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  • Endocrine  (2)
  • Heat shock protein  (2)
  • Nematostella  (2)
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  • 1
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    Hormonal signaling in cnidarians : do we understand the pathways well enough to know whether they are being disrupted? (2007)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author, 2006. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Springer for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Ecotoxicology 16 (2007): 5-13, doi:10.1007/s10646-006-0121-1.
    Description: Cnidarians occupy a key evolutionary position as basal metazoans and are ecologically important as predators, prey and structure-builders. Bioregulatory molecules (e.g., amines, peptides and steroids) have been identified in cnidarians, but cnidarian signaling pathways remain poorly characterized. Cnidarians, especially hydras, are regularly used in toxicity testing, but few studies have used cnidarians in explicit testing for signal disruption. Sublethal endpoints developed in cnidarians include budding, regeneration, gametogenesis, mucus production and larval metamorphosis. Cnidarian genomic databases, microarrays and other molecular tools are increasingly facilitating mechanistic investigation of signaling pathways and signal disruption. Elucidation of cnidarian signaling processes in a comparative context can provide insight into the evolution and diversification of metazoan bioregulation. Characterizing signaling and signal disruption in cnidarians may also provide unique opportunities for evaluating risk to valuable marine resources, such as coral reefs.
    Keywords: Bioregulation ; Cnidaria ; Coral ; Endocrine ; Signal Disruption
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
    Format: 72795 bytes
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  • 2
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    Heat shock protein expression during stress and diapause in the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus (2011)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2011. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Insect Physiology 57 (2011): 665-675, doi:10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.03.007.
    Description: Calanoid copepods, such as Calanus finmarchicus, are a key component of marine food webs. C. finmarchicus undergoes a facultative diapause during juvenile development, which profoundly affects their seasonal distribution and availability to their predators. The current ignorance of how copepod diapause is regulated limits understanding of copepod population dynamics, distribution, and ecosystem interactions. Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a superfamily of molecular chaperones characteristically upregulated in response to stress conditions and frequently associated with diapause in other taxa. In this study, 8 heat shock proteins were identified in C. finmarchicus C5 copepodids (Hsp21, Hsp22, p26, Hsp90, and 4 forms of Hsp70), and expression of these transcripts was characterized in response to handling stress and in association with diapause. Hsp21, Hsp22, and Hsp70A (cytosolic subfamily) were induced by handling stress. Expression of Hsp70A was also elevated in shallow active copepodids relative to deep diapausing copepodids, which may reflect induction of this gene by varied stressors in active animals. In contrast, expression of Hsp22 was elevated in deep diapausing animals; Hsp22 may play a role both in short-term stress responses and in protecting proteins from degradation during diapause. Expression of most of the Hsps examined did not vary in response to diapause, perhaps because the diapause of C. finmarchicus is not associated with the extreme environmental conditions (e.g., freezing, desiccation) experienced by many other taxa, such as overwintering insects or Artemia cysts.
    Description: Funding for AMA was provided by the WHOI Summer Student Fellowship Program and an EPA STAR fellowship.
    Keywords: Copepod ; Crustacean ; Diapause ; Heat shock protein ; Stress response
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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  • 3
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    Gene expression in American lobster (Homarus americanus) with epizootic shell disease (2012)
    National Shellfisheries Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Shellfisheries Association, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of National Shellfisheries Association for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Shellfish Research 31 (2012): 505-513, doi:10.2983/035.031.0210.
    Description: Epizootic shell disease (ESD) has been reported widely in American lobster (Homarus americanus, Milne Edwards) in southern New England. The appearance of irregular, deep lesions—characteristic of ESD—has been associated previously with elevated levels of ecdysteroids and premature molting, but the underlying molecular and physiological changes associated with ESD remain poorly understood. Previously, we identified several genes, including arginine kinase and hemocyanin, that were expressed differentially in lobsters exhibiting signs of ESD (diseased) versus those lobsters exhibiting no signs of ESD (assumed healthy), and quantified their expression. In this study, we extend these findings and measure expression of a suite of 12 genes in tissues from 36 female lobsters of varying disease condition. In addition, molt stage is evaluated as a possible confounding factor in the expression of the selected genes. The expression of several genes changed significantly with disease stage. Arginine kinase expression decreased significantly in thoracic muscle of lobsters with signs of ESD. Ecdysteroid receptor expression was elevated significantly in both muscle and hepatopancreas of lobsters with signs of ESD. CYP45, a cytochrome P450 form that was shown previously to covary with ecdysteroid levels and to be inducible by some xenobiotics, showed significantly increased expression in hepatopancreas of lobsters with signs of ESD. Together, these results demonstrate that the expression of several genes is altered in lobsters showing signs of ESD, even when accounting for variation in molt stage. Given the observed changes in ecdysteroid receptor, arginine kinase, and CYP45 expression, further investigations of the association, if any, between molting, muscular function and xenobiotic metabolism and ESD are warranted.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Marine Fisheries Service as the New England Lobster Research Initiative: Lobster Shell Disease under NOAA grant NA06NMF4720100 to the University of Rhode Island Fisheries Center.
    Keywords: Arginine kinase ; 100 lobsters ; Cytochrome P450 ; Ecdysteroid ; Endocrine ; Hepatopancreas ; Heat shock protein ; Epizootic shell disease ; American lobster ; Shade
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    Physiological and developmental responses to temperature by the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis (2013)
    Inter-Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Inter-Research, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of Inter-Research for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Marine Ecology Progress Series 484 (2013): 115-130, doi:10.3354/meps10281.
    Description: Environmental temperature and an organism’s ability to respond to it are critical determinants of the geographic distribution of species. Nematostella vectensis is a burrowing sea anemone that inhabits estuaries along the Atlantic coast of North America from Nova Scotia (45°N) to Georgia (31°N). Like other estuarine species, N. vectensis is exposed to large daily (〉20°C) and seasonal (〉25°C) fluctuations in temperature, requiring wide temperature tolerances. At the same time, the natural distribution of this species spans a pronounced thermal cline, which may promote the evolution of different temperature optima and tolerances in populations. We tested the thermal tolerance of N. vectensis adult and developmental stages, which showed all life cycle stages had critical temperatures within 1°C (lethal temperature 39.5 to 40.5°C). When temperature tolerance values were compared with recorded field data, N. vectensis is living in environments very close to their physiological limit. We utilized common garden experiments (13, 21, and 29°C) to test for temperature-specific growth and regeneration rates in N. vectensis from different portions of this species’ range. Temperature had a significant effect on growth and regeneration rate in all clonal lines, with a significant negative relationship between latitude of origin and growth rate at 29°C. Individuals from higher latitudes did not exhibit higher growth rates at cooler temperatures. Together, our results show a combination of broad thermal tolerances for developmental and adult stages and evidence for local adaptation to higher temperatures in populations living in lower latitude locations that would be physiologically compromised with future warming.
    Description: T.C. and S.E. were both supported by the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) at Boston University. A.M.R. was supported by EPA STAR Fellowship F5E11155 to A.M.R. and J.R.F. and the Beacon Institute for Rivers and Estuaries to A.M.R. A.M.T. was supported by MCB-1057354 from the National Science Foundation.
    Keywords: Growth rate ; Latitude ; Local adaptation ; Nematostella ; Regeneration ; Temperature tolerance
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Circadian clocks in the cnidaria : environmental entrainment, molecular regulation, and organismal outputs (2013)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Oxford University Press for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Integrative and Comparative Biology 53 (2013): 118-130, doi:10.1093/icb/ict024.
    Description: The circadian clock is a molecular network that translates predictable environmental signals, such as light levels, into organismal responses, including behavior and physiology. Regular oscillations of the molecular components of the clock enable individuals to anticipate regularly fluctuating environmental conditions. Cnidarians play important roles in benthic and pelagic marine environments, and also occupy a key evolutionary position as the likely sister group to the bilaterians. Together, these attributes make members of this phylum attractive as models for testing hypotheses on role for circadian clocks in regulating behavior, physiology, and reproduction as well as those regarding the deep evolutionary conservation of circadian regulatory pathways in animal evolution. Here, we review and synthesize the field of cnidarian circadian biology by discussing the diverse effects of daily light cycles on cnidarians, summarizing the molecular evidence for the conservation of a bilaterian-like circadian clock in anthozoan cnidarians, and presenting new empirical data supporting the presence of a conserved feed-forward loop in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis. Furthermore, we discuss critical gaps in our current knowledge about the cnidarian clock, including the functions directly regulated by the clock and the precise molecular interactions that drive the oscillating gene-expression patterns. We conclude that the field of cnidarian circadian biology is moving rapidly toward linking molecular mechanisms with physiology and behavior.
    Description: This work was supported by the United States – Israel Binational Science Foundation award 2011187 (AMT and OL), the National Institutes of Health / National Institute of Child Health and Human Development award HD062178 (AMR), and generous funding from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte (AMR).
    Description: 2014-04-25
    Keywords: Circadian clock ; Coral ; Cryptochrome ; Nematostella ; Photoperiod
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Preprint
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