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  • 1
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    Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents’ growth and development
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2023
    In:  Nature Vol. 615, No. 7954 ( 2023-03-30), p. 874-883
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 615, No. 7954 ( 2023-03-30), p. 874-883
    Abstract: Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being 1–6 . Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was 〈 1.1 kg m –2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05772-8
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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  • 2
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    KMT-2021-BLG-0912Lb: a microlensing super Earth around a K-type star
    EDP Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 658 ( 2022-2), p. A94-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 658 ( 2022-2), p. A94-
    Abstract: Aims. The light curve of the microlensing event KMT-2021-BLG-0912 exhibits a very short anomaly relative to a single-lens single-source form. We investigate the light curve for the purpose of identifying the origin of the anomaly. Methods. We model the light curve under various interpretations. From this, we find four solutions, in which three solutions are found underthe assumption that the lens is composed of two masses (2L1S models), and the other solution is found under the assumption that the source is comprised of binary stars (1L2S model). The 1L2S model is ruled out based on the contradiction that the faint source companion is bigger than its primary, and one of the 2L1S solutions is excluded from the combination of the poorer fit, blending constraint, and lower overall probability, leaving two surviving solutions with the planet/host mass ratios of q ~ 2.8 × 10 −5 and ~ 1.1 × 10 −5 . A subtle central deviation supports the possibility of a tertiary lens component, either a binary companion to the host with a very large or small separation, or a second planet lying near the Einstein ring, but it is difficult to claim a secure detection due to the marginal improvement of the fit, lack of consistency among different data sets, and difficulty in uniquely specifying the nature of the tertiary component. Results. With the observables of the event, it is estimated that the masses of the planet and host are ~ (6.9  M ⊕ , 0.75  M ⊙ ) according to one solution and~(2.8  M ⊕ , 0.80  M ⊙ ) according to the other, indicating that the planet is a super Earth around a K-type star, regardless of the solution. The fact that 16 (including the one reported in this work) out of 19 microlensing planets with M ≲ 10  M ⊕ were detected during the last 6 yr nicely demonstrates the importance of high-cadence global surveys in detecting very low-mass planets.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142495
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 3
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    OGLE-2019-BLG-0468Lb,c: Two microlensing giant planets around a G-type star
    EDP Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 658 ( 2022-2), p. A93-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 658 ( 2022-2), p. A93-
    Abstract: Aims. With the aim of interpreting anomalous lensing events with no suggested models, we conducted a project of reinvestigating microlensing data collected in and before the 2019 season. In this work, we report a multi-planet system, OGLE-2019-BLG-0468L, that was found as a result of this project. Methods. The light curve of the lensing event OGLE-2019-BLG-0468, which consists of three distinctive anomaly features, could not be explained by the usual binary-lens or binary-source interpretations. We find a solution that explains all anomaly features with a triple-lens interpretation, in which the lens is composed of two planets and their host, making the lens the fourth multi-planet system securely found by microlensing. Results. The two planets have masses of ~3.4  M J and ~10.2  M J , and they are orbiting around a G-type star with a mass of ~0.9  M ⊙ and a distance of ~4.4 kpc. The host of the planets is most likely responsible for the light of the baseline object, although the possibility of the host being a companion to the baseline object cannot be ruled out.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142327
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 4
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    Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2020
    In:  Nature Vol. 582, No. 7810 ( 2020-06-04), p. 73-77
    Details
    In: Nature, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 582, No. 7810 ( 2020-06-04), p. 73-77
    Abstract: High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries 1,2 . However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world 3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health 4,5 . However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-0836 , 1476-4687
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2338-1
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120714-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1413423-8
    SSG: 11
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  • 5
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    KMT-2021-BLG-1150Lb: Microlensing planet detected through a densely covered planetary-caustic signal
    EDP Sciences ; 2023
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 675 ( 2023-7), p. A36-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 675 ( 2023-7), p. A36-
    Abstract: Aims. Recently, there have been reports of various types of degeneracies in the interpretation of planetary signals induced by planetary caustics. In this work we check whether such degeneracies persist in the case of well-covered signals by analyzing the lensing event KMT-2021-BLG-1150, the light curve of which exhibits a densely and continuously covered short-term anomaly. Methods. In order to identify degenerate solutions, we thoroughly investigated the parameter space by conducting dense grid searches for the lensing parameters. We then checked the severity of the degeneracy among the identified solutions. Results. We identify a pair of planetary solutions resulting from the well-known inner-outer degeneracy, and find that interpreting the anomaly is not subject to any degeneracy other than the inner-outer degeneracy. The measured parameters of the planet separation (normalized to the Einstein radius) and mass ratio between the lens components are ( s , q ) in ~ (1.297, 1.10 × 10 −3 ) for the inner solution and ( s , q ) out ~ (1.242, 1.15 × 10 −3 ) for the outer solution. According to a Bayesian estimation, the lens is a planetary system consisting of a planet with a mass M p = 0.88 −0.36 +0.38 M j and its host with a mass M h = 0.73 −0.30 +0.32 M ⊙ lying toward the Galactic center at a distance D L = 3.8 −1.2 +1.3 kpc. By conducting analyses using mock data sets prepared to mimic those obtained with data gaps and under various observational cadences, we find that gaps in data can result in various degenerate solutions, while the observational cadence does not pose a serious degeneracy problem as long as the anomaly feature can be delineated.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202346596
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 6
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    KMT-2021-BLG-1898: Planetary microlensing event involved with binary source stars
    EDP Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 663 ( 2022-7), p. A145-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 663 ( 2022-7), p. A145-
    Abstract: Aims. The light curve of the microlensing event KMT-2021-BLG-1898 exhibits a short-term central anomaly with double-bump features that cannot be explained by the usual binary-lens or binary-source interpretations. With the aim of interpreting the anomaly, we analyze the lensing light curve under various sophisticated models. Methods. We find that the anomaly is explained by a model, in which both the lens and source are binaries (2L2S model). For this interpretation, the lens is a planetary system with a planet/host mass ratio of q ~ 1.5 × 10 −3 , and the source is a binary composed of a turn off or a subgiant star and a mid K dwarf. The double-bump feature of the anomaly can also be depicted by a triple-lens model (3L1S model), in which the lens is a planetary system containing two planets. Among the two interpretations, the 2L2S model is favored over the 3L1S model not only because it yields a better fit to the data, by ∆ χ 2 = [14.3−18.5], but also the Einstein radii derived independently from the two stars of the binary source result in consistent values. According to the 2L2S interpretation, KMT-2021-BLG-1898 is the third planetary lensing event occurring on a binary stellar system, following MOA-2010-BLG-117 and KMT-2018-BLG-1743. Results. Under the 2L2S interpretation, we identify two solutions resulting from the close-wide degeneracy in determining the planet-host separation. From a Bayesian analysis, we estimate that the planet has a mass of ~0.7−0.8 M J , and it orbits an early M dwarf host with a mass of ~0.5 M ⊙ . The projected planet-host separation is ~1.9 AU and ~3.0 AU according to the close and wide solutions, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202243102
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 7
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    Two new free-floating or wide-orbit planets from microlensing
    EDP Sciences ; 2019
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 622 ( 2019-2), p. A201-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 622 ( 2019-2), p. A201-
    Abstract: Planet formation theories predict the existence of free-floating planets that have been ejected from their parent systems. Although they emit little or no light, they can be detected during gravitational microlensing events. Microlensing events caused by rogue planets are characterized by very short timescales t E (typically below two days) and small angular Einstein radii θ E (up to several μ as). Here we present the discovery and characterization of two ultra-short microlensing events identified in data from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE) survey, which may have been caused by free-floating or wide-orbit planets. OGLE-2012-BLG-1323 is one of the shortest events discovered thus far ( t E = 0.155 ± 0.005 d, θ E = 2.37 ± 0.10 μ as) and was caused by an Earth-mass object in the Galactic disk or a Neptune-mass planet in the Galactic bulge. OGLE-2017-BLG-0560 ( t E = 0.905 ± 0.005 d, θ E = 38.7 ± 1.6 μ as) was caused by a Jupiter-mass planet in the Galactic disk or a brown dwarf in the bulge. We rule out stellar companions up to a distance of 6.0 and 3.9 au, respectively. We suggest that the lensing objects, whether located on very wide orbits or free-floating, may originate from the same physical mechanism. Although the sample of ultrashort microlensing events is small, these detections are consistent with low-mass wide-orbit or unbound planets being more common than stars in the Milky Way.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201834557
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 8
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    KMT-2018-BLG-1743: planetary microlensing event occurring on two source stars
    EDP Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 652 ( 2021-8), p. A145-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 652 ( 2021-8), p. A145-
    Abstract: Aims. We present the analysis of the microlensing event KMT-2018-BLG-1743. The analysis was conducted as a part of the project, in which previous lensing events detected in and before the 2019 season by the KMTNet survey were reinvestigated with the aim of finding solutions of anomalous events with no suggested plausible models. Methods. The light curve of the event, with a peak magnification A peak ~ 800, exhibits two anomaly features, one around the peak and the other on the falling side of the light curve. An interpretation with a binary lens and a single source (2L1S) cannot describe the anomalies. By conducting additional modeling that includes an extra lens (3L1S) or an extra source (2L2S) relative to a 2L1S interpretation, we find that 2L2S interpretations with a planetary lens system and a binary source best explain the observed light curve with Δ χ 2 ~ 188 and ~91 over the 2L1S and 3L1S solutions, respectively. Assuming that these Δ χ 2 values are adequate for distinguishing the models, the event is the fourth 2L2S event and the second 2L2S planetary event. The 2L2S interpretations are subject to a degeneracy, resulting in two solutions with s 〉 1.0 (wide solution) and s 〈 1.0 (close solution). Results. The masses of the lens components and the distance to the lens are ( M host / M ⊙ , M planet / M J , D L /kpc)~(0.19 −0.111 +0.27 ,0.25 −0.14 +0.34 ,6.48 −1.03 +0.94 ) and ~(0.42 −0.25 +0.34 ,1.61 −0.97 +1.30 ,6.04 −1.27 +0.93 ) according to the wide and close solutions, respectively. The source is a binary composed of an early G dwarf and a mid M dwarf. The values of the relative lens-source proper motion expected from the two degenerate solutions, μ wide ~ 2.3 mas yr −1 and μ close ~ 4.1 mas yr −1 , are substantially different, and thus the degeneracy can be broken by resolving the lens and source from future high-resolution imaging observations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202140923
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 9
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    Three faint-source microlensing planets detected via the resonant-caustic channel
    EDP Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 655 ( 2021-11), p. A21-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 655 ( 2021-11), p. A21-
    Abstract: Aims. We conducted a project of reinvestigating the 2017–2019 microlensing data collected by high-cadence surveys with the aim of finding planets that were missed due to the deviations of planetary signals from the typical form of short-term anomalies. Methods. The project led us to find three planets, KMT-2017-BLG-2509Lb, OGLE-2017-BLG-1099Lb, and OGLE-2019-BLG-0299Lb. The lensing light curves of the events have a common characteristic: the planetary signals were produced by the crossings of faint source stars over the resonant caustics formed by giant planets located near the Einstein rings of host stars. Results. For all planetary events, the lensing solutions are uniquely determined without any degeneracy. It is estimated that the host masses are in the range of 0.45 ≲ M ∕ M ⊙ ≲ 0.59, which corresponds to early M to late K dwarfs, and thus the host stars are less massive than the Sun. On the other hand, the planets, with masses in the range of 2.1 ≲ M ∕ M J ≲ 6.2, are heavier than the heaviest planet of the Solar System, that is, Jupiter. The planets in all systems lie beyond the snow lines of the hosts, and thus the discovered planetary systems, together with many other microlensing planetary systems, support the idea that massive gas-giant planets are commonplace around low-mass stars. We discuss the role of late-time high-resolution imaging in clarifying resonant-image lenses with very faint sources.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202141517
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
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  • 10
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    KMT-2019-BLG-0797: Binary-lensing event occurring on a binary stellar system
    EDP Sciences ; 2021
    In:  Astronomy & Astrophysics Vol. 649 ( 2021-05), p. A91-
    Details
    In: Astronomy & Astrophysics, EDP Sciences, Vol. 649 ( 2021-05), p. A91-
    Abstract: Aims. We analyze the microlensing event KMT-2019-BLG-0797. The light curve of the event exhibits two anomalous features from a single-lens single-source model, and we aim to reveal the nature of the anomaly. Methods. It is found that a model with two lenses plus a single source (2L1S model) can explain one feature of the anomaly, but the other feature cannot be explained. We test various models and find that both anomalous features can be explained by introducing an extra source to a 2L1S model (2L2S model), making the event the third confirmed case of a 2L2S event, following MOA-2010-BLG-117 and OGLE-2016-BLG-1003. It is estimated that the extra source comprises ∼4% of the I -band flux from the primary source. Results. Interpreting the event is subject to a close–wide degeneracy. According to the close solution, the lens is a binary consisting of two brown dwarfs with masses ( M 1 ,  M 2 ) ∼ (0.034, 0.021)  M ⊙ , and it is located at a distance of D L  ∼ 8.2 kpc. According to the wide solution, on the other hand, the lens is composed of an object at the star–brown dwarf boundary and an M dwarf with masses ( M 1 ,  M 2 ) ∼ (0.06, 0.33)  M ⊙ located at D L  ∼ 7.7 kpc. The source is composed of a late G dwarf to early K dwarf primary and an early-to-mid M dwarf companion.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0004-6361 , 1432-0746
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202040149
    RVK:
    UA 1000
    RVK:
    US 1090
    Language: English
    Publisher: EDP Sciences
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1458466-9
    SSG: 16,12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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