Note: Cover -- Contents -- Series Editor's Preface -- Editor's Preface -- Foreword -- Chapter 1. Surfactants: properties, production and environmental aspects -- 1.1 Introduction: from soap to modern surfactants -- 1.2 General properties of surfactants -- 1.3 Production rates and use of relevant surfactants -- 1.4 Raw materials -- 1.5 Synthesis of surfactants -- 1.6 Analysis of surfactants and their degradation products -- 1.7 Fate of surfactants and environmental problems -- 1.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Separation and detection -- 2.1 GC and GC-MS determination of surfactants -- 2.2 Capillary electrophoresis in surfactant analysis -- 2.3 LC determination using conventional detectors -- 2.4 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„I. General aspects -- 2.5 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„II. Flow injection analysis„mass and tandem mass spectrometry in the analysis of surfactants„advantages and disadvantages -- 2.6 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„III. Non-ionic surfactants: LCMS and LCMSMS of alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products -- 2.7 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IV. Non-ionic surfactants: LCMS of alkyl polyglucosides and alkyl glucamides -- 2.8 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„V. Non-ionic surfactants: Flow injection analysis„mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography„mass spectrometry of organosilicone surfactants -- 2.9 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VI. Non-ionic surfactants LCMS of other non-ionic surfactants -- 2.10 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VII. Anionic surfactants: LCMS of alkylbenzene sulfonates and related compounds -- 2.11 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„VIII. Anionic surfactants: LCMS of other anionic surfactants. , 2.12 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„IX. LCMS analyses of cationic surfactants. methods and applications -- 2.13 Atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry„X. LC„MS of amphoteric surfactants -- Chapter 3. Sample handling -- 3.1 Sampling and sample treatment for surfactant analysis in water -- 3.2 Methods for the sample handling of non-ionic surfactants in sludges and sediments -- 3.3 Sample handling for the determination of surfactants in biota -- Chapter 4. Quantification and quality assurance in surfactant analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reference compounds in quantification of surfactants, their metabolites and reaction by-products -- 4.3 Advantages and limitations in surfactant quantification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry -- 4.4 Stability of surfactants in post-sampling storage -- 4.5 Interlaboratory studies for the determination of surfactants -- Chapter 5. Environmental processes -- 5.1 Aerobic biodegradation of surfactants -- 5.2 Anaerobic biodegradation of surfactants -- 5.3 Biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in the marine environment -- 5.4 Surfactant sorption on natural sediments -- 5.5 Fate of organosilicone surfactants -- Chapter 6. Occurrence of surfactants in the environment -- 6.1 Concentrations of surfactants in wastewater treatment plants -- 6.2 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„I. Alkylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products -- 6.3 Occurrence of surfactants in surface waters and freshwater sediments„II. Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and their carboxylated degradation products -- 6.4 Non-ionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments -- 6.5 Anionic surfactants in marine and estuarine environments -- 6.6 Surfactants in drinking water occurrence and treatment. , 6.7 Occurrence and fate of surfactants in soil, subsoil, and groundwater -- Chapter 7. Toxicity of surfactants -- 7.1 Toxicity of surfactants for aquatic life -- 7.2 Bioconcentration -- 7.3 Estrogenicity of surfactants -- 7.4 Risk assessment of surfactants -- Chapter 8. Recommendations and future trends -- 8.1 Monitoring -- 8.2 Analytical aspects -- 8.3 Legislative regulations force action -- 8.4 Final remarks and perspectives of a continuously changing market -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Investigating the Potential Toxicity of Hydraulic Fracturing Flowback and Produced Water Spills to Aquatic Animals in Freshwat... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 FPW Chemical Characterization -- 2.1 Major Ions -- 2.2 Trace Metals -- 2.3 Organic Chemicals -- 2.4 Wellbore Reaction Products -- 3 FPW Chemical Constituent Toxicity -- 3.1 Major Ion Toxicity -- 3.2 Trace Metal Toxicity -- 3.3 Organic Chemicals -- 3.3.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 3.3.2 Volatiles -- 3.3.3 Synthetics -- 3.4 Whole FPW Toxicity -- 4 FPW Releases and Regulatory Guideline Considerations -- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Occurrence of Levonorgestrel in Water Systems and Its Effects on Aquatic Organisms: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Levonorgestrel Detection and Exposure Concentrations in the Aquatic Environment -- 3 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Aquatic Organisms -- 3.1 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Cyanobacteria -- 3.2 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Algae -- 3.3 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Zooplankton -- 3.4 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Molluscs -- 3.5 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Fish -- 3.6 Toxicity of Levonorgestrel to Amphibians -- 4 Aquatic Risk Assessment for Levonorgestrel -- 4.1 Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC) Selection -- 4.2 Effects Assessment -- 4.3 Estimation of Risk Quotients -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- A Review on the Environmental Exposure to Airborne Manganese, Biomonitoring, and Neurological/Neuropsychological Outcomes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods: Literature Search Strategy -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Inhalation of Manganese: Evaluation of Airborne Manganese Levels -- 3.2 Biomarkers of Environmental Exposure to Manganese -- 3.3 Neurological and Neuropsychological Effects Assessed in Environmentally Airborne Manganese-Exposed Population. , 3.3.1 Cognitive Function -- Intelligence and General Cognitive Functioning -- Attention and Cognitive Flexibility -- Executive Functions -- Memory and Fluency -- 3.3.2 Motor Function -- Motor Speed -- Motor Coordination and Postural Balance -- Tremor -- Bradykinesia -- Hand Dexterity -- 3.3.3 Olfactory Function -- 3.3.4 Emotional Function and Mood -- 4 Discussion and Recommendations -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Photodegradation of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) and Antibacterial Activity in Water by Transition Metals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transition Metals -- 3 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) -- 4 Global Production of Drinking Water -- 5 Photocatalysis -- 6 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 7 Treatment of PPCPs in Wastewater by Transition Metal-Modified Magnetite Photocatalysis -- 8 Visible Light-Responsive Nano-based Transition Metal Photocatalysts in Antibacterial Activity -- 9 Comparison Between Photocatalysts, Antibiotics, and PPCPs -- 10 Application of Transition Metals in Photocatalysis -- 11 Future Perspectives and Conclusion -- References -- Effects of Carbamazepine in Bivalves: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Marine Bivalves Exposed to Carbamazepine Under Laboratory Conditions: Toxicological Effects -- 2.1 Mussels -- 2.1.1 CBZ Effects on Physiological Processes -- 2.1.2 CBZ Effects on the Biotransformation and Detoxification Processes -- 2.1.3 CBZ Effects on Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters -- 2.1.4 CBZ Effects on Multiple General Stress Responses -- 2.1.5 CBZ Effects on the Mode of Action-Related Processes and Metabolic Pathways -- 2.2 Clams -- 2.2.1 CBZ Effects on Physiological Processes -- 2.2.2 CBZ Effects on the Biotransformation and Detoxification Processes -- 2.2.3 CBZ Effects on Oxidative Stress-Related Parameters -- 2.2.4 CBZ Effects on the Mode of Action-Related Processes -- 2.3 Oysters. , 3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) and Chronic Kidney Disease -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 3 The Compositions of PM2.5 -- 4 PM2.5 and CKD: Epidemiological Studies -- 5 PM2.5 and CKD: Progression and Prevention -- 6 PM2.5 and CKD: Mechanisms -- 7 Global Implication of Polices and Measurements -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Occurrence of Levonorgestrel in Water Systems and Its Effects on Aquatic Organisms: A Review.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- In-Situ Remediation Approaches for the Management of Contaminated Sites: A Comprehensive Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Selection and Suitability of Remedial Measures -- 3 In-Situ Remediation Technologies for Soil and Groundwater -- 3.1 Heating -- 3.1.1 Injection: Steam/Hot Air -- 3.1.2 Electrical Resistance Heating -- 3.1.3 Electromagnetic Heating: Radio Frequency/Microwave -- 3.1.4 Thermal Conductive Heating/Thermal Desorption -- 3.1.5 Vitrification -- 3.2 Soil Flushing -- 3.3 Fracturing: Pneumatic/Blast-Enhanced/Lasagna™/Hydro -- 3.4 Physical Barriers: Treatment Walls/Permeable Reactive Barriers -- 3.5 Soil Vapor Extraction -- 3.6 Electrokinetic Remediation -- 3.7 Multi 3-Phase/Dual-Phase/Vacuum-Enhanced Extraction/Bioslurping -- 3.8 Air Sparging -- 3.9 Bioventing -- 3.10 Natural Attenuation -- 3.11 Phytoremediation -- 3.12 Bioaugmentation -- 3.13 Biostimulation -- 3.14 Biosorption -- 4 Emerging Technologies -- 4.1 Microbial Fuel Cells -- 4.2 Nanoremediation -- 4.3 Transgenic Plants and Microbes -- 4.4 Microbial Consortia in Photo-Hetero Microbial System -- 5 Challenges and Prospects -- 6 Summary -- References -- Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies for Environmental Pollutants: A Critical Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ex-Situ vs. In-Situ Remediation -- 3 Existing Ex-Situ Remedial Options for Contaminated Soil and Groundwater: Technology Profile and Recent Advances -- 3.1 Dig-and-Dump (Landfills and Engineered Landfills) -- 3.2 Pump-and-Treat -- 3.3 Incineration -- 3.4 Oxidation -- 3.5 Adsorption -- 3.6 Ion-Exchange -- 3.7 Pyrolysis -- 3.8 Soil Washing -- 3.9 Dehalogenation -- 3.10 Solid-Phase Bioremediation -- 3.10.1 Biopiles -- 3.10.2 Landfarming -- 3.10.3 Composting -- 3.11 Slurry-Phase Bioremediation: Bioreactors -- 3.12 Solidification/Stabilization -- 3.13 Constructed Wetlands. , 4 Ex-Situ Technologies for Air Pollution Control -- 5 Emerging Ex-Situ Remediation Technologies -- 5.1 Ultrasonic Technology -- 5.2 Microbial Fuel Cells, Nanoremediation and Others -- 6 Future Research Needs -- 7 Summary -- References -- Lead Exposure and Oxidative Stress: A Systematic Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources and Types of Epidemiological Evidence -- 3 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in the General Population -- 4 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress in Occupationally Exposed Populations -- 5 Types and Utility of Biomarkers -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Summary -- Appendix 1: Search Strategy -- References -- Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Stoichiometric Degradation of Chemical Warfare Agents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanostructured Oxides -- 2.1 Oxides of Alkaline Earth Metals -- 2.2 Aluminum Oxide -- 2.3 Zinc Oxide -- 2.4 Titanium Oxide -- 2.4.1 Zr4+ and Hf4+-Doped Titania -- 2.4.2 Ge4+ and In3+ Doped Titania -- 2.4.3 Titania, Iron and Manganese Mixed Oxides -- 2.5 Zero-Valent Iron and Iron Oxides -- 2.6 Zirconium Hydroxide -- 2.7 Manganese Oxide (MnO2) -- 2.8 Vanadium Oxide -- 2.9 Ce3+ and Ce4+ Oxides -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Ecological Recovery Potential of Freshwater Organisms: Consequences for Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stressor Types, Case Studies and Recovery Estimates Covered by the Review -- 3 Variability in Recovery Times Among Taxonomic Groups -- 3.1 Algae -- 3.2 Zooplankton -- 3.3 Fish -- 3.4 Macro-invertebrates -- 3.4.1 Diptera -- 3.4.2 Ephemeroptera -- 3.4.3 Oligochaeta -- 3.4.4 Macro-crustacea -- 3.4.5 Plecoptera -- 3.4.6 Trichoptera -- 3.4.7 Heteroptera -- 3.4.8 Odonata -- 3.4.9 Coleoptera -- 3.4.10 Mollusca -- 3.5 Macrophytes -- 4 Contributions of Ecosystem Type, Landscape Characteristics and Community Processes -- 5 Variability in Recovery Times among Stressor Types. , 6 Comparison of Semi-field and Field Recovery Times -- 7 The Role of Effect Size in Recovery Time Estimation -- 8 Limitations for the Derivation of Recovery Times -- 9 Risk Assessment, Ecological Recovery and Legislation -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Microplastics in the Food Chain: Food Safety and Environmental Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plastic Material -- 2.1 Top 5 Plastics Found in Waste -- 2.1.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) -- 2.1.2 Polypropylene (PP) -- 2.1.3 Polyphthalamide (PPA) -- 2.1.4 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) -- 2.1.5 Polyethylene (PE) -- 3 Degradation of Plastic Polymers -- 3.1 Biodegradable Plastic -- 4 Plastic Waste Disposal -- 4.1 Burying in Landfill -- 4.2 Incineration -- 4.3 Recycling -- 5 EU Legislation Regarding Plastic Waste -- 5.1 Circular Economy Action Plan -- 5.1.1 Make Recycling Profitable for Business -- 5.1.2 Curb Plastic Waste -- 5.1.3 Stop Littering at Sea -- 5.1.4 Drive Investment and Innovation -- 5.1.5 Spur Change Across the World -- 6 Environmental Aspects -- 6.1 Terrestrial Ecosystem -- 6.2 Marine Ecosystem -- 6.3 Freshwater Ecosystem -- 6.4 Microplastics in Aquatic Organisms of Commercial Interest -- 7 Food Safety Aspects -- 7.1 Adverse Effects -- 7.2 Potential Effects on Humans -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Toxicity of Graphene: An Update -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiochemical Properties Determine the Fate and the Toxicity of Graphene -- 3 In Vitro Toxicity -- 4 In Vivo Toxicity -- 5 Simulation Studies on Graphene Toxicity -- 6 Environmental Toxicity -- 7 Toxicity Is Beneficial in the Context of Cancer and Microbiology! -- 8 How to Reduce the Toxicity? -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chironomids as Bioindicator Species in Aquatic Ecosystem -- 3 Molecular Genetic Research on Environmental Stress in Chironomids -- 3.1 Gene Responses to Physical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.1.1 Heat Shock -- 3.1.2 Temperature. , 3.2 Gene Responses to Chemical Stressors in Chironomids -- 3.2.1 UV Filters -- 3.2.2 Heavy Metals -- 3.2.3 Nanoparticles -- 3.2.4 Endocrine Disruptor Chemicals (EDCs) -- 3.2.5 Insecticides -- 3.2.6 Antibiotics -- 3.2.7 Herbicides -- 3.2.8 Fungicides and Biocides -- 3.2.9 Carcinogenic Substances and Synthetic Estrogen -- 3.2.10 Mixture and Field Exposure -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Structural Morphology of Commodity Polymers in Microplastics and Nanoplastics Formation: Fragmentation, Effects and As... -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plastics, Microplastics and Nanoplastics -- 2 Sources and Behaviour -- 2.1 Properties of Commodity Polymers -- 2.2 Mechanical Properties -- 3 Fragmentation Pathways -- 4 Common Commercial Plastics and Their MP/NP Derivatives -- 4.1 Thermoplastics -- 4.1.1 Polyethylene -- 4.1.2 Polypropylene -- 4.1.3 Polystyrene -- 4.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 4.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 4.2 Thermosets -- 4.2.1 Polyurethane -- 4.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 4.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 4.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5 Toxicity of Commodity Polymer MPs and NPs -- 5.1 Thermoplastics -- 5.1.1 Polyethylene -- 5.1.2 Polypropylene -- 5.1.3 Polystyrene -- 5.1.4 Polyvinyl Chloride -- 5.1.5 Polyethylene Terephthalate -- 5.2 Thermosets -- 5.2.1 Polyurethanes -- 5.2.2 Epoxy Resins -- 5.2.3 Poly(Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene) -- 5.2.4 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber -- 5.2.5 Interactions with Other Contaminants -- 6 Detection -- 7 Regulations and International Initiatives -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowledge Gaps -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Scope of the Review -- 2.2 Identification of Pesticides of Top Concern for Aquatic Biota -- 3 Pesticides in the Canadian Aquatic Environment. , 3.1 National Results and Regional Contexts -- 3.2 Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3 Review of Top-Priority Active Ingredients -- 3.3.1 Herbicides -- Atrazine -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Diquat -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- S-Metolachlor -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.2 Insecticides -- Chlorpyrifos -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Clothianidin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- Permethrin -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 3.3.3 Fungicides -- Chlorothalonil -- Presence in the Aquatic Environment -- Toxicity Towards Aquatic Organisms -- Exposure Risks for Aquatic Organisms -- 4 General Knowledge Gaps and Recommendations -- 4.1 Baseline Fish and Fish Habitat Data -- 4.2 Pesticide Monitoring Data -- 4.3 Marine and Sediment Benchmarks -- 4.4 Mixture Toxicity -- 4.5 Study Design and Analytical Methods for Compounds with Low Benchmarks -- 4.6 Habitat and Food Web-Mediated Effects on Fish -- 4.7 Current-Use and Legacy Pesticides in the Arctic -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Correction to: Prioritization of Pesticides for Assessment of Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems in Canada and Identification of Knowl.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Prospective Environmental Risk Assessment for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals: A Proposal for Tiered Effect Assessment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Benthic Ecology -- 3 Ecosystem Functions and Services Provided by Benthic Organisms -- 3.1 Dealing with Vulnerable Key Species -- 4 Specific Protection Goals for Sediment Risk Assessment -- 5 Triggers for Prospective Sediment Risk Assessment in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6 Data Requirements for Effect Assessment -- 6.1 Toxicity Data Requirements in European Regulatory Frameworks -- 6.2 Main Differences Between Existing OECD, ASTM and US-EPA Guidelines -- 6.3 Recommendation for a Suite of Benthic Test Species -- 7 Factors Affecting the Exposure of Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 7.1 Chemical Factors -- 7.2 Biological Factors -- 7.3 Spatial Factors -- 7.4 Temporal Factors -- 8 Exposure Concentration in Sediment ERA -- 8.1 The Ecotoxicologically Relevant Concentration for Sediment-Dwelling Organisms -- 8.2 Overview of Fate and Exposure Models -- 8.3 Linking Exposure to Effects in Sediment ERA -- 9 Tiered Effect Assessment for Benthic Test Species and Spiked Sediments -- 9.1 Tiered Approach -- 9.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 9.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment Based on Protocol Tests for Benthic Invertebrates and Macrophytes -- 9.4 Tier-2 Approach on Basis of Laboratory Toxicity Data for Standard and Additional Benthic Invertebrates and/or Rooted Macro... -- 9.4.1 Geometric Mean Approach -- 9.4.2 Species Sensitivity Distribution (SSD) Approach -- 9.5 Tier-3 Approach Based on Semi-Field Experiments -- 9.6 Tier-4 Approach Based on Field Studies -- 9.7 Effect Models to Supplement the Experimental Tiers -- 9.7.1 Individual Level Models -- 9.7.2 Population-Level Models -- 9.7.3 Ecosystem Level Models. , 9.7.4 Spatially Explicit Models -- 9.8 Effect Assessment for Vertebrates -- 9.9 Effect Assessment for Microorganisms -- 10 Sediment Effect Assessment: Case Studies -- 10.1 The Pharmaceutical Ivermectin -- 10.1.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Ivermectin -- 10.1.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Ivermectin on Basis of Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.1.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Ivermectin -- 10.1.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Ivermectin -- Geometric Mean Approach -- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.1.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments for Ivermectin -- 10.1.6 Conclusions from the Ivermectin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms -- 10.2 The Insecticide Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Chlorpyrifos Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.2.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Chlorpyrifos -- 10.2.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Chlorpyrifos -- Geometric Mean Approach -- Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.2.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments -- 10.2.6 Conclusions from the Chlorpyrifos Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms for Chlorpyrifos -- 10.3 The Biocide Tributyltin -- 10.3.1 Evaluation of Standard and Additional Toxicity Data for Pelagic Organisms and Tributyltin -- 10.3.2 Tier-0 Effect Assessment for Tributyltin Based on Equilibrium Partitioning -- 10.3.3 Tier-1 Effect Assessment for Benthic Organisms and Tributyltin -- 10.3.4 Tier-2 Effect Assessment Based on Standard and Additional Test Species for Tributyltin -- Geometric Mean Approach. , Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach -- 10.3.5 Tier-3 Effect Assessment Based on Micro/Mesocosm Experiments for Tributyltin -- 10.3.6 Conclusions from the Tributyltin Toxicity Data for Benthic Organisms -- 10.4 Main Outcomes from the Case Studies -- 11 Main Recommendations for Prospective ERA for Sediment-Bound Organic Chemicals and Outlook -- 11.1 Specific Protection Goals -- 11.2 Triggers for Prospective Sediment ERA -- 11.3 Linking Exposure to Effects -- 11.4 The Tiered Approach in Effect Assessment -- 12 Summary -- Appendix 1: List of Workshop Participants -- Appendix 2: List of Abbreviations -- References -- How Important Is Research on Pollution Levels in Antarctica? Historical Approach, Difficulties and Current Trends -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Presence of Pollutants in Antarctica´s Environment -- 2.1 Abiotic Environment -- 2.1.1 Air -- 2.1.2 Snow and Ice -- 2.1.3 Soil and Permafrost -- 2.1.4 Catchment Areas -- 2.1.5 Ocean, Seas and Bottom Sediments -- 2.2 Biotic Environment -- 2.2.1 Plants -- 2.2.2 Crustaceans, Benthic Organisms and Fishes -- 2.2.3 Seabirds -- 2.2.4 Marine Mammals -- 3 Types of Pollutants Present in Antarctica´s Environment -- 4 Detailed Information Pertaining to Analytical Research in Antarctica -- 4.1 History of Research on the Chemical Composition of Samples from Antarctica -- 4.2 Pollution Concentration Levels Over Decades -- 4.3 Analytical Techniques in the Study of the Antarctic Environment -- 4.4 Impact of Research Station Activities on Pollution Levels -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Important Issues in Ecotoxicological Investigations Using Earthworms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Earthworms in Soil Ecosystems -- 3 Advances in Earthworm Ecotoxicology -- 4 Biomarker Responses and Issue of Linkage to Higher Level Responses -- 4.1 Biomarkers. , 4.2 Changes at Different Levels of Biological Organization -- 4.3 Establishing the Link Between Responses at Different Levels of Biological Complexity -- 5 Effects of Mixtures -- 5.1 Environmental Pollutants as Mixtures -- 5.2 Effects of Mixtures on Earthworms -- 5.3 Assessment of Effects of Mixtures -- 6 Occurrence of Hormetic Effect -- 6.1 Hormesis -- 6.2 Hormetic Effect in Earthworms -- 6.3 Hormetic Effect in Ecotoxicological Investigations -- 7 Inclusion of Microcosmic Systems in Ecotoxicological Investigations -- 7.1 Characteristics of Soil Microcosm -- 7.2 Soil Microcosm in Ecotoxicological Studies -- 8 Effects of Temperature Change on Toxic Effects of Pollutants and Biomarker Responses in Earthworms -- 8.1 Effects of Temperature Change -- 8.2 Interactions Between Temperature Change and Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms -- 8.3 The Need for Further Assessment of the Effect of Temperature on Pollutant Toxicity to Earthworms -- 9 Conclusions -- 10 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Pages:1 to 10 -- Pages:11 to 20 -- Pages:21 to 30 -- Pages:31 to 33.