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  • Articles  (6)
  • Protist  (6)
  • 1
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    Impact of intentionally injected carbon dioxide hydrate on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal survival (2009)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Authors, 2009. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Blackwell for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Change Biology 15 (2009): 2078-2088, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01822.x.
    Description: Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ocean is being considered as a feasible mechanism to mitigate the alarming rate in its atmospheric rise. Little is known, however, about how the resulting hypercapnia and ocean acidification may affect marine fauna. In an effort to understand better the protistan reaction to such an environmental perturbation, the survivorship of benthic foraminifera, which is a prevalent group of protists, was studied in response to deep-sea CO2 release. The survival response of calcareous, agglutinated, and thecate foraminifera was determined in two experiments at ~3.1 and 3.3 km water depth in Monterey Bay (California, USA). Approximately five weeks after initial seafloor CO2 release, in situ incubations of the live-dead indicator CellTracker Green were executed within seafloor-emplaced pushcores. Experimental treatments included direct exposure to CO2 hydrate, two levels of lesser exposure adjacent to CO2 hydrate, and controls, which were far removed from the CO2 hydrate release. Results indicate that survivorship rates of agglutinated and thecate foraminifera were not significantly impacted by direct exposure but the survivorship of calcareous foraminifera was significantly lower in direct exposure treatments compared to controls. Observations suggest that, if large scale CO2 sequestration is enacted on the deep-sea floor, survival of two major groups of this prevalent protistan taxon will likely not be severely impacted, while calcareous foraminifera will face considerable challenges to maintain their benthic populations in areas directly exposed to CO2 hydrate.
    Description: This work was funded by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (project 200002; to JPB), US Department of Energy grant # DE-FG02-03ER63696 (to J. P. Kennett and J.M.B.), and NSF OCE-0725966 (to J.M.B.).
    Keywords: Carbon dioxide sequestration ; CO2 injection ; Climate change ; Foraminifera ; Experiment ; Hypercapnia ; Meiofauna ; Monterey Bay ; Ocean acidification ; Protist
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 2
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    Active eukaryotes in microbialites from Highborne Cay, Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool (Shark Bay), Australia (2014)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 8 (2014): 418–429, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.130.
    Description: Microbialites are organosedimentary structures that are formed through the interaction of benthic microbial communities and sediments and include mineral precipitation. These lithifying microbial mat structures include stromatolites and thrombolites. Exuma Sound in the Bahamas, and Hamelin Pool in Shark Bay, Western Australia are two locations where significant stands of modern microbialites exist. Although prokaryotic diversity in these structures is reasonably well documented, little is known about the eukaryotic component of these communities and their potential to influence sedimentary fabrics through grazing, binding and burrowing activities. Accordingly, comparisons of eukaryotic communities in modern stromatolitic and thrombolytic mats can potentially provide insight into the coexistence of both laminated and clotted mat structures in close proximity to one another. Here we examine this possibility by comparing eukaryotic diversity based on Sanger and high-throughput pyrosequencing of small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) genes. Analyses were based on total RNA extracts as template to minimize input from inactive or deceased organisms. Results identified diverse eukaryotic communities particularly stramenopiles, Alveolata, Metazoa, Amoebozoa, and Rhizaria within different mat types at both locations, as well as abundant and diverse signatures of eukaryotes with 〈80% sequence similarity to sequences in GenBank. This suggests presence of significant novel eukaryotic diversity, particularly in hypersaline Hamelin Pool. There was evidence of vertical structuring of protist populations and foraminiferal diversity was highest in bioturbated/clotted thrombolite mats of Highborne Cay.
    Description: This work was funded by grant OCE-0926421 to JMB and VPE and OCE-0926372 to RES.
    Keywords: Eukaryote ; Protist ; Stromatolite ; Microbialite ; Thrombolite ; 18S rRNA ; Diversity ; Foraminifera ; Hamelin Pool ; Highborne Cay
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 3
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    Foraminiferal ultrastructure: A perspective from fluorescent and fluorogenic probes (2019)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2019. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences 124 (2019): 2823-2850, doi:10.1029/2019JG005113.
    Description: Microscopy techniques have been widely applied to observe cellular ultrastructure. Most of these techniques, such as transmission electron microscopy, produce high‐resolution images, but they may require extensive preparation, hampering their application for in vivo examination. Other approaches, such as fluorescent and fluorogenic probes, can be applied not only to fixed specimens but also to living cells when the probes are nontoxic. Fluorescence‐based methods, which are generally relatively easy to use, allow visual and (semi)quantitative studies of the ultrastructural organization and processes of the cell under natural as well as manipulated conditions. To date, there are relatively few published studies on the nearly ubiquitous marine protistan group Foraminifera that have used fluorescent and fluorogenic probes, despite their huge potential. The aim of the present contribution is to document the feasible application of a wide array of these probes to foraminiferal biology. More specifically, we applied fluorescence‐based probes to study esterase activity, cell viability, calcium signaling, pH variation, reactive oxygen species, neutral and polar lipids, lipid droplets, cytoskeleton structures, Golgi complex, acidic vesicles, nuclei, and mitochondria in selected foraminiferal species.
    Description: The authors are very grateful to the Editor‐in‐Chief Miguel Goni and two anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful and valuable comments that have greatly improved the paper. Markus Raitzsch and Karina Kaczmarek from the AWI, Jakub Kordas from the ZOO Wrocław sp. z o. o. (Poland), and Max Janse from The Royal Burgers' Zoo (Arnhem, the Netherlands) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors declare that no competing interests exist. All the data are included within the paper or the supporting information accompanying it. The research for this paper was partially supported by the Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (PRIN 2010‐2011 protocollo 2010RMTLYR) to R.C., the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI Grant (Numbers: JP18H06074, JP17H02978, JP19H02009, JP19H03045) to T.T. and Y.N., the WHOI Investment in Science Program to J.M.B, the Polish National Science Center (Grant DEC‐2015/19/B/ST10/01944) J.T. and J.G. and the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences (EM084C) to E.A‐E.
    Description: 2020-02-22
    Keywords: Protist ; Organelles ; Confocal laser scanning microscopy ; Probes ; Foraminifera
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Benthic foraminiferal ultrastructural alteration induced by heavy metals (2018)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Micropaleontology 138 (2018): 83-89, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.10.009.
    Description: Heavy metals are known to cause deleterious effects on biota because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Here, we briefly document the ultrastructural changes observed in the miliolid foraminifer Pseudotriloculina rotunda (d'Orbigny in Schlumberger, 1893) and in the perforate calcareous species Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny, 1839) induced by exposure to one of three heavy metals (zinc, lead, or mercury). The exposure of these two benthic foraminiferal species to the selected heavy metals appear to promote cytological alterations and organelle degeneration. These alterations include a thickening of the inner organic lining, an increase in number and size of lipid droplets, mitochondrial degeneration, and degradation vacuoles and residual body proliferation. Some of these alterations, including the thickening of the inner organic lining and the proliferation of lipids, might represent defense mechanisms against heavy metal-induced stress.
    Description: The research on Ammonia parkinsoniana was partially supported by the PRIN 2010-2011 Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (MIUR) (protocollo 2010RMTLYR) to RC. The research on Pseudotriloculina rotunda was supported by the Polytechnic University of Marche (PhD thesis of MPN).
    Keywords: Protist ; Pollution ; Miliolid ; Ultrastructure ; Cytoplasm ; Ammonia ; Pseudotriloculina
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 5
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    An overview of cellular ultrastructure in benthic foraminifera : new observations of rotalid species in the context of existing literature (2018)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Micropaleontology 138 (2018): 12-32, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.10.005.
    Description: We report systematic transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations of the cellular ultrastructure of selected, small rotalid benthic foraminifera. Nine species from different environments (intertidal mudflat, fjord, and basin) were investigated: Ammonia sp., Elphidium oceanense, Haynesina germanica, Bulimina marginata, Globobulimina sp., Nonionellina labradorica, Nonionella sp., Stainforthia fusiformis and Buliminella tenuata. All the observed specimens were fixed just after collection from their natural habitats allowing description of intact and healthy cells. Foraminiferal organelles can be divided into two broad categories: (1) organelles that are present in all eukaryotes, such as the nuclei, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and peroxisomes; and (2) organelles observed in all foraminifera but not common in all eukaryotic cells, generally with unknown function, such as fibrillar vesicles or electron-opaque bodies. Although the organelles of the first category were observed in all the observed species, their appearance varies. For example, subcellular compartments linked to feeding and metabolism exhibited different sizes and shapes between species, likely due to differences in their diet and/or trophic mechanisms. The organelles of the second category are common in all foraminiferal species investigated and, according to the literature, are frequently present in the cytoplasm of many different species, both benthic and planktonic. This study, thus, provides a detailed overview of the major ultrastructural components in benthic foraminiferal cells from a variety of marine environments, and also highlights the need for further research to better understand the function and role of the various organelles in these fascinating organisms.
    Description: This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. 200021_149333), The Investment in Science Fund at WHOI and the French national program EC2CO-LEFE (project ForChlo). TJ was funded by the “FRESCO” project, a project supported by the Region Pays de Loire and the University of Angers.
    Keywords: Protist ; Organelles ; TEM ; Cytology ; Mudflat ; Gullmar Fjord
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Ultrastructure and distribution of kleptoplasts in benthic foraminifera from shallow-water (photic) habitats (2018)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here under a nonexclusive, irrevocable, paid-up, worldwide license granted to WHOI. It is made available for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Micropaleontology 138 (2018): 46-62, doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2017.10.003.
    Description: Assimilation, sequestration and maintenance of foreign chloroplasts inside an organism is termed “chloroplast sequestration” or “kleptoplasty”. This phenomenon is known in certain benthic foraminifera, in which such kleptoplasts can be found both intact and functional, but with different retention times depending on foraminiferal species. In the present study, seven species of benthic foraminifera (Haynesina germanica, Elphidium williamsoni, E. selseyense, E. oceanense, E. aff. E. crispum, Planoglabratella opercularis and Ammonia sp.) were collected from shallow-water benthic habitats and examined with transmission electron microscope (TEM) for cellular ultrastructure to ascertain attributes of kleptoplasts. Results indicate that all these foraminiferal taxa actively obtain kleptoplasts but organized them differently within their endoplasm. In some species, the kleptoplasts were evenly distributed throughout the endoplasm (e.g., H. germanica, E. oceanense, Ammonia sp.), whereas other species consistently had plastids distributed close to the external cell membrane (e.g., Elphidium williamsoni, E. selseyense, P. opercularis). Chloroplast degradation also seemed to differ between species, as many degraded plastids were found in Ammonia sp. and E. oceanense compared to other investigated species. Digestion ability, along with different feeding and sequestration strategies may explain the differences in retention time between taxa. Additionally, the organization of the sequestered plastids within the endoplasm may also suggest behavioral strategies to expose and/or protect the sequestered plastids to/from light and/or to favor gas and/or nutrient exchange with their surrounding habitats.
    Description: TJ was funded by the “FRESCO” project, a project supported by the Region Pays de Loire and the University of Angers. This work was also supported by a grant no. 200021_149333 from the Swiss National Science Foundation and the French national program EC2CO-LEFE (project ForChlo).JMB acknowledges the Robert W. Morse Chair for Excellence in Oceanography and the Investment in Science Fund at WHOI. Also, KK acknowledges the Academy of Finland (Project numbers: 278827, 283453).
    Keywords: Kleptoplasty ; Protist ; Chloroplast ; TEM ; Transmission electron microscope
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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