Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- About the Book -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Acronyms -- 1: Introduction to Greenhouse Gases: Sources, Sinks and Mitigation -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 Summary of Chapters -- References -- 2: Source Apportionment of Greenhouse Gases in the Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Greenhouse Effect: Global Warming and Climate Change -- 3 Major GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 3.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 3.2 Methane (CH4) -- 3.3 Nitrous Oxide (N2O) -- 3.4 Fluorinated Gases (HFCS, PFCS, SF6) -- 4 Important Factors of Green House Gas Emission -- 4.1 Increasing Energy Demand -- 4.2 GDP vs Emissions -- 4.3 Urbanization -- 4.4 Growing Vehicle Use -- 4.5 Industry -- 5 Greenhouse Gases Budget of Different Countries and Their Contribution -- 6 Source Apportionment of GHGs in the Atmosphere -- 6.1 Source Identification -- 6.2 Identification of Key Source Categories for Inventory Work -- 6.3 Data Collection: Activity Data and Facility Data -- 6.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control -- 6.5 Development of ``Emission Factor´´ (EF) for Different Source Categories -- 6.6 Estimation of GHG Emission Levels -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Identification of Major Sinks of Greenhouse Gases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Major Sinks for GHGs: Global Scenario and Significance -- 3 Sinks for Carbon Dioxide -- 3.1 Oceans as Sink for CO2 -- 3.2 Terrestrial Biosphere as Sink for CO2 -- 3.3 Forests as Sinks for CO2 -- 3.4 Boreal Landscape as Sink for Carbon -- 3.5 Challenges with Terrestrial Sinks -- 4 Sinks for Methane -- 4.1 Wetlands as Sink of Methane and Other GHGs -- 5 Sinks for Oxides of Nitrogen -- 6 Sinks of Halogen-Containing Gases -- 7 Artificial Removal of the Greenhouse Gases -- 8 Future Challenges -- 9 Recommendations -- Box 3.1 FAQs -- Box 3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- Box 3.3 Biochar. , Box 3.4 Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) -- References -- 4: Greenhouse Gas Emission Flux from Forest Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Main GHGs -- 1.2 Source-Sink Aspect of Flux from Forest -- 1.3 National/International Bodies Involved in GHG Emissions Regulation -- 2 Emission of Greenhouse Gases and Global Warming -- 3 GHGs Emission from Forest and Global Flux Estimates/Contribution (Table 4.1) -- 4 GHG Flux Measurement Techniques (Fig.4.1) -- 4.1 Eddy Covariance Flux Tower -- 4.2 Chamber Systems -- 4.2.1 Closed Chambers -- 4.2.2 Open-chambers -- 4.3 Space-Borne Measurements -- 4.4 Air-Borne Measurements -- 4.5 Soil Emissions Modelling -- 4.6 Environmental Measurements -- 4.6.1 Infrared Techniques -- 5 Factors Governing GHG Production and Emission from Forests Ecosystem -- 5.1 Land-Use and Land Cover Changes -- 5.2 Substrate Availability -- 5.3 Temperature -- 5.4 Precipitation and Soil Water -- 5.5 Soil pH-Values -- 5.6 Nitrogen -- 5.7 Salinity and Sodicity -- 5.8 Increasing CO2 and Atmospheric N-deposition -- 5.9 Vegetation -- 5.10 Soil and Plant Characteristics -- 5.11 Forest Fires -- 6 Impact of Forest Generated GHG on Climate and Environmental Health -- 6.1 Deforestation and Climate Change -- 6.2 Forest Degradation and Climate Change -- 6.3 Forest Fires and Climate Change -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Effect of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Major GHGs -- 1.1.1 CO2 -- 1.1.2 Ozone -- 1.1.3 Methane (CH4) -- 1.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 1.1.5 Nitrous Oxide -- 1.2 Sources of GHGs -- 2 Trends of GHGs Levels Considering Past Several Decades -- 3 Impacts of GHGs -- 4 Impacts of GHGs on Human Health -- 4.1 Mechanism of CO2 Effect on Human Health -- 4.1.1 Human Health Impacts Due to CO2 -- 4.2 Mechanisms of Ozone Effects -- 4.2.1 Effect of Ozone on Human Health. , 4.3 Mechanism of Methane´s Action on Human Body -- 4.3.1 Health Effects -- 4.4 Mechanism of Action of Chloroflouro Carbons (CFC) -- 4.5 Mechanism of Action of Nitrous Oxide -- 4.5.1 Effect on Human Health -- 5 Complexities Assessing Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Human Health -- 6 Control Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions to Protect Human Health -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gases Emissions: Implications in Food Production and Food Security -- 1 Introduction -- 2 How Climate Change Influences Food Security? -- 2.1 Link Between GHGs, Air Quality, and Climate -- 2.1.1 Agriculture: A Source of Greenhouse Gases and Air Pollution -- 3 Role of SLCP and Greenhouse Gas (Ozone and Black Carbon) Emissions in Food Production -- 3.1 Considering O3 with Temperature Extremes Under CC -- 4 Food Security, Food Production, and Air Pollution: Scenario in India -- 4.1 Performance of India in Terms of Food Availability -- 4.2 Air Pollution Status in India -- 4.2.1 Biomass Burning in Northern Indian States -- 4.3 Temporal Evolution of Food Crop Production and Vegetation Index in North India and Its Relation to Air Pollution -- Box 6.1 Agricultural Growth in Punjab and Haryana: The Two Main Green Revolution States -- 4.4 Crop Yield Losses Due to Climate Change and Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Optimization of Greenhouse Gas Emissions Through Simulation Modeling: Analysis and Interpretation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Need for Climate Modeling -- 2.1 Energy Balance Models (EBMs) -- 2.2 Earth System Models of Intermediate Complexity (EMICs) -- 2.3 Global Climate Models or Global/General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 3 Energy Models -- 3.1 Scenario-Based Stock-Turnover Model -- 3.2 Bottom-Up Optimization Model -- 3.3 The Macroeconomic Models -- 3.4 Economic-Dispatch Production Simulation Model. , 4 General Circulation Models (GCMs) -- 4.1 Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Climate Model (CNRM) -- 5 Global Climate Model -- 6 Integrated Assessment Modeling -- 6.1 Need for Integrated Modeling -- 6.2 Integrated Assessment Model -- 6.2.1 The Asian-Pacific Integrated Model (AIM) -- 6.2.2 Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (DICE) -- 6.2.3 Feedback-Rich Energy-Economy Model (FREE) -- 6.2.4 Integrated Climate Assessment Model (ICAM) -- 6.2.5 Integrated Model to Assess the Greenhouse Effect (IMAGE) -- 6.2.6 Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) -- 6.2.7 Mini Climate Assessment Model (MiniCAM) -- 6.2.8 Regional Integrated Model of Climate and the Economy (RICE) -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Role of Biomass Burning in Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Major Greenhouse Gases -- 3 The Scenario of BB Emissions -- 3.1 BB Emissions in Asia -- 3.2 BB Emissions Pattern Change Over the Last Millennium: Inferences from Paleo Records in Polar Ice Cores -- 3.3 Remote Sensing of BB Emission Activity -- 4 The Need for Initiatives to Tackle Air Pollution -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations for Clean Air to All -- 6.1 Need for Spatio-Temporal Data Set on Air Pollutants -- 6.2 Determination of Uncertainties -- 6.3 Building Up of Multiple-Year Emission Inventories -- 6.4 Reconcile Top-Down and Bottom-Up Approaches -- 6.5 Clean and Green Air Action Plan -- References -- 9: Ozone Impacts and Climate Forcing: Thailand as a Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Tropospheric Ozone Precursors and Ozone Trends -- 3 Tropospheric Ozone Chemistry: Major Sources and Sinks -- 4 Effects of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5 Ozone as a Greenhouse Gas -- 6 Relationship Between Ozone and Its Precursors -- 7 Ozone Management -- 8 Summary -- References -- 10: Role of Nanotechnology in Combating CO2 in Atmosphere -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Oxides. , 3 Alkali Metal Oxides -- 4 Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides -- 5 Transition Metal Oxides -- 6 Perovskites -- 7 Carbon-Based Nano-Sorbents -- 8 Nanoporous Carbon-Based Materials -- 9 Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) -- 10 Graphene -- 11 Metalorganic Frameworks -- 12 Reduction of CO2 by Different Methods with MoFs -- 13 Mesoporous Silica Nano Particles -- 13.1 Nano Zeolites -- 13.2 Nanobiocatalyst -- 14 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Mitigation Strategies of Greenhouse Gas Control: Policy Measures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Global Scenario -- 2.1 UNFCCC -- 2.2 KYOTO Protocol -- 2.3 Copenhagen Summit, 2009 -- 2.4 LIMA Climate Change Conference, 2014 -- 2.5 Marrakech Climate Change Conference, 2016 -- 2.6 Paris Agreement COP 21, 2015 -- 3 Mitigation Strategies: Regulatory Approaches -- 3.1 GHG Mitigation Options -- 3.2 Market Based Mitigation Policies (MBMPs) -- 3.3 Geo-engineering -- 4 Developed Countries -- 4.1 Japan -- 4.2 Sweden -- 4.3 United Kingdom -- 5 Developing Countries -- 5.1 India -- 5.2 Brazil -- 5.3 China -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Glossary of Terms.