Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Effects of fisheries on ecosystems: just another top predator? -- DIRECT EFFECTS OF FISHING -- INDIRECT EFFECTS OF FISHING -- EFFECTS OF APEX PREDATORS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Physical forcing in the southwest Atlantic: ecosystem control -- PHYSICAL VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN -- IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE ECOSYSTEM -- SEA-ICE VARIABILITY IN THE SCOTIA SEA -- SST VARIABILITY AT SOUTH GEORGIA -- SST RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOUTH GEORGIA AND THE EL NIÑO 4 REGION IN THE PACIFIC -- RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOUTH GEORGIA SST AND PREDATORS AT BIRD ISLAND -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The use of biologically meaningful oceanographic indices to separate the effects of climate and fisheries on seabird breeding success -- NORTH SEA SEASONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CYCLE -- VARIABILITY IN THE SPRING BLOOM -- THE SPRING BLOOM AS AN INDICATOR -- OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE STUDY AREA AND REGION-SPECIFIC ONE-DIMENSIONAL PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL MODELLING -- SANDEEL LIFE-HISTORY STAGES AND SEASONAL OCEANOGRAPHIC CYCLE -- THE SANDEEL FISHERY -- SEABIRD BREEDING SUCCESS IS LINKED TO AVAILABILITY OF SANDEELS VIA THE SPRING BLOOM -- TIMING OF STRATIFICATION AND THE SPRING BLOOM IN THE BANK AND SHALLOW SEA FRONT REGIONS -- SEABIRD BREEDING SUCCESS, TIMING OF THE SPRING BLOOM AND THE SANDEEL FISHERY -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Linking predator foraging behaviour and diet with variability in continental shelf ecosystems: grey seals of eastern Canada -- DATA COLLECTION -- DISTRIBUTION -- RESPONSE VARIABLES -- Diving behaviour -- Diet -- Life history -- ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY -- SEALS AS INDICATORS OF ECOSYSTEM STATE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 6 Distribution and foraging interactions of seabirds and marine mammals in the North Sea: multispecies foraging assemblages and habitat-specific feeding strategies -- TOP-PREDATOR COMMUNITY AT SEA -- FORAGING RANGE -- FORAGING-HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS -- FORAGING BEHAVIOUR AND MULTISPECIES FEEDING ASSOCIATIONS (MSFAs) -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Spatial and temporal variation in the diets of polar bears across the Canadian Arctic: indicators of changes in prey populations and environment -- SAMPLE COLLECTION -- VARIATION IN FA COMPOSITION OF POLAR BEARS AND PREY -- QFASA MODELLING AND POLAR BEAR DIETS -- POLAR BEARS AS INDICATORS OF ARCTIC ECOSYSTEMS AT REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL SCALES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Biophysical influences on seabird trophic assessments -- INDICATOR RESPONSES -- Multispecies assessments -- OCEANOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES ON PREY ABUNDANCE AND AVAILABILITY -- REGIME SHIFTS -- Food-web shift in the northwest Atlantic -- FOCAL FORAGE SPECIES -- THERMAL HABITATS -- SYNOPTIC COLONY- AND VESSEL-BASED RESEARCH -- MAXIMIZING INFORMATION FROM TOP PREDATORS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Consequences of prey distribution for the foraging behaviour of top predators -- CURRENT USE OF BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES -- PREDATOR ECOLOGY AND CONSTRAINTS ON FORAGING -- USING BEHAVIOURAL MEASURES TO MONITOR PREY DISTRIBUTION -- MEASURING THE DISTRIBUTION OF PREY IN THE WATER COLUMN -- PREY DISPERSAL AND THE ORGANIZATION OF DIVING -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 10 Identifying drivers of change: did fisheries play a role in the spread of North Atlantic fulmars? -- POPULATION CHANGES IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC FULMAR -- INVESTIGATING THE DRIVING FORCES UNDERLYING HISTORICAL CHANGES IN ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION -- Foraging ecology and diet composition -- Individual based studies of reproductive success and survival. , Use of proxies to explore historical ecological change -- DID FISHERIES PLAY A ROLE IN THE SPREAD OF NORTH ATLANTIC FULMARS? -- REFERENCES -- 11 Monitoring predator-prey interactions using multiple predator species: the South Georgia experience -- ACHIEVEMENTS, LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES -- Detection of change -- Relating predator data to changes in prey -- Prey abundance-availability relationships -- Distinguishing changes due to harvesting and those due to environmental variability -- Relating predator data to changes in population size -- Challenges and opportunities for the future -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 12 Impacts of oceanography on the foraging dynamics of seabirds in the North Sea -- NORTH SEA OCEANOGRAPHY AND PRODUCTIVITY -- IMPACT OF OCEAN PHYSICS ON NORTH SEA SEABIRD PREY -- IMPACT OF OCEAN PHYSICS ON NORTH SEA SEABIRDS -- Surface-feeding species -- Mid-water divers -- Benthic divers -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 Foraging energetics of North Sea birds confronted with fluctuating prey availability -- Time-activity/energy budgets -- Sensitivity analysis -- Potential responses to decreased sandeel availability -- Responses relating to time and energy -- Food responses -- Further potential responses -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 14 How many fish should we leave in the sea for seabirds and marine mammals? -- BIOENERGETICS CONSIDERATIONS -- PREY ABUNDANCE REQUIREMENTS OF TOP PREDATORS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 15 Does the prohibition of industrial fishing for sandeels have any impact on local gadoid populations? -- TESTS OF THE HYPOTHESES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 16 Use of gannets to monitor prey availability in the northeast Atlantic Ocean: colony size, diet and foraging behaviour -- TRIP DURATIONS, AND FORAGING RANGES AND BEHAVIOUR AT SEA. , TRIP DURATION, COLONY SIZE AND PER-CAPITA PREY AVAILABILITY -- ANNUAL VARIATION IN TRIP DURATION, FORAGING LOCATION AND DIET AT A SINGLE COLONY -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 17 Population dynamics of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at South Georgia: sampling with predators provides new insights -- VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN OCEAN -- A SUITABLE SAMPLER -- KRILL ABUNDANCE AND POPULATION DYNAMICS -- KRILL DEMOGRAPHY REVISITED -- DRIVERS OF KRILL VARIABILITY -- PREDATORS AS SAMPLERS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 18 The functional response of generalist predators and its implications for the monitoring of marine ecosystems -- FUNCTIONAL RESPONSES, ENERGY INTAKE AND PREDATOR PERFORMANCE -- INVERSE INFERENCE AND UNCERTAINTY -- IMPLICATIONS FOR ECOSYSTEM MONITORING -- UNDERSTANDING THE GENERALIST PREDATOR'S ROLE IN AN ECOSYSTEM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 19 The method of multiple hypotheses and the decline of Steller sea lions in western Alaska -- POPULATION BIOLOGY OF THE STELLER SEA LION -- RELEVANT FISHERIES -- OTHER MARINE MAMMALS -- COMPETING HYPOTHESES -- H1 to H3: food limitation hypotheses -- H4 to H6: 'Junk-food' hypotheses -- H7 and H8: fishery-related mortality hypotheses -- H9 and H10: predation-mortality hypotheses -- THE APPROACH -- SOURCES OF DATA -- RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 20 Modelling the behaviour of individuals and groups of animals foraging in heterogeneous environments -- FOUNDATIONS -- EXPLOITING A PATCHY ENVIRONMENT -- FEEDING ON PARTICLES OF FOOD -- MODELLING THE DIVING SEABIRD -- DIVING AND ASCENDING -- FEEDING -- RECOVERING, WAITING AND PROVISIONING -- ENDING FEEDING AND STARTING TO DIVE -- RULES FOR DECISIONS -- FEEDING ON PARTICULATE FOOD -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , 21 The Scenario Barents Sea study: a case of minimal realistic modelling to compare management strategies for marine ecosyste -- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- THE PRESENT SCENARIO BARENTS SEA MODEL -- Overview -- Recruitment and yearly dynamics -- MIGRATION AND MONTHLY DYNAMICS -- Predation -- Management -- DISCUSSION -- Current management -- Fish -- Minke whaling -- Harp sealing -- Management issues -- Modelling considerations -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 22 Setting management goals using information from predators -- GENERIC GOALS FOR HIGHER TROPHIC LEVELS -- MANAGING DIRECT EFFECTS ON POPULATIONS -- MANAGING INDIRECT EFFECTS -- Accounting for indirect effects in assessments of target species -- Managing indirect effects directly -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 23 Marine reserves and higher predators -- MODELLING APPROACHES -- MARINE RESERVES -- CAN RESERVES BE BENEFICIAL FOR HIGHLY MOBILE ANIMALS? -- MARINE PREDATORS -- PREDATOR DIVERSITY HOTSPOTS -- SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONFLICTS -- RESERVE NETWORKS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 24 Marine management: can objectives be set for marine top predators? -- OBJECTIVES FOR TOP PREDATORS -- ECOLOGICAL QUALITY OBJECTIVES (EcoQOs) -- FURTHER OBJECTIVES IN EUROPEAN SEAS -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.