Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Air Pollution and Plant Health -- 1.2 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Air Quality: Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter, SOx, and NOx -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Air Quality and Its Implications -- 2.1.2 Air Pollutants -- 2.2 Particulate Matter -- 2.2.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter -- 2.3 Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.3.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.4 Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.4.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Urban Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Biota -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Results of Monitoring -- 3.3.2 The Influence of Air Pollution on Plants -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Mechanisms of Plant Pollutant Uptake as Related to Effective Biomonitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- Air Pollution and Biomonitoring -- Plants as Bioindicators -- 4.2 Comparison of PAH Accumulation in Plants -- PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- Characteristics of PAHs -- Differences in PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- PAH Proportions -- PAH Isomer Ratios -- 4.3 Influence of Plant Uptake Mechanisms on Their PAH Accumulation -- What Causes the Differences in the Accumulation of PAHs? -- Leaf Structure -- Uptake Mechanisms -- Influence of Soil Particles -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Role of Global Warming and Plant Signaling in BVOC Emissions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 BVOC Emissions: Why and How -- 5.2.1 Mechanism of BVOC Emission -- 5.2.2 Role of Isoprene Synthase -- 5.3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of BVOCs -- 5.3.1 Production of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5.3.2 Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 5.4 Factors Affecting BVOC Emission. , 5.4.1 Taxonomic Characteristics -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.2.1 Thermotolerance -- 5.4.3 Soil Moisture -- 5.5 BVOC Emission and Global Warming -- 5.6 BVOCs and Plant Signaling (Plant-Plant and Plant-Insect Herbivory) -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Biochemical Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effect on Pigment Content -- 6.3 Effect on Sugar Content -- 6.4 Effect on Proline Content -- 6.5 Effect on Enzymatic Activities and Role of Antioxidants -- 6.5.1 Enzymatic Activity and Peptide Defense -- 6.5.1.1 Catalase and Peroxidase -- 6.5.1.2 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) -- 6.5.1.3 Ascorbate Reductase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) -- 6.5.2 Metabolic Compounds' Defense -- 6.5.2.1 Phenolic Compounds -- 6.5.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds -- Alkaloids -- Polyamines -- Amino Acids and Amines -- 6.5.2.3 Other Compounds -- Ascorbic Acid -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Air Pollutants and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Leaf Damage -- 7.3 Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on the Photosynthetic Apparatus -- 7.3.1 Ozone -- 7.3.2 Sulphur Dioxide -- 7.3.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 7.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 7.3.5 Pollutant Mixtures -- 7.4 Effect of Other Pollutants on the Photosynthesis -- 7.4.1 Peroxyacyl Nitrates -- 7.4.2 Fluorides -- 7.4.3 Acidic Rain and Fog -- 7.4.4 Particulate Matter -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Effect of Air Pollutants on Plant Gaseous Exchange Process: Effect on Stomata and Respiration -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plant Responses to Air Pollutants -- 8.3 Entry and Effects of Pollutants on Plants -- 8.3.1 Uptake of Pollutants -- 8.3.2 Effect on Cuticle and Stomata -- 8.3.3 Effect on Plant Water Balance -- 8.3.4 Effect on Respiration -- 8.3.4.1 Respiratory Response to High Concentration of Pollutants. , 8.3.4.2 Respiratory Response to Low Concentration of Pollutants -- 8.3.4.3 Effect of Pollutants on Photorespiration -- 8.3.4.4 Changes in Respiration in Association with Photosynthesis -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Tropospheric Ozone: Impacts on Respiratory and Photosynthetic Processes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ozone Uptake and Effects -- 9.3 Effect of Ozone on Carbon Metabolism -- 9.3.1 Case of Woody Plants -- 9.3.2 Case of Herbaceous Plants -- 9.4 Ozone and Primary Metabolism -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Air Pollution Stress and Plant Response -- 10.1 The Cuticle and Its Interaction with Atmospheric Pollutants -- 10.2 Structural Changes Under the Effect of Air Pollution on Plants -- 10.2.1 Case Study 1 -- 10.2.2 Case Study 2 -- 10.3 Relationship Between Pollution and Fluctuating Asymmetry -- References -- 11: Biomonitoring and Remediation by Plants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Significance of Biomonitoring -- 11.1.2 Definition of Biomonitoring and Terminology -- 11.2 Biomonitoring by the Deposition/Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Plant Tissue -- 11.2.1 Biomonitoring of Nitrogen Deposition -- 11.2.2 Biomonitoring for Sulfur Deposition -- 11.2.3 Biomonitoring for Dust Deposition -- 11.2.4 Biomonitoring of the Chemical Component of Dust -- 11.2.4.1 Dustfall Fluxes of SO42- and NO3− on Foliar Surfaces -- 11.2.5 Biomonitoring of Deposition of Heavy Metals -- 11.2.6 Biomonitoring of Gaseous Pollutants Due To Changes Through Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Plants -- 11.2.6.1 Monitoring of Crops, Vegetables, and Trees Damaged by Air Pollution -- 11.2.6.2 Biomonitoring of Dust Particles Through Foliar Surface Morphology Observation -- 11.3 Phytoremediation of Atmospheric Pollutants -- 11.3.1 Principles of Phytoremediation -- 11.3.2 Two-Compartment Model for Phytoremediation. , 11.3.3 Properties of Air Phytoremediators: Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees -- 11.3.4 Examples of Phytoremediation of Various Air Pollutants -- 11.3.4.1 Particulate Matter -- 11.3.4.2 Heavy Metals -- 11.3.4.3 Inorganic Pollutants -- NOX and particulate N -- SO2 -- 11.3.4.4 Organic Pollutants -- 11.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation -- 11.4.1 Transgenic Plants for NO2 and VOC Pollution Control -- 11.4.2 Gas-Gas-Converting Plants That Convert Nitrogen Dioxide to Gaseous Nitrogen -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Air Pollution Control Policies and Regulations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Control Method of Air Pollution -- 12.2.1 Source Emission Control -- 12.2.1.1 Replacement of Raw Material -- 12.2.1.2 Modification of Equipment -- 12.2.2 Pollution Control Equipment -- 12.2.2.1 Control Devices for Particulate Contaminants -- 12.2.2.2 Control Devices for Gaseous Contaminants -- Absorption -- Adsorption -- Condensation -- Combustion -- 12.2.3 Rules and Regulations -- 12.2.4 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 12.2.5 Steps of Enforcement of Environmental Legislation -- 12.2.6 Case Study -- 12.3 IPCC and IPPC Recommendation for Plant Health -- References -- 13: Pollution and Plants: Changing Policy Paradigms -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Air Pollution: A Stinking Killer -- 13.2.1 Transportation Sector -- 13.2.2 Domestic Sector -- 13.2.3 Industrial Sector -- 13.2.4 Energy Sector -- 13.3 Need for Policies for Plants -- 13.3.1 National Forest Policy, 1988 -- 13.3.1.1 Green Belts as Sinks of Gases -- 13.3.2 Green India Mission -- 13.3.3 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) -- 13.3.4 Compensatory Afforestation -- 13.4 Changing Policy Paradigm -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14: Tropospheric O3: A Cause of Concern for Terrestrial Plants -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Ozone Formation -- 14.3 Variations in Ozone Concentrations: Present Scenario and Future Projections -- 14.3.1 Worldwide O3 Distribution -- 14.3.2 Ozone Concentration: An Indian Perspective -- 14.3.3 Future Projections in O3 Concentrations -- 14.4 Ozone-Generated Oxidative Stress and Related Responses -- 14.4.1 Ozone-Induced ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 14.4.2 ROS Detoxification Mechanisms: Antioxidative Defense Responses -- 14.5 Physiological Responses -- 14.5.1 Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance, and Photosynthetic Efficiency -- 14.5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 14.5.3 RuBisCO Content -- 14.5.4 Secondary Metabolism -- 14.6 Secondary Responses -- 14.6.1 Herbs, Grasses, and Native Species -- 14.6.2 Plant Communities -- 14.6.3 Change in Competitive Hierarchies -- 14.6.4 Changes in Forage Quality and Herbivory Pattern -- 14.6.5 Induction and Suppression of Pathogenicity -- 14.7 Yield Response -- 14.8 IPCC Projections for O3 Concentrations and Yield Losses -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References.