -- Levels 1, 2, and 3 cross-talk in epigenetic landscapes -- The toolbox: a set of advanced methods -- Genome and epigenome editing -- High-throughput imaging-screening -- Functional and applied aspects of systems biology -- Breeding model and reproduction control -- What can we learn from history? -- Reproduction control -- Fish health -- Bacterial infections and vaccine development -- Viral infection genomics -- Husbandry and nutrition -- Husbandry guidelines -- Nutritional omics -- Effects of stressors -- Zebrafish embryo toxicity test. , High-throughput screening and transgenic reporter fish -- Transgenerational effects -- Future directions future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 - Current status in other finfish species -- Introduction -- Transcriptome resources and their main characteristics in gilthead seabream and soles -- Current genetic maps and genome drafts in gilthead seabream and soles -- Genetic maps and QTLs -- Toward the first draft of Senegalese sole genome -- Superscaffolds as putative chromosomes of Senegalese sole -- Databases for genomic resources in gilthead seabream and soles -- Functional and applied aspects using genomic approaches -- Transcriptomic studies in larval stages and metamorphosis -- Transcriptomic studies in nutrition -- Transcriptomic studies in health and welfare -- Future directions -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 - Molluscs -- Life history and biology -- Genomes: diversity, structure, and organization -- Functional and applied aspects -- Growth -- Immune function -- Reproduction -- Future directions -- References -- 10 - Genomics in the common carp -- Common carp biology and aquaculture -- The genome: diversity, structure, organization, and evolution -- BAC-based genomics -- Tetraploidized genome: genome structure, organization, and whole genome duplication -- Genetic diversity studies -- Genome evolution and gene fate of tetraploidization -- Functional genomics research and applications in the common carp -- Skin color -- Immunity and disease resistance -- Response to environmental stress -- Toxicology -- Genetic tool development -- Future directions -- Toward the perfect genome: updating the genome and annotation -- Construction of comprehensive genome databases -- Further develop genome resources from diverse populations -- Unveiling the genetic basis of important traits for breeding applications. , Concluding remarks.