Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Recent Advances in Enzyme Immobilization in Nanomaterials -- 1. Enzymes and their uses/ applications/ functions -- 1.2 Definition of enzyme -- 1.2 History & -- etymology of enzymes -- 1.3 Nomenclature -- 1.4 Enzyme activity -- 1.5 Sequence similarity -- 1.6 Chemical structure -- 1.6.1 Co-factor -- 1.6.2 Co-enzymes -- 1.6.3 Inhibitor -- 1.6.3.1 Competitive -- 1.6.3.2 Non-competitive -- 1.6.3.3 Uncompetitive -- 1.6.3.4 Mixed -- 1.6.3.5 Irreversible -- 1.6.4 Functions of inhibitors -- 1.7 Mechanism of enzymes working -- 1.7.1 Substrate binding -- 1.7.2 "Lock and key" model -- 1.7.3 "Induced fit" model -- 1.7.4 Catalysis -- 1.7.5 Dynamics -- 1.7.6 Substrate presentation -- 1.7.7 Allosteric modulation -- 1.8 Factor affecting enzymes activity -- 1.9 Functions -- 1.9.1 Biological functions -- 1.9.1.1 Metabolism -- 1.9.1.2 Control activity -- 1.9.1.2.1 Regulation -- 1.9.1.2.2 Post-translational modification -- 1.9.1.2.3 Quantity -- 1.9.1.2.4 Subcellular distribution -- 1.9.1.2.5 Organ specialization -- 1.9.2 Industrial applications -- 2. Different methods for enzymes immobilization in nanomaterials -- 2.1 Adsorption -- 2.2 Covalent bonding -- 2.3 Entrapment -- 2.4 Cross-linking -- 2.5 Bio-affinity interactions and other techniques -- 3. Enzymes immobilization on different nanomaterial -- 3.1 Immobilization of carbonaceous nanomaterials -- 3.2 Carbon nanotube -- 3.2.1 Graphene -- 3.2.2 Graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide -- 3.3 Immobilization on metal/metal oxides nanomaterials -- 3.3.1 Metal nanomaterial -- 3.3.2 Metal hydroxide -- 3.3.3 Metal oxide nanomaterials -- 3.4 Immobilization of conductive polymers -- 3.5 Enzyme immobilization on other materials -- 4. Application of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials. , 4.1 Electrochemical sensing applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials -- 4.1.1 Amperometric biosensors -- 4.1.2 Potentiometric biosensors -- 4.1.2.1 Ion selective electrode -- 4.1.2.2 Enzyme field-effect transistors -- 4.1.2.3 Light addressable potentiometric sensors -- 4.1.3 Conductometry -- 4.1.4 Impedimetric enzyme biosensors -- 4.2 Fuel cell applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials -- 4.3 Bio-sensor applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials -- 4.4 Enzyme nanoparticles for biomedical application -- 4.4.1 Thrombolytic therapy -- 4.4.2 Oxidative stress and tnflammation therapy -- 4.4.3 Antibacterial treatment -- 4.5 Water contaminants treatment applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials -- 4.5.1 Removal of emerging content -- 4.5.2 Disinfection -- 4.6 Water contaminants monitoring applications of enzyme immobilized on nanomaterials -- 4.6.1 Bacterial approach -- 4.6.2 Colorimetric approach -- 4.6.3 Electro-enzymatic approach -- 4.7 Other applications of immobilized enzymes on nanomaterials -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- Production, Properties and Applications of Materials-based Nano-Enzymes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production and properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes -- 2.1 Chemical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes -- 2.2 Physical synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes -- 2.3 Biological synthesis of nanomaterial-based enzymes -- 2.4 Properties of nanomaterial-based enzymes -- 3. Application of nanomaterial-based enzymes in the food industry -- 3.1 Carbon-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors -- 3.2 Zinc oxide-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors -- 3.3 Magnetite-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors -- 3.4 Copper cluster-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors -- 3.5 Noble metal-based nanomaterial enzyme biosensors -- 4. Challenges and prospects -- Conclusions -- References -- 3. , Use of Nanomaterials-Based Enzymes in the Food Industry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nanozymes and its features -- 3. Catalytic mechanism of nanomaterials based enzymes -- 4. Nanomaterials-based enzymes for food analysis -- 4.1 Metal oxide-based -- 4.2 Metal-based nanozymes -- 4.3 Metal-organic frameworks based nanozymes -- 4.4 Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP)-Based -- 4.5 Carbon-based nanozymes -- 5. Schemes to improve substrate specificity of nanozymes -- 6. Some other applications in the food industry -- 6.1 Intentional adulteration -- 6.2 Detection system for insecticides -- 6.3 Design for detection of gram negative bacterium -- 6.4 Detection of ethanol -- 6.5 Mycotoxins -- 6.6 Other food contaminants detection -- 6.6.1 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) -- 6.6.2 Hydroquinone (H2Q) -- 6.6.3 Arsenic-III -- 6.6.4 Norovirus (NoV) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 -- Nanomaterials Supported Enzymes: Environmental Applications for Depollution of Aquatic Environments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzymes -- 3. Sources of enzymes and their applications -- 4. Enzyme immobilization -- 5. Methods of Immobilization -- 5.1 Adsorption -- 5.2 Entrapment -- 5.3 Covalent binding -- 5.4 Cross-linking -- 6. Nanosupports for enzyme immobilization -- 6.1 Silica nanosupports -- 6.2 Carbon nanosupports -- 6.3 Metallic nanosupports -- 7. Applications of nanosupported enzymes in the depollution of aquatic environment -- 7.1 Water treatment applications -- 7.1.1 Eradication of emerging pollutants -- 7.1.2 Disinfection -- 7.2 Water monitoring applications -- 7.2.1 Electro-enzymatic method -- 7.2.2 Colorimetric method -- 7.2.3 Bacterial monitoring -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 5 -- Enzyme Immobilized Nanoparticles Towards Biosensor Fabrication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterials -- 2.1 Metal nanomaterials. , 2.2 Metal oxide nanomaterials -- 2.3 Carbon-derived nanomaterials -- 2.4 Polymeric nanomaterials -- 2.5 Nanocomposites -- 3. Enzyme immobilized nanomaterial-based biosensors and their applications -- 3.1 Electrochemical biosensors -- 3.2 Optical biosensors -- 3.3 Piezoelectric and gravimetric biosensor -- 3.4 Magnetic biosensors -- 4. Future perspectives -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Applications of Nanoparticles-based Enzymes in the Diagnosis of Diseases -- 1.1 Nanomaterials -- 1.2 Enzymes -- 1.3 Nanomaterials supported enzymes (NSEs) -- 2. Applications of nanomaterial supported enzymes (NSEs) -- 2.1 Role of NSEs in disease diagnosis and therapeutics -- 2.2 Use of NSEs in therapeutic -- 2.3 Applications of NSEs in biofilms and tumor prevention/disruption -- 2.4 The NSEs as enzymes inhibitors -- 2.5 Enzymatic Inhibition -- 2.6 Nanozymes for Inactivation/Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 -- 3. Role in biology and medicine -- 4. Nanozymes for sensing applications -- 5. Cancer tumor and bacterial detection -- 6. Imaging, diagnostics and biomarker monitoring -- 7. Role in HIV reactivation -- 8. Nanozymes for live cell and organelle imaging -- 9. The role of nanozymes in cardiovascular diseases (CVDS) -- 10. Diagnosis of CVDs -- 11. Applications of Nanozymes in the treatment of CVDs -- 12 The role of nanozymes in cyto-protecting -- 13. Advances of nanozymes in the neural disorders -- 14. Future prospects of NSEs -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Drug Delivery using Nano-Material based Enzymes -- 1. Introduction to Nanozymes -- 2. Categorical distribution of nanozymes based on material type -- 2.1 Metal-based nanozymes -- 2.2 Fe-based nanozymes -- 2.3 Carbon-based nanozymes -- 3. Major Classes of nano-enzyme based on mode of action -- 3.1 Antioxidant nanozymes -- 3.2 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant nanozymes -- 3.3 Pro-oxidant nanozymzes. , 4. Nanoparticles with enzyme-responsive linker -- 5. Nanozymes preparation -- 5.1 Hydrothermal method -- 5.2 Solvothermal method -- 5.3 Co-precipitation method -- 6. Development of endogenous enzyme-responsive nanomaterials -- 6.1 Synthesis of nanomaterials with enzyme-responsive core -- 6.2 Nanoparticles construction with enzyme responsive crown -- 6.3 Modification of nanomaterials with enzyme responsive linker -- 6.4 Nanoparticles and enzyme-responsive ligands -- 7. Factors affecting nanozymes activity -- 7.1 Morphology -- 7.2 Size -- 7.3 Surface modifications -- 8. Therapeutic applications of nanozymes -- 8.1 Cytoprotection -- 8.2 Nano carriers -- 8.3 Nanozymes as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antibiofilm agents -- 8.4 Nanomaterials based targeted drug delivery to overcome tuberculosis (TB) -- 8.5 Anti-tumor drug delivery via enzyme-responsive NPs -- 9. Limitations of nanozymes -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Biomedical uses of Enzymes Immobilized by Nanoparticles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Enzymes immobilization methods -- 3. Choice of supports -- 3.1 Entrapment -- 3.2 Crosslinking -- 3.3 Covalent attachment -- 3.4 Adsorption -- 4. Carrier bound method: general concept -- 5. Degradation of dye pollutants -- 6. Fe3O4 along with L-asparaginase -- 7. Chitin and chitosan support material for immobilization -- 7.1 Biomedical applications -- 8. Zinc oxide nano-particles -- 9. Modern applications -- 9.1 Biosensor -- 9.2 MnFe2O4@SiO2@PMIDA magnetic nanoparticles for antibody immobilization -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 9 -- Use of Nanomaterials-based Enzymes in Vaccine Production and Immunization -- 1. Intrоduсtiоn -- 2. Enzymes -- 2.1 Hоw enzymes wоrk -- 2.2 Natural and Artificial Enzymes -- 3. Nаnоzymes -- 4. Nаnоzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn аnd immunizаtiоn -- 4.1 Nаnоmаteriаl-bаsed enzymes in vассine рrоduсtiоn. , 4.1.1 Nаnоflu.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Types, Properties and Characteristics of Piezoelectric Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Single crystals -- 1.2 Ceramics -- 1.3 Composites -- 1.4 Polymers -- 1.5 Sensor configuration based on shape and size -- 1.6 Classification based on dimension -- 2. Properties of piezoelectric materials -- 2.1 Basic equations -- 2.2 Curie temperature -- 2.3 Phase transition -- 2.4 High dielectric constant -- 2.5 Sensitivity -- 2.6 Electromechanical Coupling Factor (k) -- 2.7 Resistivity (R) and time constant (RC) -- 2.7 Quality factors (mechanical and electrical) -- 2.8 Figure of Merit (FOM) and strain coefficient -- 2.9 Piezoelectric resonance frequency -- 2.10 Thermal expansion -- 2.11 Ageing -- 3. Characterization of piezoelectric materials -- 3.1 Measurement of piezoelectric coefficient -- 3.2 Measurement of dielectric constant -- 3.3 Measurement of Curie temperature -- 3.4 Etching and poling -- 3.5 Measurement of hysteresis (PE/SE) loops -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Fabrication Approaches for Piezoelectric Materials -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Preparation techniques for piezoelectric ceramics -- 2.1 Synthesis of ceramic powders -- 2.1 Solid-state reaction -- 2.2 Co-precipitation -- 2.3 Alkoxide hydrolysis -- 2.4 The sintering method -- 2.5 Templated grain growth -- 3. Piezoelectric materials in device fabrication -- 4. Bio-piezoelectric materials -- 4.1 Types bio-piezoelectric materials -- 4.2 Synthesis strategies -- 4.2.1 Thin films -- 4.2.2 Nanoplatforms -- 5. Challenges -- 5.1 Piezoelectric ceramics -- 5.2 Bio-piezoelectric materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Piezoelectric Materials-based Nanogenerators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Piezoelectricity and crystallography -- 3. Maxwell's equations and piezoelectric nanogenerator -- 4. Piezoelectric materials for nanogenerators. , 4.1 Ceramic -- 4.1.1 Zinc oxide -- 4.1.2 Barium titanate -- 4.1.3 Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) -- 4.2 Polymer -- 4.2.1 PVDF and its copolymer -- 4.2.2 Polylactic acid -- 4.2.3 Cellulose -- 4.3 Ferroelectret -- 4.4 PVDF based composite -- 4.4.1 Ceramic filler -- 4.4.2 Carbon-based filler -- 4.4.3 Metal based filler -- 4.4.4 Other fillers -- 5. Applications of piezoelectric nanogenerator -- 5.1 Power source of electronic devices -- 5.2 Sensing application -- 6. Challenges and future scopes -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Piezoelectric Materials based Phototronics -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Piezoelectric effect -- 1.2 Piezotronic effect -- 2. Piezo-phototronic effect -- 3. Piezoelectric semiconductor NWs -- 4. Effect on 2D materials -- 5. Effect on 3rd generation semiconductors -- 6. Piezo-phototronic effect on LED -- 7. Piezo-phototronic effect on solar cell -- 8. Piezo-phototronics in luminescence applications -- 9. Piezo-phototronics in other applications -- References -- 5 -- Piezoelectric Composites and their Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mechanism of piezoelectricity and principle of PZT-polymer composites -- 3. Piezoelectric materials -- 4 Applications of piezoelectric composite materials -- 4.1 Energy harvesting applications -- 4.2 Medical applications of piezoelectric materials -- 4.2.1 Piezoelectric medical devices -- 4.2.2 Piezoelectric sensors -- 4.2.3 Piezoelectric prosthetic skin -- 4.2.4 Cochlear implants -- 4.2.5 Piezoelectric surgery -- 4.2.6 Ultrasonic dental scaling -- 4.2.7 Microdosing -- 4.2.8 Energy harvesting -- 4.2.9 Catheter applications -- 4.2.10 Neural stimulators -- 4.2.11 Healthcare monitoring -- 5. Structural health monitoring and repair -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Piezoelectric Materials for Biomedical and Energy Harvesting Applications -- 1. Introduction. , 1.1 Types of advance piezoelectric functional materials -- 1.1.1 Polymer piezocomposite -- 1.1.2 Ceramics piezocomposite -- 1.1.3 Polymer ceramics piezocomposite -- 2. Applications -- 2.1 Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) devices -- 2.2 MEMS generators for energy harvesting -- 2.3 MEMS sensor -- 2.3.1 Pressure sensor -- 2.3.2 Healthcare sensor -- 2.3.3 Cell and tisusse regenration -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7 -- Piezoelectric Thin Films and their Applications -- 1. Piezoelectric thin films -- 2. Lead free piezoelectric thin films -- 2.1 AlN thin films -- 2.2 ZnO thin films -- 2.2.1 Synthesis of ZnO thin films -- 2.3 KNN thin films -- 2.3.1 Synthesis of KNN thin films -- 3. Characterization techniques for piezoelectric thin film -- 3.1 Resonance spectrum method -- 3.2 Pneumatic loading method and normal loading method -- 3.3 Characterizations using capacitance measurements -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Energy harvesting -- 4.2 Actuators -- 4.3 Electronics -- 4.4 Acoustic biosensors -- 4.5 Surface acoustic wave (SAW) biosensors -- 5. Recent developments in piezoelectric thin film devices -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Bulk Lead-Free Piezoelectric Perovskites and their Applications -- 1. Perovskites -- 2. Lead free perovskites -- 3. Processing of lead-free perovskites -- 4. Piezoelectricity in lead free perovskite -- 4.1 Fundamentals of piezoelectricity -- 5. Different lead-free piezoceramics and their applications -- 5.1 KNN based ceramics -- 5.2 Bismuth sodium titanate based piezoceramics and their applications -- 5.3 BaTiO3 (BT) based piezo-ceramics -- 5.3.1 BaTiO3 ceramics phase boundary -- 5.3.2 Factors in phase boundaries -- 5.3.3 Sintering and curie temperature -- 5.4 Bismuth based piezoceramics -- 5.4.1 Phase boundary in BFO-based ceramics -- 5.4.1.1 Ion substitution -- 5.4.1.2 Addition of ABO3. , 5.4.2 Temperature stability of strain properties -- 5.4.3 Relationship between piezoelectricity and phase boundaries -- 6. Requirements for piezoceramic applications -- 6.1 Actuators -- 6.2 Sensors -- 6.3 Transducers -- 6.3.1 Piezoelectric transducers -- 6.4 Resonators -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Piezoelectric Materials for Sensor Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Piezoelectric mechanism -- 3. Types of piezoelectric materials -- 4. Fabrication methods -- 5. Applications of piezoelectric materials -- 5.1 Applications in wearable and implanted biomedical devices -- 5.2 Piezoelectric materials for energy applications -- 5.3 Piezoelectric materials in tissue engineering -- 5.4 Piezoelectric materials in other applications -- Conclusion and outlook -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Application of Endophyte Microbes for Production of Secondary Metabolites -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Origin and Evolution of Endophytes -- 1.3 Endophyte Diversity -- 1.4 Close Relationship Between Endophytes and Medicinal Herbs -- 1.5 Endophytes and Secondary Metabolites -- 1.6 Terpenoids -- 1.7 Phenolics -- 1.8 Flavonoids -- 1.9 Alkaloids -- 1.10 Glycosides -- 1.11 Saponins -- 1.12 Polyketides -- 1.13 Coumarins -- 1.14 Steroids -- 1.15 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2: Application of Microbes in Synthesis of Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Basics of Supercapacitors -- 2.1.2 Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors -- 2.1.3 Why Microbes in Energy Storage Devices? -- 2.2 Different Microbes Commonly Used in EES -- 2.2.1 Bacteria -- What so Special About Bacterial Cellulose? -- 2.2.2 Viruses -- 2.2.3 Fungi -- 2.3 Microbes as Bio-templates for Energy Storage Materials -- 2.3.1 Bacteria as Bio-templates -- 2.3.2 Fungi as Bio-templates -- 2.3.3 Viruses as Bio-templates -- 2.4 Microbe-Based Carbon Materials as Supporting Matrix -- 2.5 Microbe-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.1 Bacteria-Derived Carbons for Energy storage applications -- 2.5.2 Fungi-Derived Carbons for Energy Storage Applications -- 2.5.3 Microbe-Derived Carbon-Based Nanocomposites as Energy Storage Materials -- 2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 3: Application of Microbes in Climate-Resilient Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Heat Stress Tolerance -- 3.3 Cold Stress Tolerance -- 3.4 Submergence Stress Tolerance -- 3.5 Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance -- 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4: Application of Microbes in Biotechnology, Industry, and Medical Field -- 4.1 Overview of Microorganisms -- 4.1.1 Prokaryotic Microorganisms. , Bacteria -- Archaea -- 4.1.2 Eukaryotic Microorganisms -- Protist -- Fungi -- Virus -- 4.2 Principles -- 4.2.1 Screening for Microbial Products -- Screening Methods -- 4.2.2 Microbial Bioprocess -- Optimization -- Sustainable Technologies -- 4.2.3 Enzymology -- 4.2.4 Gene Manipulation -- Recombinant DNA Technology -- 4.3 Applications -- 4.3.1 Industry -- Food-Fermented Foods -- Improvement of Food Quality -- Improvement Efficiency and Productivity of Process -- Food Additives -- Agroindustry -- Pest in Crops -- Crop Yield and Product Quality -- Construction -- Chemical Industry -- Cleaning -- Bioremediation -- Chemical-Based Cleaning Products -- 4.3.2 Environment -- Wastewater Treatment -- Solid Hazardous Treatment -- Composting -- Anaerobic Digestion -- Metal Recovery -- Microbial Biofuels -- Biomethanol -- Bioethanol -- Butanol -- Biodiesel -- Medical Biotechnology -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5: Applications of Microbes for Energy -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Microbes for Energy Applications -- 5.2.1 Microbes for Fuel Cells -- 5.2.2 Microbes for Hydrogen Production -- 5.2.3 Microbes for Methane Production -- 5.2.4 Microbes for Ethanol Production -- 5.2.5 Microbes for Biodiesel Production -- 5.2.6 Microbes for Electrosynthesis -- 5.2.7 Microbes for Energy Storage -- 5.3 Conclusion and Future Remarks -- References -- 6: Applications of Microbes in Electric Generation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Different BFC Types -- 6.2.1 DET-BFC -- 6.2.2 MET-BFC -- 6.2.3 EBFC -- 6.2.4 MFC -- 6.3 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for EBFC -- 6.3.1 Carbon Materials -- 6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles -- 6.3.3 Composite Materials -- 6.4 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC -- 6.4.1 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Anode -- Carbon Nanomaterials -- Metal Nanomaterials -- Conductive Polymers -- 6.4.2 Electrocatalytic Nanomaterials for MFC Cathode. , Noble Metal-Based Materials -- Non-noble Metal-Based Materials -- 6.5 Summary and Prospect -- References -- 7: Application of Microbes in Household Products -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Household Products -- 7.2.1 Cleaning Product -- 7.2.2 Cosmeceutical -- 7.2.3 Textiles -- 7.2.4 Others -- 7.3 Benefits and Challenges -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Electricity Generation and Wastewater Treatment with Membrane-Less Microbial Fuel Cell -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electricity Generation -- 8.2.1 Anode and Cathode Electrodes -- Cathode Electrode -- Anode Electrode -- 8.2.2 Effect of Operating Temperature -- 8.2.3 Effect of pH -- 8.2.4 Effect of Substrate Pretreatment -- 8.2.5 Effect of Reactor Design -- 8.2.6 Effect of Electrode Surface Area and Electrode Spacing -- 8.2.7 Effect of Substrate Conductivity -- 8.3 Water Treatment (Substrate) -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Microbes: Applications for Power Generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Reduction of the Environmental and Air Pollution -- 9.2.1 Natural Aerosols from Vegetation -- 9.2.2 Landfill Gas -- 9.2.3 Biogas -- Using Leachate of the Waste -- 9.2.4 Biodiesel -- 9.2.5 Bioethanol -- Using Celluloses -- Using Starch -- Using Sugar -- 9.2.6 Sewer -- 9.3 Energy Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Microorganisms -- 9.3.2 Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Natural Fermentation -- Using Biomass -- Using Domestic Wastewater -- Using Industrial Wastewater -- Using Sewage -- Using Crop Residue -- Using Mud -- Using Biogas Slurry -- 9.3.3 Newer Microbial Fuel Cells -- Using Electronophore (Traditional) -- Using Biochar (Latest) -- 9.3.4 Biogas -- Using Sewage -- Using Animal Waste -- Using Animal Manure -- 9.3.5 Biohydrogen -- 9.4 Availability -- 9.4.1 Biomass -- 9.5 Clean Energy -- 9.5.1 Algae -- 9.5.2 Microbial Biophotovoltaic Cells -- Using Algae -- Using Cyanobacteria -- Using Plant Rhizodeposition. , 9.6 Sustainability -- 9.6.1 Biomass -- Crop Residue -- 9.6.2 Camphor -- 9.7 Conclusion -- 9.8 Future Approach -- References -- 10: Applications of Microbes in Food Industry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Applications of Microorganisms in Food Industry -- 10.2.1 Baking Industry Applications -- 10.2.2 Alcohol and Beverage Industry Applications -- 10.2.3 Enzyme Production and Its Applications -- 10.2.4 Production of Amino Acids -- 10.2.5 Microbial Detergents as Food Stain Removers -- 10.2.6 Dairy Industry Applications -- 10.2.7 Pigment Production -- 10.2.8 Organic Acid Production -- 10.2.9 Aroma and Flavouring Agents Production -- 10.2.10 Miscellaneous Applications -- Xanthan Gum Production -- Ripening Process -- Food Grade Paper Production -- Single-Cell Protein -- Applications in Other Foods -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- 11: Applications of Microbes in Human Health -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Human Microbiome -- 11.3 Probiotics -- 11.4 Properties of Probiotics -- 11.5 Probiotics Mechanism of Action -- 11.6 Oral Probiotics -- 11.6.1 Probiotics in Preventing Dental Caries Progression -- 11.6.2 Probiotics in Prevention of Gingival Inflammation -- 11.6.3 Probiotics in Prevention of Periodontal Diseases -- 11.7 Probiotics in Halitosis -- 11.7.1 Probiotics in Oral Mucositis -- 11.7.2 Benefits of Probiotics in General Health -- 11.7.3 Anti-Inflammatory Property -- 11.8 Antimicrobial Properties -- 11.9 Antioxidant Properties -- 11.10 Anticancer Properties -- 11.10.1 Probiotics in Treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections -- 11.10.2 Probiotics in Treatment of Urogenital Infections -- 11.10.3 Probiotics in Improvement of Intestinal Health -- 11.10.4 Probiotics in Treatment of Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy Induced Diarrhea -- 11.10.5 Probiotics in Treatment of Anemia -- 11.11 Treatment and Prevention of Obesity -- 11.12 Probiotics as Immunomodulator. , 11.13 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Applications of Microbes in Soil Health Maintenance for Agricultural Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Microbial Sources -- 12.2.1 Microalgae and Cyanobacteria -- 12.2.2 Fungi -- 12.2.3 Bacteria -- 12.3 Applications of Microbes -- 12.3.1 Plant Growth Regulators -- 12.3.2 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) -- 12.3.3 Biotic Elicitors -- 12.3.4 Bioremediation -- 12.3.5 Biocontrol -- 12.3.6 Different Types of Microbes -- 12.4 Healthy Soil and Eco-Friendly Environment -- 12.4.1 Biofertilizers -- 12.4.2 Biopesticides -- 12.4.3 Bioherbicides -- 12.4.4 Bioinsecticides -- 12.5 Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture -- 12.5.1 Benefits of Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 12.5.2 Soil and Environmental Health -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- 13: Co-functional Activity of Microalgae: Biological Wastewater Treatment and Bio-fuel Production -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Wastewater Treatment Using Microalgae -- 13.2.1 Wastewater Composition -- 13.2.2 Nutrient Removal -- Influence of Additives in Wastewater on Nutrient Removal by Microalgae -- 13.2.3 Heavy Metal Removal -- 13.3 Microalgae Cultivation and Harvesting -- 13.3.1 Open Ponds -- 13.3.2 Closed System (Photobioreactor PBRs) -- 13.3.3 Hybrid System -- 13.3.4 Harvesting Techniques -- 13.4 Bio-refinery -- 13.5 Bio-fuel Production Using Microalgae -- 13.5.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 13.5.2 Biochemical Conversion/Fermentation -- 13.5.3 Chemical Reaction/Transesterification -- 13.5.4 Direct Combustion -- 13.6 Sustainability of Energy from Microalgae -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- 14: Microalgae Application in Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Microalgae-Based Products -- 14.2.1 Chemical Products -- 14.2.2 Bioactive Molecules -- 14.3 Microalgae Enzymes -- 14.4 Industrial Applications of Microalgae. , 14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Porous Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Porous Polymers -- 1.3 Synthetic Methods for Porous Polymer Network -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Overview -- 2.1.2 Porous Polymer -- 2.1.3 Crosslinking -- 2.2 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods of HCPs -- 2.3.1 Post-crosslinking Polymer Precursors -- 2.3.2 Direct One-Step Polycondensation -- 2.3.3 Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Crosslinkers -- 2.4 Structure and Morphology of HCPs -- 2.4.1 Nanoparticles -- 2.4.2 Hollow Capsules -- 2.4.3 2D Membranes -- 2.4.4 Monoliths -- 2.5 HCPs Properties -- 2.5.1 Polymer Surface -- 2.5.1.1 Hydrophilicity -- 2.5.1.2 Hydrophobicity -- 2.5.1.3 Amphiphilicity -- 2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area -- 2.5.3 Swelling Behavior -- 2.5.4 Thermomechanical Properties -- 2.6 Functionalization of HCPs -- 2.7 Characterization of HCPs -- 2.7.1 Compositional and Structural Characterization -- 2.7.2 Morphological Characterization -- 2.7.3 Porosity and Surface Area Analysis -- 2.7.4 Other Analysis -- 2.8 Applications -- 2.8.1 Storage Capacity -- 2.8.1.1 Storage of Hydrogen -- 2.8.1.2 Storage of Methane -- 2.8.1.3 CO 2 Capture -- 2.8.2 Environmental Remediation -- 2.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.8.4 Drug Delivery -- 2.8.5 Sensing -- 2.8.6 Other Applications -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Porous Ionic Polymers -- 3.1 Introduction: A Distinctive Feature of the Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.2 Ionic Polymers in Dry State -- 3.3 Ionic Polymers in Swollen State: Hsu-Gierke Model -- 3.4 Modifications of Hsu-Gierke Model: Hydration of Ion Exchange Polymers. , 3.5 Methods for Research of Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.5.1 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption -- 3.5.2 Mercury Intrusion -- 3.5.3 Adsorption-Desorption of Water Vapor -- 3.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 3.5.5 Standard Contact Porosimetry -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria of Porous Plastics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sorting of Porous Polymers -- 4.2.1 Macroporous Polymers -- 4.2.2 Microporous Polymers -- 4.2.3 Mesoporous Polymers -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 AHP Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Novel Research on Porous Polymers Using High Pressure Technology -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Porous Polymers Based on Natural Polysaccharides -- 5.3 Parameters Involved in the Porous Polymers Processing by High Pressure -- 5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying for Porous Polymers Processing -- 5.5 Porous Polymers for Foaming and Scaffolds by Supercritical Technology -- 5.6 Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation in Porous Polymers for Food Packaging -- 5.7 Synthesis of Porous Polymers by Supercritical Emulsion Templating -- 5.8 Porous Polymers as Supports for Catalysts Materials by Supercritical Fluid -- 5.9 Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Processing -- 5.10 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Porous Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stability and Functionalization of POPs -- 6.3 Strategies for Synthesizing POP Catalyst -- 6.3.1 Co-polymerization -- 6.3.1.1 Acidic and Basic Groups -- 6.3.1.2 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.1.3 Ligand Groups -- 6.3.1.4 Chiral Groups -- 6.3.1.5 Porphyrin Group -- 6.3.2 Self-polymerization -- 6.3.2.1 Organic Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.2 Organocatalyst Groups -- 6.3.2.3 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.2.4 Chiral Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.5 Porphyrin Groups. , 6.4 Applications of Various Porous Polymers -- 6.4.1 CO 2 Capture and Utilization -- 6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquid/Zn-PPh 3 Integrated POP -- 6.4.1.1.1 Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction -- 6.4.1.2 Triphenylphosphine-based POP -- 6.4.2 Energy Storage -- 6.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.4.3.1 Cu(II) Complex on Pyridine-based POP for Nitroarene Reduction -- 6.4.3.2 POP-supported Rhodium for Hydroformylation of Olefins -- 6.4.3.3 Ni(II)-metallated POP for Suzuki-Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction -- 6.4.3.4 Ru-loaded POP for Decomposition of Formic Acid to H 2 -- 6.4.3.5 Porphyrin-based POP to Support Mn Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols -- 6.4.3.5.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of Alcohols by TFP-DPMs -- 6.4.4 Photocatalysis -- 6.4.4.1 Conjugated Porous Polymer Based on Phenanthrene Units -- 6.4.4.2 (dipyrrin)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Visible Light Photocatalyst -- 6.4.4.3 Carbazole-based CMPs for C-3 Functionalization of Indoles -- 6.4.4.3.1 Mechanism of C-3 Formylation of N-methylindole by CMP-CSU6 Polymer Catalyst -- 6.4.4.3.2 The Mechanism for C-3 Thiocyanation of 1H-indole -- 6.4.5 Electrocatalysis -- 6.4.5.1 Redox-active N-containing CPP for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- References -- Chapter 7: Triazine Porous Frameworks -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthetic Procedures of CTFs and Their Structural Designs -- 7.2.1 Ionothermal Trimerization Strategy -- 7.2.2 High Temperature Phosphorus Pentoxide (P 2 O 5)-Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.3 Amidine-based Polycondensation Methods -- 7.2.4 Superacid Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Reaction Method -- 7.3 Applications of CTFs -- 7.3.1 Adsorption and Separation -- 7.3.1.1 CO 2 Capture and Separation -- 7.3.1.2 The Removal of Pollutants -- 7.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 7.3.3 Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion -- 7.3.3.1 Metal-Ion Batteries -- 7.3.3.2 Supercapacitors. , 7.3.4 Electrocatalysis -- 7.3.5 Photocatalysis -- 7.3.6 Other Applications of CTFs -- References -- Chapter 8: Advanced Separation Applications of Porous Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Advanced Separation Applications -- 8.3 Separation through Adsorption -- 8.4 Water Treatment -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Porous Polymers for Membrane Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Introduction to Synthesis of Porous Polymeric Particles -- 9.3 Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membrane -- 9.4 Morphology of Membrane and Its Parameters -- 9.5 Emerging Applications of Porous Polymer Membranes -- 9.6 Polysulfone and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Used as Porous Polymers for Membrane Application -- 9.6.1 Polysulfone Membranes -- 9.6.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes -- 9.7 Use of Porous Polymeric Membranes for Sensing Application -- 9.8 Use of Porous Polymeric Electrolytic Membranes Application -- 9.9 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Numerical Modeling and Optimization -- 9.10 Use of Porous Polymers for Biomedical Application -- 9.11 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Tissue Engineering -- 9.12 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Wastewater Treatment -- 9.13 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Dye Rejection Application -- 9.14 Porous Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Application -- 9.15 Porous Polymeric Membrane Used for Fuel Cell Application -- 9.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Porous Polymers in Solar Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Si-based Solar Cells -- 10.1.2 Thin-film Solar Cells -- 10.1.3 Organic Solar Cells -- 10.2 Porous Polymers in DSSCs -- 10.2.1 Porous Polymers in Electrodes -- 10.2.2 Porous Polymer as a Counter Electrode -- 10.2.3 Porous Polymers in TiO 2 Photoanode -- 10.2.4 Porous Polymers in Electrolyte -- 10.2.5 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film. , 10.2.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) Membranes -- 10.2.5.2 Pyridine-based CMPs Aerogels (PCMPAs) -- 10.2.6 Porous Polymers in Coating of Solar Cell -- 10.2.7 Porous Polymers as Photocatalyst or Electrocatalyst -- 10.3 Perovskite Solar Cells -- 10.3.1 Porous Polymers in Electron Transport Layers -- 10.3.2 Porous Polymers in Hole Transport Layers -- 10.3.3 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film -- 10.3.4 Porous Polymers as Interlayers -- 10.3.5 Porous Polymers in Morphology Regulations -- 10.4 Porous Polymers in Silicon Solar Cell -- 10.5 Miscellaneous -- 10.5.1 Porous Polymers in Solar Evaporators -- 10.5.2 Charge Separation Systems in Solar Cells -- 10.5.3 Porous Polymers in ZnO Photoanode -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Porous Polymers for Hydrogen Production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Approaches Utilized for the Generation of Porous Polymers (PPs) -- 11.1.1.1 Infiltration -- 11.1.1.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL) -- 11.1.1.3 Conventional Polymerization -- 11.1.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 11.1.1.5 Controlled/Living Polymerization (CLP) -- 11.1.1.6 Macromolecular Design -- 11.1.1.7 Self-assembly -- 11.1.1.8 Phase Separation -- 11.1.1.9 Solid and Liquid Templating -- 11.1.1.10 Foaming -- 11.2 Various Porous Polymers for H 2 Production -- 11.2.1 Photocatalysts Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.2 Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.3 Porous Conjugated Polymer (PCP) -- 11.2.4 Membrane Reactor -- 11.2.5 Paper-Structured Catalyst with Porous Fiber-Network Microstructure -- 11.2.6 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) -- 11.2.7 PEM Water Electrolysis -- 11.2.8 Microporous Inorganic Membranes -- 11.2.9 Hybrid Porous Solids for Hydrogen Evolution -- 11.3 Other Alternatives for Hydrogen Production -- 11.3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 11.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks. , 11.3.3 Photochemical Device.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Chapter 1: Analytical Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals in Water -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Total Concentration and Speciation Analysis -- 1.3 Health and Legislation -- 1.4 Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis of Heavy Metals -- 1.4.1 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1 Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.1 Modern Sorbents for Classic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.1.2 Micro Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2 Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.2.1 Dispersion Techniques -- 1.4.1.2.2 Modern Sorbents for Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Dispersive Micro-Solid Phase Extraction -- Nanostructured Materials -- Hybrid Materials -- 1.4.1.3 Magnetic Solid-Phase Extraction -- 1.4.1.3.1 Advanced Magnetic Sorbents -- 1.4.2 Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1 Modern Solvents Used in Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 1.4.2.1.1 Non-ionic or Zwitterionic Surfactants -- 1.4.2.1.2 Ionic Liquids -- 1.4.2.1.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents -- 1.4.2.2 Novel Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.1 Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.2 In-Situ Phase Separation Techniques -- 1.4.2.2.3 Cloud Point Extraction -- 1.4.2.2.4 Non-dispersive Microextraction Techniques -- 1.4.2.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction in Flow Analysis -- 1.5 Analytical Techniques for Heavy Metal Detection -- 1.5.1 Spectroscopic Techniques -- 1.5.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.2 Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.3 Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.4.1 Single Particle Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- 1.5.1.5 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy -- 1.5.1.6 X-Ray Fluorescence -- 1.5.1.7 UV-Vis Spectrophotometry -- 1.5.2 Electrochemical Techniques -- 1.5.2.1 Potentiostatic Techniques. , 1.5.2.1.1 Amperometry -- 1.5.2.1.2 Chronocoulometry -- 1.5.2.1.3 Voltammetric Techniques -- 1.5.2.2 Galvanostatic Stripping Chronopotentiometry -- 1.5.2.3 Electrochemiluminescence -- 1.5.3 Other Methods -- 1.5.3.1 Ion Chromatography -- 1.5.3.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy -- 1.5.3.3 Bio Methods -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: Olive-Oil Waste for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Olive Tree Pruning as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.2.1 Characterization -- 2.2.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.3 Olive Stone as Biosorbent of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.3.1 Characterization -- 2.3.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.4 Olive Pomace and Olive-Cake as Biosorbents of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions -- 2.4.1 Characterization -- 2.4.2 Biosorption Tests -- 2.5 Other Valorization Opportunities for Olive-Oil Waste -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Metal Oxide Composites for Heavy Metal Ions Removal -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Issues in Environmental Remediation -- 3.3 Different Types of Magnetic Sorbents -- 3.3.1 Iron Oxide Modified Nanoparticle -- 3.3.2 Zeolite -- 3.3.3 Silica -- 3.3.4 Polymer Functionalization -- 3.3.5 Chitosan and Alginate -- 3.3.6 Activated Carbon -- 3.3.7 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Graphene -- 3.3.8 Agricultural Wastes -- 3.4 Case Studies -- 3.4.1 Characterization -- 3.4.2 Factors Affecting Sorption Processes -- 3.4.3 Agro-Based Magnetic Biosorbents Recovery and Reusability -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Two-Dimensional Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Heavy Metal Ions Removal Mechanism -- 4.2.1 Surface Complexation -- 4.2.2 Van der Waals Interaction -- 4.2.3 Ion Exchange -- 4.3 Different Types of Two-Dimensional Material for Heavy Metal Removal. , 4.3.1 Graphene-Based Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.3.1.1 Structure -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene-Based Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.2 Dichalcogenides -- 4.3.2.1 Structure -- 4.3.2.2 Molybdenum Disulfide for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.3 MXenes -- 4.3.3.1 Structure -- 4.3.3.2 MXenes for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.4 Clay Minerals -- 4.3.4.1 Structure -- 4.3.4.2 Clay Mineral for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.5 Layered Double Hydroxides -- 4.3.5.1 Structure -- 4.3.5.2 Layered Double Hydroxides for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.6 Layered Zeolites -- 4.3.6.1 Structure -- 4.3.6.2 Layered Zeolites for Heavy Metal Removal -- 4.3.7 Other Two-Dimensional Materials -- 4.4 Heavy Metal Removal Other than Adsorption -- 4.5 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Appendix: List of Two-Dimensional Materials that Mentioned in this Chapter for Heavy Metal Removal and their Removal Capacities -- References -- Chapter 5: Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electrodialysis -- 5.2.1 Electrodialysis Applied to Metal Removal -- 5.2.2 Principle -- 5.2.3 Evaluation and Control Parameters -- 5.2.4 Use in Electroplating Industry -- 5.2.4.1 Zinc -- 5.2.4.2 Chromium -- 5.2.4.3 Copper -- 5.2.4.4 Nickel -- 5.2.5 Use in Mining and Mineral Processing Industry -- 5.2.6 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 6: Metal Oxides for Removal of Heavy Metal Ions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Adsorption Methods -- 6.3 Metal Oxides for the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Water -- 6.3.1 Titanium Dioxide -- 6.3.2 Manganese Dioxide -- 6.3.3 Iron Oxide -- 6.3.4 Aluminum Oxide -- 6.3.5 Binary Metal Oxides -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchange Materials for Heavy Metal Removal from Water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ion Exchange Process -- 7.3 Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.3.1 Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.3.2 Organic Ion Exchangers. , 7.4 Heavy Metal Removal with Ion Exchange Materials -- 7.4.1 Lead (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.2 Mercury (II) Removal from Waste Water with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.3 Cadmium (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.4 Nickel (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.5 Chromium (III, VI) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.6 Copper (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.4.7 Zinc (II) Removal from Wastewater with Organic-Inorganic Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Low-Cost Technology for Heavy Metal Cleaning from Water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources and Impact -- 8.3 Different Routes of Contamination -- 8.4 Conventional Water Treatment Methods -- 8.4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 8.4.2 Secondary Water Treatment -- 8.4.3 Tertiary Water Treatment -- 8.4.4 Membrane Filtration -- 8.5 Advanced Technology for Heavy Metal Ion Removal -- 8.5.1 Nano-Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Molecularly-Imprinted Polymers -- 8.5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH) and Covalent-Organic Framework (COF) -- 8.5.4 Emerging Membrane Technologies -- 8.6 Low-Cost and Biotechnological Approaches -- 8.6.1 Biosorption -- 8.6.2 Microbial Remediation -- 8.6.3 Biotechnological Strategies -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Use of Nanomaterials for Heavy Metal Remediation -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Heavy Metals in the Environment -- 9.2.1 Characteristics of Selected Heavy Metals -- 9.3 Wastewater Treatment -- 9.4 Nanomaterials -- 9.4.1 Clay Minerals -- 9.4.2 Layered Double Hydroxide and Their Mixed-Oxides Counterparts -- 9.4.3 Zeolites -- 9.4.4 Two-dimensional Early Transition Metal Carbides and Carbonitrides -- 9.4.5 Metal Based Nanoparticles. , 9.4.5.1 Zero-valent Metals -- 9.4.5.2 Metal Oxides -- 9.4.6 Carbon-based Materials -- 9.4.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes -- 9.4.6.2 Fullerenes -- 9.4.6.3 Graphene -- 9.4.6.4 Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.5 Reduced Graphene Oxide -- 9.4.6.6 Graphitic Carbon Nitride -- 9.4.7 Metal Organic Frameworks -- 9.5 Disadvantages of Using Nanomaterials -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Ecoengineered Approaches for the Remediation of Polluted River Ecosystems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Occurrence of Pollutants, Emerging Contaminants and Their Riverine Fates -- 10.3 Hazardous Effects of Water Contaminants on Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota -- 10.4 Historic Concepts of River Bioremediation -- 10.5 Physico-chemical River Remediation Methods -- 10.6 Eco-engineered River Water Remediation Technologies -- 10.6.1 Plant Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.1.1 Constructed Wetlands -- 10.6.1.2 Ecological Floating Wetlands, Beds and Islands -- 10.6.1.3 Eco-tanks -- 10.6.1.4 Bio-racks -- 10.6.2 Microorganisms Based River Remediation Systems -- 10.6.2.1 Biofilm Based Eco-engineered Treatment Systems -- 10.6.2.1.1 Bio-filters in River Bioremediation -- 10.6.2.2 Periphyton Based Technologies -- 10.7 In Situ Emerging Integrated Systems for the River Bioremediation -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 11: Ballast Water Definition, Components, Aquatic Invasive Species, Control and Management and Treatment Technologies -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Component of Ballast Water -- 11.3 Aquatic Invasive Species -- 11.4 The International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments -- 11.5 IMO Standards for Ballast Water Quality -- 11.6 Management Options of Ballast Water -- 11.7 Ballast Water Treatment Technologies -- 11.7.1 Mechanical Treatment -- 11.7.2 Physical Treatment -- 11.7.2.1 Ultrasound and Cavitation. , 11.7.3 Chemical Treatment.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Organic-Inorganic Membranes Impregnated with Ionic Liquid -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ionic Liquids: General Properties and Applications -- 3 Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes in Fuel Cells -- 4 Ionic Liquid Polymer Membranes for Fuel Cells -- 4.1 Ionic Liquid/Polymer Membranes -- 4.2 Polymerized Ionic Liquid Membranes -- 4.3 IL Gel and Composite Polymer Membranes -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Organic/TiO2 Nanocomposite Membranes: Recent Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 TiO2-Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.1 Perfluorinated Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes (PEMs) -- 2.2 Acid-Base Polymer Complex-Based Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.3 TiO2-Modified Polytetrafluoroethylene Membranes -- 2.4 Poly(ether ether ketone)-Based Nanocomposite PEMs -- 2.5 PANI Based Membranes -- 2.6 PES Based Membranes -- 2.7 Polysulfone-Based Membranes -- 2.8 TiO2 Solar Cells -- 2.9 Carbon Materials and Metal-Carbon Nanotube (CNTs)-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.1 Carbon-TiO2 Composites -- 2.9.2 Graphene (GN)-TiO2 Composites -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Organic/Silica Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Silica Nanoparticle-Based Membranes -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Organic/Zeolites Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic Concepts About Zeolites -- 3 Polymer-Zeolite Composite Membranes: The Role of the Zeolite -- 3.1 Influence of Si/Al Ratio -- 3.2 Proton Mobility in Zeolites -- 3.3 Internal and External Surface Area -- 3.4 Configurational Diffusion -- 3.5 Crystallite Size [17, 18] -- 3.6 Functionalization of Zeolite Surface -- 3.7 Selectivity, Proton Conductivity, and Permeability. , 4 Techniques for Producing Organic/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Synthetic Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 5.1 Route 1: Zeolite + Organic Monomers -- 5.2 Route 3: Inorganic Precursor + Organic Polymer -- 5.3 Route 4: Zeolite + Organic Polymer -- 6 Natural Polymers/Zeolite Nanocomposite Membranes for PEMFCs -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Composite Membranes Based on Heteropolyacids and Their Applications in Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Heteropolyacids Types and Structures -- 3 HPAs and Proton Transport in Fuel Cells -- 4 HPAs in PEM Fuel Cell -- 5 HPAs in High-Temperature and Low-Humidity PEMFC -- 6 HPAs in DMFC -- 7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Organic/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite Membranes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Membrane Fabrication Methods -- 2.1 Phase Inversion -- 2.2 Immersion Precipitation -- 2.3 Evaporation-Induced Phase Separation -- 3 Montmorillonite-Based Nanocomposites Membranes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Methanol Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methanol Crossover and Low Proton Conductivity -- 3 Composite SPEEK -- 4 SPEEK-Clay Nanocomposite as PEM for DMFC -- 5 Morphology Types and the Importance of Exfoliated Surface Structure on DMFC Performance -- 6 Preparation of Exfoliated Nanocomposite Membranes -- 7 Electrospinning as a Membrane Morphological Modification Technique -- 8 Electrospun Polymer-Based Nanofiber Membranes for DMFC Application -- 9 Electrospinning Parameters -- 10 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 8 A Basic Overview of Fuel Cells: Thermodynamics and Cell Efficiency -- Abstract -- 1 What Is a Fuel Cell? -- 2 Fuel Cell Structure and Classification -- 3 Fuel Cell Construction. , 4 PEMFC Types, Electrode Reactions, and Cell Potential -- 4.1 H2/O2 PEMFC -- 4.2 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC) -- 4.3 Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells (DEFC) -- 4.4 Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells (DFAFC) -- 4.5 Direct Borohydride Fuel Cells (DBFCs) -- 5 Fuel Cell Thermodynamics -- 5.1 Effect of Temperature -- 5.2 Effect of Pressure -- 5.3 Effect of Concentration of Reactant -- 6 Fuel Cell Efficiency -- 6.1 Losses in Actual System -- 6.2 Activation Overpotential -- 6.3 Ohmic Polarization Losses -- 6.4 Mass Transport Overpotential -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Organic/Inorganic and Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes for Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Proton-Exchange Membranes (PEMs) -- 2 Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Membranes -- 3 Organic-Sulfated Metal Oxide Hybrid Membrane -- 4 Sulfated Zirconia Nanocomposite Membranes -- 5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Electrochemical Promotional Role of Under-Rib Convection-Based Flow-Field in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 General Description of Performance Improvements in PEMFCs -- 2.1 Proton Exchange Membrane -- 2.2 Electrode and Catalyst -- 2.3 Gas Diffusion Layer -- 2.4 Membrane Electrode Assembly -- 2.5 Bipolar Plate -- 2.6 Single Cell and Stack -- 2.6.1 Water and Heat Management -- 2.6.2 Fuel Crossover, Oxidation, and CO Poisoning -- 2.6.3 Scale-up and Long-Term Experiments -- 3 Structured Techniques for Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1 Experimental Approaches to Flow-Field Optimization -- 3.1.1 Current Density Measurement -- 3.1.2 Flow Visualization -- 3.1.3 Polarization Curve Evaluation -- 3.2 Modeling Approaches to Flow Optimization -- 3.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling -- 3.2.2 Two-Phase Modeling for Water Management -- 3.2.3 Complex Flow-field Interaction Modeling. , 3.3 Validation of Experimental and Numerical Results -- 4 New Flow-field Optimization Approaches Utilizing Under-Rib Convection -- 4.1 Homogeneous Distribution of the Reactants -- 4.2 Uniformity of Temperature and Current Density Distributions -- 4.3 Facilitation of Liquid Water Discharge -- 4.4 Reduction in Pressure Drop -- 4.5 Improvement in Output Power -- 5 Summary -- References -- 11 Methods for the Preparation of Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods for Preparation of Nanocomposite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- 2.1 Blending of Nanoparticles in Polymer Matrix -- 2.1.1 Phase Inversion Method for Preparation of PEMs -- 2.1.2 Solution Casting Method -- 2.1.3 Hot Press -- 2.2 Doping or Infiltration and Precipitation of Nanoparticles and Precursors -- 2.3 Self-assembly of Nanoparticles -- 2.4 Non-hydrolytic Sol-Gel (NHSG) Method -- 2.5 Layer-by-Layer Fabrication Method -- 2.6 Nonequilibrium Impregnation Reduction -- 2.7 Surface Patterning Method -- 3 Future Directions and Conclusion -- References -- 12 An Overview of Chemical and Mechanical Stabilities of Polymer Electrolytes Membrane -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Durability of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) -- 3 Proton Conductivity of PEM -- 4 Chemical Stabilities and Degradation of PEM -- 5 Mechanical Stability and Degradation of PEM -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Electrospun Nanocomposite Materials for Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrospinning Process -- 2.1 Electrospun Fibers -- 2.1.1 Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) -- 2.1.2 Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) -- 2.1.3 Poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) -- 2.1.4 Poly(arylene ether)s -- 2.1.5 Poly(imide)s -- 2.1.6 Poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) -- 2.2 Crosslinking of Electrospun Fibers. , 2.3 Interface Bonding -- 3 Reducing Methanol Crossover -- 4 Improving Proton Conductivity -- 4.1 Electrospinning of Nafion -- 4.2 Aligned Nanofibers -- 5 Other Applications of Electrospinning in Fuel Cells -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Fabrication Techniques for the Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recent Developments of PEM-Based on Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposites -- 3 Fabrication Techniques for the Preparation of PEM -- 3.1 Different Polymerization Routes -- 3.2 Plasma Methods -- 3.3 Sol-Gel Method -- 3.4 Ultrasonic Coating Technique -- 3.5 Phase Inversion Method -- 3.6 In Situ Reduction -- 3.7 Catalyst-Coated Membrane by Screen Printing Method -- 3.8 Solution Casting Method -- 3.9 Other Methods -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Chitosan-Based Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chitosan: An Overview -- 3 Characterization of the Polymer Membrane and Their Desired Properties -- 4 Chitosan Based Membranes for Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.1 Chitosan Blend Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.2 Chitosan Cross-Linked Polymer Electrolyte -- 4.3 Chitosan Polymer Composite Based Polymer Electrode -- 5 Chitosan for Fuel Cell -- 6 Chitosan for Biofuel Cell -- 6.1 Microbial Biofuel Cell -- 6.2 Enzymatic Biofuel Cell -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Fuel Cells: Construction, Design, and Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Different Types of Fuel Cells -- 3 Construction and Design of Different FC -- 3.1 PEMFC -- 3.2 DMFC -- 3.3 AEMFC -- 3.4 PAFC -- 3.5 SOFC -- 3.6 MCFC -- 4 Catalysts for Different FCs -- 5 Materials and Methods for Preparation of PEM for Fuel Cells -- 6 Characterizations and Characteristic Properties of PEM for Different FC -- 7 Summary -- References. , 17 Proton Conducting Polymer Electrolytes for Fuel Cells via Electrospinning Technique.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- MXenes for Sensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of MXenes -- 3. MXenes for sensing applications -- 3.1 Electronic sensors -- 3.2 Biosensing -- 4. Characterization -- 5. Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 -- A Newly Emerging MXene Nanomaterial for Environmental Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Physiochemical properties of MXenes nanomaterials -- 2.1 Crystal structure -- 2.1.2 Surface chemical structure -- 2.1.3 Band gap structure -- 2.2 Synthesis of MXenes nanomaterials -- 3. MXenes for environmental application -- 3.1 Adsorption -- 3.1.1 Adsorption of organic pollutants -- 3.1.2 Adsorption of inorganic pollutants -- 3.1.3 Adsorption of gaseous pollutants -- 3.1.4 Adsorption of other pollutants -- 3.2 Photocatalysis -- 3.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 3.4 Membrane filtration -- Conclusion and remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 -- Two-Dimensional MXene as a Promising Material for Hydrogen Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Family of Mxenes -- 3. Structural properties of Mxenes -- 4. Preparation of Mxenes -- 5. Mxenes for hydrogen storage -- 6. Computational and theoretical study on hydrogen storage over MXenes -- 7. Experimental study of Mxenes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 -- MXenes for Electrocatalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes forHER -- 2.1 The mechanism of HER -- 2.2 MXene-based catalysts for HER -- 3. MXene for OER -- 3.1 The mechanism of OER -- 3.2 MXene-based catalysts for OER -- 4. MXene for NRR -- 4.1 The mechanism of NRR -- 4.2 MXene-based catalysts for NRR -- Conclusion and outlook -- References -- 5 -- MXenes Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Significance of MXenes composites -- 3. MAX phases in MXenes -- 4. Processing of MXene composites -- 4.1 Synthesis of MXenes -- 4.2 Surface modifications. , 5. Structural and mechanical properties -- 6. Electronic properties -- 7. Surface state properties -- 8. Transport and optical properties -- 9. Magnetic properties -- 10. Applications of MXenes in different fields -- 10.1 Low work function emitters -- 10.2 Catalysts and photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution -- 10.3 Energy conversion for thermoelectric devices -- 10.4 Energy storage -- 10.5 Biomedical applications -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- MXenes for Supercapacitors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitor background -- 3. Synthesis approaches -- 3.1 MXene -- 3.2 Element doped MXenes -- 3.3 MXene-based nanocomposites -- 3.4 MXene quantum dots -- 4. Structures, properties and supercapacitor applications -- 4.1 Single/few-layered MXene-based supercapacitors -- 4.2 Element doped MXenes -- 4.3 MXene composites-based supercapacitors -- Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- MXenes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-ion batteries -- 3. Summary -- References -- 8 -- MXenes for Biomedical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes as antibacterial agent -- 3. MXenes as biosensors -- 4. MXenes in bio-imaging -- 5. Therapeutic applications of MXenes -- Discussion -- References -- 9 -- MXene and its Sensing Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MXenes based sensors -- 2.1 MXene for electrochemical (bio) sensing -- 2.2 MXenes for optical sensing -- 2.3 MXene for gas sensing -- 2.4 MXene for piezoresistive sensing -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fundamental Concepts of Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basic concepts -- 2.1 Quantum Hall to Quantum Spin Hall -- 2.2 Time-reversal symmetry (TRS) -- 2.3 Topological surface-states -- 2.4 Spin orbital coupling -- 2.5 Bulk insulating states -- 2.6 Topological invariants -- 3. Fundamental properties of TIs -- 3.1 Photon-Like Electron -- 3.2 Low-Power Dissipation -- 3.3 Spin-Polarized Electrons -- 3.4 Quantum Spin Hall (QSH) -- 3.5 Mechanical strength -- 3.6 Thermal Expansion and Mechanical Stability -- 3.7 Band inversion and Dirac-like surface-states -- 4. Development of TIs -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- One-Dimensional Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of TIs -- 2. History -- 3. Properties -- 3.1 Photon-like electron -- 3.2 Low power dissipation -- 3.3 Spin-polarized electrons -- 3.4 Quantum spin hall effect (QSH) -- 4. Class distribution of TIs -- 4.1 Distribution by dimension -- 4.2 Distribution by parity of Dirac points -- 4.3 Distribution by symmetry -- 5. Synthesis of TIs -- 5.1 Mechanical exfoliation -- 5.2 MBE growth of TIs -- 5.3 Chemical vapor deposition -- 5.4 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) -- 6. Generations of TIs -- 6.1 First-generation TIs -- 6.2 Second-generation TIs -- 6.3 Higher -order TIs -- 6.4 Experimental realization of 2D and 3D TIs -- 7. Photonic TIs -- 7.1 Floquet topological insulators -- 8. Bismuth-based topological insulators -- 9. Extensions of one-dimensional topological insulator models -- 9.1 SSH model -- 9.2 Jackiw-Rebbi Model -- 10. Reversed conductance decay of 1D topological insulators -- 11. Topological Insulators in a ten-fold way -- 11.1 T-symmetry -- 11.2 Particle-hole symmetry -- 11.3 Chiral symmetry -- 12. Future evolution of 1D topological insulators -- Conclusion -- References -- 3. , The Origin of Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Topological insulator's primer -- 2.1 Knowledge acquire from past -- 2.2 Going 3D -- 3. Experimental realizations -- 3.1 A graphene lookalike -- 3.2 Concerned matter -- 4. A novel field -- 4.1 Superfluidity and particle physics -- 4.2 Emergent particles and quantum computing -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Magnetic Topological Insulator -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Origin of magnetization in magnetic topological insulators -- 3. Intrinsic magnetic TIs -- 3.1 Anti-ferromagnetic phase -- 3.2 Ferromagnetic phase -- 4. Experimental observation of an intrinsic magnetic TI -- 5. Quantum anomalous hall effect in magnetic TIs -- 5.1 Quantum spin hall effect in 2D system -- 5.2 QHE, QSHE, and QAHE -- 6. Experimental observation of the AQHE in a MTIs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Topological Superconductor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theory of topological superconductors -- 3. Majorana fermions -- 4. Possible candidate of superconductivity in TSCs -- 4.1 Unconventional superconductors (SCs) -- 4.2 Iron based superconductors -- 4.3 Tin based superconductors -- 5. Properties of topological superconductors -- 5.1 Spin current and thermal conductivity -- 5.2 Anomalous Josephson effect -- 5.3 Majorana fermions in hybrid systems -- 5.4 Nematicity -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Manganese Doped Topological Insulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure -- 2.1 Layered structure of MnBi2Se4 -- 2.2 Vapor transport growth of MnBi2Te4 -- 3. Extrinsic magnetic moments -- 4. Intrinsic magnetic properties -- 5. Heterostructure comprising MBT and magnetic monolayer materials -- 6. MBT Family -- 6.1 Chemically substituted MBT -- 6.2 Puzzle surface state of MBT -- 7. Effect of magnetic moment on Mn atoms -- 8. Temperature evaluation of the electronic structure of MnBi4Te7. , 9. Thermoelectricity in Mn doped topological insulator Bi2Se3 -- 9.1 Experimental setup -- 9.2 Result and discussion -- Conclusion -- Reference -- 7 -- Topological Insulators in Optical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Light trapping in thin film -- 2.1 Solar cell embedded with photonic topological insulator -- 3. Ultra wide dual bandwidth -- 4. Topological beam splitter -- 4.1 Implementation of topological beam splitter -- 5. Corner states in 2D photonic topological insulators -- 6. Bi2Te3 topological insulators -- 6.1 Photo-induced structured waves -- 6.2 Dynamic optical study -- 7. Bi2Se3 topological insulator -- 7.1 Saturabe absorber -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 -- Topological Insulators for Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Topological insulator saturable absorber based fiber lasers -- 2.1 TISA in Erbium-doped fiber laser -- 2.2 TISA in Ytterbium-doped fiber laser -- 3. Result and discussion -- 3.1 Fundamental mode-locking and optical characterization -- 3.1.1 Erbium-doped fiber laser -- 3.1.2 Ytterbium-doped fiber laser -- 3.2 Mode-locked and Q-switched fiber lasers -- 3.2.1 Mode-locked fiber lasers -- 3.3 Q-switched fiber lasers -- 3.4 Challenges and future perspective -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Fundamentals Concepts of Topological Insulators: Historical Overview and Single Crystal Growth Techniques -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Knowledge and learning from the past - A historical perspective -- 3. Synthesis routes for fabrication of topological insulators -- 3.1 Optical floating zone -- 3.2 Metal flux route -- 3.3 Czochralski method -- 3.4 Chemical vapour deposition -- 3.5 Bridgman principle -- 4. Outlook and future perspectives -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.