Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera -- 1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions -- 1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing -- 1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan -- 1.4 Analytical Methods Applied -- 1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars -- 1.4.2 Analytical Techniques -- 1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis -- 1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) -- 1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall -- 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.2.1 Cellulose -- 2.2.2 Hemicellulose -- 2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan -- 2.2.2.2 Xylans -- 2.2.2.3 Mannans -- 2.2.3 Callose -- 2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides -- 2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG) -- 2.2.4.2 Arabinan -- 2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.3.1 Alginates -- 2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans -- 2.3.3 Fucoidans -- 2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.4.1 Glucan -- 2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan -- 2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.5.1 Peptidoglycan -- 2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- References -- 3 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polysaccharide Origins -- 3.3 Properties -- 3.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.3.3 Alginate -- 3.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.3.5 Agar -- 3.3.6 Porphyran -- 3.3.7 Fucoidan -- 3.3.8 Ulvan -- 3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae -- 3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides -- 3.4.1 Biomedical Applications -- 3.4.1.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.1.2 Chitosan. , 3.4.1.3 Alginate -- 3.4.2 Food Applications -- 3.4.2.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.2.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.2.3 Alginates -- 3.4.2.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.2.5 Agar -- 3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications -- 3.4.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.3.3 Alginate -- 3.4.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.3.5 Porphyran -- 3.4.3.6 Fucoidan -- 3.4.4 Agriculture -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Agar -- 4.1.2 Carrageenan -- 4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin) -- 4.1.4 Fucoidan -- 4.1.5 Laminaran -- 4.1.6 Ulvan -- 4.2 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Agars: Properties and Applications -- 5.1 History and Origin of Agar -- 5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing -- 5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds -- 5.3 Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1.1 Freeze-Thaw Method -- 5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method -- 5.4 Structure of Agar -- 5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar -- 5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar -- 5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels -- 5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors -- 5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry -- 5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms -- 5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations -- 5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes -- 5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar -- 5.10 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- 6 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.1.1 Structure -- 6.1.2 Classification -- 6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques -- 6.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.2.1 Functional Fibers -- 6.2.2 Biomedicine. , 6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering -- 6.2.2.2 Wound Healing -- 6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery -- 6.2.2.4 Therapeutics -- 6.2.3 Cosmetics -- 6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients -- 6.2.5 Biofuels -- 6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.7 Textiles -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties -- 7.2.2 Functional Properties -- 7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan -- 7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.3.1 Anticancer Agents -- 7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation -- 7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance -- 7.3.4 Drug Delivery -- 7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations -- 7.3.6 Waste Management -- 7.3.7 Food Industry -- 7.3.8 In Cosmetics -- 7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics -- 8.3 Seaweed -- 8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed -- 8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon's Seaweed -- 8.5.1 C. prolifera -- 8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans -- 8.5.2 U. rigida & -- E. intestinalis -- 8.5.2.1 Ulvan -- 8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum -- 8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans -- 8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans -- 8.5.3.3 Mannans -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Production -- 9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure -- 9.4 Rheological Properties -- 9.5 Purification and Deacetylation -- 9.6 Food Applications -- 9.6.1 Beverage -- 9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing -- 9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating -- 9.6.4 Gelation -- 9.7 Health Benefits -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References. , 10 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Gum Arabic -- 10.1.2 Gum Karaya -- 10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu -- 10.1.4 Gum Ghatti -- 10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth -- 10.1.6 Gum Olibanum -- 10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications -- 10.3 Minor Tree Gums -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Main Raw Materials -- 11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats -- 11.5 Cellulose Extraction -- 11.5.1 Mechanical Methods -- 11.5.2 Chemical Methods -- 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives -- 11.7 Main Applications -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch -- 12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules -- 12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules -- 12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch -- 12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch -- 12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch -- 12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch -- 12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch -- 12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch -- 12.3 Modification of Starch -- 12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch -- 12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch -- 12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch -- 12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives -- 12.4.1 In Food Industry -- 12.4.2 In Paper Industry -- 12.4.3 Starch as Binders -- 12.4.4 In Detergent Products -- 12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics. , 12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries -- 12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials -- 12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications -- 12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials -- 12.4.10 In Drug Delivery -- 12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings -- 12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement -- 13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides -- 13.4.1 Cellulose -- 13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin -- 13.4.3 Starch -- 13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds -- 14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water -- 15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight -- 15.4 Solubility and Branching -- 15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions -- 15.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Aerogels -- 16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose -- 16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin. , 16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Porous Polymers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Porous Polymers -- 1.3 Synthetic Methods for Porous Polymer Network -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Overview -- 2.1.2 Porous Polymer -- 2.1.3 Crosslinking -- 2.2 Hyper-crosslinked Polymers -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods of HCPs -- 2.3.1 Post-crosslinking Polymer Precursors -- 2.3.2 Direct One-Step Polycondensation -- 2.3.3 Knitting Rigid Aromatic Building Blocks by External Crosslinkers -- 2.4 Structure and Morphology of HCPs -- 2.4.1 Nanoparticles -- 2.4.2 Hollow Capsules -- 2.4.3 2D Membranes -- 2.4.4 Monoliths -- 2.5 HCPs Properties -- 2.5.1 Polymer Surface -- 2.5.1.1 Hydrophilicity -- 2.5.1.2 Hydrophobicity -- 2.5.1.3 Amphiphilicity -- 2.5.2 Porosity and Surface Area -- 2.5.3 Swelling Behavior -- 2.5.4 Thermomechanical Properties -- 2.6 Functionalization of HCPs -- 2.7 Characterization of HCPs -- 2.7.1 Compositional and Structural Characterization -- 2.7.2 Morphological Characterization -- 2.7.3 Porosity and Surface Area Analysis -- 2.7.4 Other Analysis -- 2.8 Applications -- 2.8.1 Storage Capacity -- 2.8.1.1 Storage of Hydrogen -- 2.8.1.2 Storage of Methane -- 2.8.1.3 CO 2 Capture -- 2.8.2 Environmental Remediation -- 2.8.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 2.8.4 Drug Delivery -- 2.8.5 Sensing -- 2.8.6 Other Applications -- 2.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Porous Ionic Polymers -- 3.1 Introduction: A Distinctive Feature of the Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.2 Ionic Polymers in Dry State -- 3.3 Ionic Polymers in Swollen State: Hsu-Gierke Model -- 3.4 Modifications of Hsu-Gierke Model: Hydration of Ion Exchange Polymers. , 3.5 Methods for Research of Porous Structure of Ionic Polymers -- 3.5.1 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption -- 3.5.2 Mercury Intrusion -- 3.5.3 Adsorption-Desorption of Water Vapor -- 3.5.4 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 3.5.5 Standard Contact Porosimetry -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Analysis of Qualitative and Quantitative Criteria of Porous Plastics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sorting of Porous Polymers -- 4.2.1 Macroporous Polymers -- 4.2.2 Microporous Polymers -- 4.2.3 Mesoporous Polymers -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 AHP Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Novel Research on Porous Polymers Using High Pressure Technology -- 5.1 Background -- 5.2 Porous Polymers Based on Natural Polysaccharides -- 5.3 Parameters Involved in the Porous Polymers Processing by High Pressure -- 5.4 Supercritical Fluid Drying for Porous Polymers Processing -- 5.5 Porous Polymers for Foaming and Scaffolds by Supercritical Technology -- 5.6 Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation in Porous Polymers for Food Packaging -- 5.7 Synthesis of Porous Polymers by Supercritical Emulsion Templating -- 5.8 Porous Polymers as Supports for Catalysts Materials by Supercritical Fluid -- 5.9 Porous Metal-Organic Frameworks Polymers by Supercritical Fluid Processing -- 5.10 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6: Porous Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stability and Functionalization of POPs -- 6.3 Strategies for Synthesizing POP Catalyst -- 6.3.1 Co-polymerization -- 6.3.1.1 Acidic and Basic Groups -- 6.3.1.2 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.1.3 Ligand Groups -- 6.3.1.4 Chiral Groups -- 6.3.1.5 Porphyrin Group -- 6.3.2 Self-polymerization -- 6.3.2.1 Organic Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.2 Organocatalyst Groups -- 6.3.2.3 Ionic Groups -- 6.3.2.4 Chiral Ligand Groups -- 6.3.2.5 Porphyrin Groups. , 6.4 Applications of Various Porous Polymers -- 6.4.1 CO 2 Capture and Utilization -- 6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquid/Zn-PPh 3 Integrated POP -- 6.4.1.1.1 Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction -- 6.4.1.2 Triphenylphosphine-based POP -- 6.4.2 Energy Storage -- 6.4.3 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 6.4.3.1 Cu(II) Complex on Pyridine-based POP for Nitroarene Reduction -- 6.4.3.2 POP-supported Rhodium for Hydroformylation of Olefins -- 6.4.3.3 Ni(II)-metallated POP for Suzuki-Miyaura Crosscoupling Reaction -- 6.4.3.4 Ru-loaded POP for Decomposition of Formic Acid to H 2 -- 6.4.3.5 Porphyrin-based POP to Support Mn Heterogeneous Catalysts for Selective Oxidation of Alcohols -- 6.4.3.5.1 Mechanism of the Oxidation of Alcohols by TFP-DPMs -- 6.4.4 Photocatalysis -- 6.4.4.1 Conjugated Porous Polymer Based on Phenanthrene Units -- 6.4.4.2 (dipyrrin)(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) Visible Light Photocatalyst -- 6.4.4.3 Carbazole-based CMPs for C-3 Functionalization of Indoles -- 6.4.4.3.1 Mechanism of C-3 Formylation of N-methylindole by CMP-CSU6 Polymer Catalyst -- 6.4.4.3.2 The Mechanism for C-3 Thiocyanation of 1H-indole -- 6.4.5 Electrocatalysis -- 6.4.5.1 Redox-active N-containing CPP for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- References -- Chapter 7: Triazine Porous Frameworks -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Synthetic Procedures of CTFs and Their Structural Designs -- 7.2.1 Ionothermal Trimerization Strategy -- 7.2.2 High Temperature Phosphorus Pentoxide (P 2 O 5)-Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.3 Amidine-based Polycondensation Methods -- 7.2.4 Superacid Catalyzed Method -- 7.2.5 Friedel-Crafts Reaction Method -- 7.3 Applications of CTFs -- 7.3.1 Adsorption and Separation -- 7.3.1.1 CO 2 Capture and Separation -- 7.3.1.2 The Removal of Pollutants -- 7.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalysis -- 7.3.3 Applications for Energy Storage and Conversion -- 7.3.3.1 Metal-Ion Batteries -- 7.3.3.2 Supercapacitors. , 7.3.4 Electrocatalysis -- 7.3.5 Photocatalysis -- 7.3.6 Other Applications of CTFs -- References -- Chapter 8: Advanced Separation Applications of Porous Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Advanced Separation Applications -- 8.3 Separation through Adsorption -- 8.4 Water Treatment -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 9: Porous Polymers for Membrane Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Introduction to Synthesis of Porous Polymeric Particles -- 9.3 Preparation of Porous Polymeric Membrane -- 9.4 Morphology of Membrane and Its Parameters -- 9.5 Emerging Applications of Porous Polymer Membranes -- 9.6 Polysulfone and Polyvinylidene Fluoride Used as Porous Polymers for Membrane Application -- 9.6.1 Polysulfone Membranes -- 9.6.2 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranes -- 9.7 Use of Porous Polymeric Membranes for Sensing Application -- 9.8 Use of Porous Polymeric Electrolytic Membranes Application -- 9.9 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Numerical Modeling and Optimization -- 9.10 Use of Porous Polymers for Biomedical Application -- 9.11 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Tissue Engineering -- 9.12 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane in Wastewater Treatment -- 9.13 Use of Porous Polymeric Membrane for Dye Rejection Application -- 9.14 Porous Polymeric Membrane Antifouling Application -- 9.15 Porous Polymeric Membrane Used for Fuel Cell Application -- 9.16 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Porous Polymers in Solar Cells -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Si-based Solar Cells -- 10.1.2 Thin-film Solar Cells -- 10.1.3 Organic Solar Cells -- 10.2 Porous Polymers in DSSCs -- 10.2.1 Porous Polymers in Electrodes -- 10.2.2 Porous Polymer as a Counter Electrode -- 10.2.3 Porous Polymers in TiO 2 Photoanode -- 10.2.4 Porous Polymers in Electrolyte -- 10.2.5 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film. , 10.2.5.1 Polyvinylidene Fluoride-co-Hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) Membranes -- 10.2.5.2 Pyridine-based CMPs Aerogels (PCMPAs) -- 10.2.6 Porous Polymers in Coating of Solar Cell -- 10.2.7 Porous Polymers as Photocatalyst or Electrocatalyst -- 10.3 Perovskite Solar Cells -- 10.3.1 Porous Polymers in Electron Transport Layers -- 10.3.2 Porous Polymers in Hole Transport Layers -- 10.3.3 Porous Polymer as Energy Conversion Film -- 10.3.4 Porous Polymers as Interlayers -- 10.3.5 Porous Polymers in Morphology Regulations -- 10.4 Porous Polymers in Silicon Solar Cell -- 10.5 Miscellaneous -- 10.5.1 Porous Polymers in Solar Evaporators -- 10.5.2 Charge Separation Systems in Solar Cells -- 10.5.3 Porous Polymers in ZnO Photoanode -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Porous Polymers for Hydrogen Production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Approaches Utilized for the Generation of Porous Polymers (PPs) -- 11.1.1.1 Infiltration -- 11.1.1.2 Layer-by-Layer Assembly (LbL) -- 11.1.1.3 Conventional Polymerization -- 11.1.1.4 Electrochemical Polymerization -- 11.1.1.5 Controlled/Living Polymerization (CLP) -- 11.1.1.6 Macromolecular Design -- 11.1.1.7 Self-assembly -- 11.1.1.8 Phase Separation -- 11.1.1.9 Solid and Liquid Templating -- 11.1.1.10 Foaming -- 11.2 Various Porous Polymers for H 2 Production -- 11.2.1 Photocatalysts Based on Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.2 Conjugated Microporous Polymers -- 11.2.3 Porous Conjugated Polymer (PCP) -- 11.2.4 Membrane Reactor -- 11.2.5 Paper-Structured Catalyst with Porous Fiber-Network Microstructure -- 11.2.6 Porous Organic Polymers (POPs) -- 11.2.7 PEM Water Electrolysis -- 11.2.8 Microporous Inorganic Membranes -- 11.2.9 Hybrid Porous Solids for Hydrogen Evolution -- 11.3 Other Alternatives for Hydrogen Production -- 11.3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 11.3.2 Covalent Organic Frameworks. , 11.3.3 Photochemical Device.