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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the thermal diffusivity of liquids with a laser-induced thermal-grating technique: An experimental investigation of systemtic errors (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 1229-1239 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diffraction ; laser-induced thermal grating ; methanol ; systematic error ; thermal diffusivity toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser-induced thermal-grating; technique has been developed to determine the thermal diffusivity of liquids and liquid mixtures. Here we report an experimental investigation of the systematic errors. which are caused by departures from one-dimensional heat conduction. In particular. the effects of cell wall and intersection angle of the heating beams have been thoroughly studied through measurements on toluene and methanol. A comparison has been made between experimental results and numerical predictions. The excellent agreement between experiments and theoretical predictions shows that the theoretical error analysis can be used for the estimation and accurate correction of systematic errors in measurements by this technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438666
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the thermal diffusivity of aqueous solutions of alcohols by a laser-induced thermal grating technique (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 1353-1361 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solutions ; diffraction ; ethanol ; laser-induced thermal grating ; methanol ; scattering ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusivity ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal diffusivity of methanol, ethanol, and their aqueous solutions was measured at atmospheric pressure and temperature. The measurements were performed with a laser-induced thermal grating technique. The aqueous solutions have weight fractions of 20, 40, 60, and 80%. Systematic errors were taken into consideration, and corrections were made to the measured values. Focused laser beams were used, which notably intensify the diffracted signal, reduce the background to zero, and justify neglecting the heterodyne term of the diffracted signal, thus simplifying the data evaluation. Hence, the accuracy of the measurements was improved significantly. The overall accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be better than 1.5%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02083545
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical simulation and error analysis for thermal diffusivity measurements using laser-induced thermal grating technique (1996)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 17 (1996), S. 329-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: diffraction ; forced Rayleigh scattering ; laser-induced thermal grating ; numerical simulation ; thermal diffusivity ; toluene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser-induced thermal grating technique has been used to determine the thermal diffusivity of liquids and liquid mixtures. But the dynamic behaviour of the transient thermal grating has not yet been thoroughly investigated, and the systematic errors, which result from the departures from one-dimensional heat conduction, have scarcely been studied quantitatively. In this paper. a three-dimensional numerical simulation and results of the transient thermal grating technique are presented, which enable a good understanding of the dynamic behaviour of the transient thermal grating. The results of this simulation are important for the proper design of the experimental setup to keep the systematic errors for the diffusivity measurement small. Based on the simulation method, the systematic errors were analyzed quantitatively. Here, the following effects were studied: (I) sample thickness, (2) intersection angle, (3) absorption, (4) Gaussian beam intensity distribution and focusing of heating laser beam, and (5) heating pulse duration and laser power. This error analysis makes it possible to specify the criteria for optimum measuring conditions, to correct the measured thermal-diffusivity values for systematic errors, and to estimate the accuracy of the measurements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01443395
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absolute Measurements of the Thermal Diffusivity of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Chloride (1998)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 19 (1998), S. 15-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solution ; diffraction ; laser-induced thermal grating ; sodium chloride ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The laser-induced thermal grating technique was used to determine the thermal diffusivity of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride. In comparison with conventional measurement methods, this noninvasive optical technique has the advantage that no sensors need to be inserted in the sample. Therefore, this technique is especially suitable for the measurement of electrically conducting and corrosive liquids. The aqueous solutions studied have weight fractions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% sodium chloride. Measurement results for the thermal diffusivity are presented for aqueous solutions of sodium chloride in the temperature range 293 to 373 K at atmospheric pressure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021490816932
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Thermal Diffusivity of Aqueous Solutions of Magnesium Chloride in the Temperature Range from 294 to 371 K (2000)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 21 (2000), S. 35-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: aqueous solution ; diffraction ; laser-induced thermal grating ; magnesium chloride ; thermal conductivity ; thermal diffusivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal diffusivity of aqueous solutions of magnesium chloride was determined in the temperature range 294 to 371 K and at atmospheric pressure. Using a noninvasive optical technique—laser-induced thermal grating (LTG)—the measurements were carried out in aqueous solutions of weight fractions of 5, 10, 15, and 20% magnesium chloride. The measurement results for the aqueous solutions are presented as a function of temperature and weight fraction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006648603008
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of aggregation of p-phenylphenol on enzymatic polymer synthesis in dioxane/water mixture (1995)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 33 (1995), S. 2339-2345 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-624X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The state of p-phenylphenol molecules in dioxane/water mixture, a commonly used reaction system for enzymatic polymerization of phenols and aromatic amines, was investigated by difference UV absorption spectroscopy and Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. The aggregate of p-phenylphenols is found on the basis of the exciton peaks observed in difference UV absorption spectra. FT Raman spectroscopy demonstrates further that p-phenylphenol molecules aggregate together in “face to face” fashion. A simplified model is proposed for aggregation of p-phenylphenol molecules in dioxane/water mixture, which can elucidate the variation of the molecular weight of poly (p-phenylphenol) coupled in the reaction system. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.1995.080331406
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron microscopic studies of topologically interlocked λb2b5c DNA rings (1970)
    New York : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biopolymers 9 (1970), S. 503-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bip.1970.360090411
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas transport through homogeneous and asymmetric polyethersulfone membranes (1993)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 31 (1993), S. 881-886 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: polyethersulfone ; asymmetric membrane ; permeability ; ideal separation factor ; dual-mode mobility model ; carbon dioxide ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Both homogeneous and asymmetric polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were prepared by solvent casting. The sorption and permeation behavior of CO2, O2, and N2 using these two kinds of cast PES membranes and commercially available homogeneous PES film was investigated to extract the pressure dependence of gas permeability and the permselectivity for CO2 relative to N2, and to confirm the validity of the working assumption that a skin layer in an asymmetric membrane can be essentially replaced by a thick homogeneous dense membrane. The pressure dependence of the mean permeability coefficient to CO2 in homogeneous membranes obeys the dual-mode mobility model. The ideal separation factor for CO2 relative to N2 at an upstream pressure of 0.5 MPa attains ca. 40, while the permeability to CO2 is about 2.7 Barrer at the same upstream pressure. The same separation factor in asymmetric membranes amounts to 35. The diffusion behavior for the skin layer in an asymmetric membrane with a thin skin layer can be simulated approximately by that in a homogeneous dense membrane. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1993.090310716
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Permeation of binary gas mixture through glassy polymer membranes with concentration-dependent diffusivities (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: permeation of binary gas mixtures in glassy polymer ; glassy polymers, permeation of binary gas mixtures in ; cellulose triacetate, methyl methacrylate - n-butyl acrylate, permeation, of CO2/CH4 mixture in ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: An analytical solution has been obtained for the modified dual-mode mobility model for a single gas proposed by Zhou and Stern and extended to a binary gas mixture to describe the pressure dependence of mean permeability coefficients for CO2 and CH4 mixtures in homogeneous cellulose triacetate membranes. The permeabilities calculated from the model fitted the corresponding experimental results quite well. Permeation experiments for equimolar CO2 and CH4 mixture in a homogeneous membrane of methyl methacrylate and n-sbutyl acrylate copolymer were performed along with sorption experiments for pure CO2 and CH4 to test the applicability of the model. The experimental permeabilities were close to those calculated from the model.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1992.090300111
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ESR spectroscopy as a probe of the morphology of hydrogels (1992)
    Bognor Regis [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 30 (1992), S. 1069-1071 
    Details
    ISSN: 0887-6266
    Keywords: ESR ; hydrogels ; morphology ; water ; PHEMA ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1992.090300914
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