Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Bone Char as a Support Material to Build a Microbial Biocapacitor -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Influence of the chemical and textural properties on biochar -- 3. Bioanode preparation -- 4. Accumulated charge -- 5. Biochar-based anode and bioanode capacitances -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 2 -- Nature Inspired Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of nature-derived carbons properties for fulfilling the operational need for EDLC- supercapacitors -- 3. Various preparation mechanisms for nature derived carbons for supercapacitor -- 4. Advantages of naturally-derived carbons over graphene and CNT for EDLC supercapacitors -- 5. Use of different biological precursors -- 5.1 Plant-derived precursors -- 5.2 Fruit based precursors -- 5.3 Microbial-based precursors -- 5.4 Animal-based precursors -- 6. Structural characteristics and properties of nature derived carbons -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 3 -- Biomass Derived Composites for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sustainable biomass-carbon materials -- 3. Calculation paramaters -- 4. Biomass activation -- 4.1 Physical activation -- 4.2 Chemical activation -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 4.4 Other activations -- 5. Outlook -- Conclusions and prospects -- References -- 4 -- Lignin-Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignin isolation process -- 3. Lignin carbon fibres -- 3.1 Activation techniques -- 3.2 Lignin- Lignin blends -- 3.3 Lignin-Cellulose blends -- 3.4 Fractionation -- 3.5 Reinforcement -- 3.6 Chemical modification -- 3.7 New lignin types -- 4. Lignin-derived porous carbon -- 5. Challenges with graphite-based electrodes -- 6. Lignin for electrochemical applications -- 6.1 Lithium-ion batteries. , 6.2 Electrochemical double layer capacitors -- 6.3 Electrochemical pseudocapacitors -- 6.4 Sodium -ion batteries -- 6.5 Lignin as binder -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- This research work was financially supported by the University Malaya Impact-Oriented Interdisciplinary Research Grant (No.IIRG018A-2019) and Global Collaborative Programme - SATU Joint Research Scheme (No. ST012-2019). -- References -- 5 -- Bamboo Derived Materials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fabrication of electrode material for supercapacitor application -- 3. Physical characterization -- 4. Electrochemical measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- Cellulose-Derived Electrodes for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose based flexible composite electrodes -- 3. Cellulose carbonization and activation -- 4. Cellulose-derived carbon for supercapacitors -- 5. Cellulose-derived carbon for high-frequency supercapacitors -- 6. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-ion batteries -- 7. Cellulose-derived carbon for lithium-sulfur batteries -- 8. Cellulose-derived carbon for other batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Nanocellulose Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Production processes of nanocellulose aerogels -- 3. Properties of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4. Applications of nanocellulose aerogels -- 4.1 Materials absorbents -- 4.2 Gas filters and membranes -- 4.3 Packaging materials -- 4.4 Energy storage systems and electrical devices -- 4.5 Thermal insulation and fire-retardant materials -- 4.6 Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications -- 5. Final considerations -- References -- 2 -- Porous Aerogels -- 1. Porous aerogel history -- 2. Aerogel pore classification -- 3. Inorganic-silica based aerogels -- 3.1 Properties of silica-based aerogel -- 3.1.1 Texture -- 3.1.2 Thermal properties -- 3.1.3 Optical properties -- 3.1.4 Entrapment, release, sorption, and storage properties -- 4. Inorganic-nonsilicate aerogels -- 4.1 ZrO2 aerogels -- 4.1.1 ZrO2 aerogels in catalysis -- 4.1.2 ZrO2 aerogels in ceramics -- 4.1.3 ZrO2 aerogels in solid oxide fuel cells -- 4.2 TiO2 aerogels -- 5. Organic-natural/biogels -- 5.1 Polysaccharides aerogels -- 5.2 Chitosan aerogel -- 5.3 Pectin aerogel -- 5.4 Alginate aerogel -- 5.5 κ -Carrageenan aerogel -- 5.6 Starch aerogel -- 5.7 Curdlan aerogel -- 5.8 Cellulose aerogels -- 5.8.1 Cellulose aerogel monoliths -- 5.8.2 Nanostructured cellulose filaments in textile -- 6. Resorcinol-formaldehyde aerogels -- 7. Composite aerogels -- 7.1 Polymer-crosslinked aerogels -- 7.2 Effect of polymer addition on aerogel fragility -- 8. Exotic aerogels -- 8.1 Chalcogenide aerogels -- 8.1.1 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by thiolysis: GeS2 -- 8.1.2 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by cluster-linking -- 8.1.3 Chalcogenide aerogels formation by nanoparticle assembly -- 9. Conducting polymer aerogel -- 9.1 Conducting polymer aerogels- A property prospective -- 9.1.1 PEDOT aerogels. , 9.1.2 Polypyrrole (Ppy) aerogels -- 9.1.3 Polyaniline (PANi) aerogels -- 10. Sonogels -- 11. Graphene aerogel -- 11.1 Preparation of reduced graphene oxide aerogels -- 12. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) aerogel -- 13. Hybrid aerogel -- 13.1 Class-I hybrid composites -- 13.2 Class-II hybrid composite -- 14. Application of porous aerogel -- 14.1 Thermal insulation -- 14.2 Removal of pollutants -- 14.3 Elimination of solid particle from gases -- 14.4 CO2 capture -- 14.5 Volatile organic compounds/catalysis -- 14.6 Water treatment -- 14.6.1 Oils in water -- 14.6.2 Wastewater and brackish water treatment -- 14.7 Biomedical applications -- 14.7.1 Aerogels for the administration of medicines -- 14.7.2 Tissue engineering -- 14.7.3 Biosensing -- References -- 3 -- Hybrid Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hybrid silica aerogel -- 2.1 Polymer-silica aerogel -- 2.2 Biomolecules-silica aerogel -- 2.3 Graphene-silica aerogel -- 3. Final remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 -- Silica Aerogel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methodology -- 2.1 Bare silica aerogels -- 2.2 Modified silica aerogels -- 3. Physico-chemical properties and applications -- 3.1 Thermal insulating application -- 3.2 Optical property application -- 3.3 Electronic application -- 3.4 Acoustic insulation applications -- 3.5 Biomedical applications -- 3.6 Environmental applications -- 3.7 Others applications -- 3.7.1 Space and detector -- 3.7.2 Oil spill clean-up -- 3.7.3 Aerospace -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 5 -- Carbon Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of carbon aerogels -- 2.1 Low flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.2 Super flexible-carbon aerogel -- 2.3 Carbon nano tube aerogels -- 2.4 Graphene nano aerogel -- 2.5 Nano-diamond aerogel -- 2.6 Ni-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.7 Pt, Pd, Ag and Ru-doped carbon aerogel -- 2.8 Ce, Zr-based carbon aerogel. , 3. General characteristics and properties -- 3.1 Bulk density and porosity -- 3.2 Backbone density -- 3.3 Backbone connectivity -- 3.4 Pore connectivity -- 3.5 Pore size -- 3.6 Thermal properties -- 3.7 Electrical properties -- 3.8 Electrochemical properties -- 3.9 Mechanical properties -- 3.10 Gas-transport properties -- 3.11 Optical properties -- 4. Applications -- 4.1 Electrochemical field -- 4.2 Hydrogen storage -- 4.3 Catalyst support -- 4.4 Thermal insulation -- 4.5 Adsorbent for waste water treatment -- 4.6 Photocatalyst for waste water treatment -- 4.7 Sensor application -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Magnetic Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cellulose magnetic aerogels -- 3. Magnetic graphene aerogel -- 4. Carbon magnetic aerogel -- 5. Magnetic silica aerogels -- 6. Magnetic pectin aerogel -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 -- Properties of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure -- 3. Thermal properties -- 3.1 Silica aerogels -- 3.2 Organic and polymeric aerogels -- 3.3 Carbon aerogels -- 4. Electrical properties -- 4.1 Aerogels with low conductivity -- 4.2 Low dielectric constant materials -- 4.3 Aerogels with high conductivity -- 5. Optical properties -- 5.1 Radiators in Cherenkov counters -- 5.2 Fiber optics -- 5.3 Non reflective materials -- 6. Mechanical properties -- 7. Acoustic properties -- 8. Biocompatibility -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 -- Tailor-Made Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Existing and potential applications of aerogels -- 2.1 Pore engineering -- 2.2 Customizable surface and coating -- 2.3 Hybrid aerogels (HAgs): Influence of the sol-gel process on final properties -- 3. Applications of Tailor-made aerogels -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Aerogels Envisioning Future Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Future applications of bioaerogels. , 2.1 Bioaerogels applied as functional foods -- 2.2 Bioaerogels applied as thickeners and stabilizers -- 2.3 Bioaerogels applied as medicines and scaffolding in tissue repair -- 3. Future applications of polymeric aerogel -- 3.1 Polymeric aerogel as impact absorbing materials -- 3.2 Polymeric aerogels used as catalyst supports -- 3.3 Polymeric aerogels can be used as aerospace components -- 4. Future applications of carbon aerogel -- 4.1 Future applications of carbon aerogels as photocatalytic components, electrodes and supercapacitor -- 4.2 Materials against electromagnetic interference, lipid adsorbents and scaffolds for polymers -- 5. Future applications of inorganic aerogels -- 5.1 Inorganic aerogels used as fuel cells -- 5.2 Inorganic aerogels used as catalysts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- The authors thank the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) for funding this research. -- References -- 10 -- Recent Patents on Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications -- 2.1 Patents on aerogel generators(WO 2004/022242 Al) -- 2.2 Aerogel blanket and its production (PCT/US2014/022919) -- 2.3 Cellulose aerogels PCT/GB2010/051542 -- 2.4 Some miscellaneous patents -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 -- State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Aerogels -- 1. Introduction -- 2.1 Synthesis of aerogels -- 3. State-of-the-art of aerogel -- 3.1 State-of-the-art properties of aerogel -- 3.2 State-of-the-art of preparation of aerogel -- 4. Future prospective of aerogel -- 4.1 Thermal insulation -- 4.2 Drug delivery -- 4.3 Energy storage device -- Acknowledgments -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Polymer Composites -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Solvent Transport Phenomenon of Composite -- Natural Fiber Reinforced Synthetic Polymer Composites -- Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Applications -- Effect of Fiber Orientation and Modification on the Behavior of Bamboo Fiber Reinforced UPE/ESOA Hybrid Composite -- Graphene Composites -- Ionic Polymer Metal Composites -- Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Polymer Electrolyte Membranes -- Thermo Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Composites -- Ionic Transport in Sol-Gel Derived Organic-Inorganic Composites -- Membrane Transport for Gas Separation -- Mass Transport through Composite Asymmetric Membranes -- Transport Phenomenon of Nanoparticles in Animals and Humans -- Sorption and Diffusion Properties of Wood/Plastic Composites -- Graphite/UPE Nanocomposite: Transport, Thermal, Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties -- Diffusion of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes into Industrial Polymers -- Diffusion, Transport and Water Absorption Properties of Eco-Friendly Polymer Composites -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Fabrication of TiO2 Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites and metal oxides core-shells SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 2.1 Preparation of TiO2 NRDS -- 2.2 Synthesis of TiO2 NFBS -- 2.3 Synthesis of TiO2 nanocomposites with graphene -- 2.4 Synthesis of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 3. Fabrication of cell for electrochemical characterization -- 3.1 Electrochemical measurements for TiO2/graphene nanocomposite -- 3.2 Electrochemical tests for coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 4. Characterization of TiO2/graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1 TiO2 /graphene nanocomposites -- 4.1.1 SEM -- 4.1.2 TEM -- 4.1.3 XRD -- 4.1.4 Raman -- 4.1.5 BET -- 4.1.6 EDX -- 4.2 Electrochemical Testing -- 5. Characterization of coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1 Coaxial SnO2@TiO2 nanotube hybrids -- 5.1.1 SEM & -- TEM -- 5.1.2 XRD -- 5.1.4 Electrochemical testing -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 -- A Brief History of Conducting Polymers Applied in Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Before 2000: Emergence stage -- 2.2 2000-2006: Preliminary stage -- 2.3 Since 2007: Fast development stage -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Before 2010: Emergence stage -- 3.2 Since 2010: Rising stage -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 -- 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 3. WS2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 4. MoSe2 based anode materials for LIBs -- 5. WSe2-based anode materials for LIBs -- 6. Other TMDs for LIBs -- 7. Summary and future outlooks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 4 -- Metal Sulphides for Lithium-ion Batteries. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Demands on batteries in 21st Century -- 3. Design of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) -- 4. Materials related issues in LIBs in modern era -- 5. Advantages of metal-sulphides for LIBs -- 6. Metal sulphide based nanocomposites for battery applications -- 7. Different types of metal sulphides as anode materials in the LIBs applications -- 7.1 Layered metal-sulphides for LIBs. -- 7.2 Copper sulphides -- 7.3 Cobalt sulphides -- 7.4 Molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) -- 7.5 Tungsten disulphide (WS2) -- 7.6 Iron disulphide (FeS2) -- 7.7 Tin sulphides -- 7.8 Nickel Sulphides -- 8. Synthesis techniques for metal sulphides -- 8.1 Solid state method -- 8.2 The hydro/solvothermal method -- 8.3 Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis -- 8.4 Spraying-related methods -- 9. Summary -- References -- 5 -- Magnetic Nanomaterials for Lithium-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of LIBs -- 3. LIB Technology -- 4. LIB working principle -- 5. Nanomaterials -- 6. Nanomaterials in anode for LIBs -- 7. Nanomaterials in cathode for LIBs -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Recent Advances in Nanomaterials for Li-ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and working of Li-ion battery -- 3. Electrochemical behavior of various materials for Li-ion batteries -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 -- Silicon Materials for Lithium-ion Battery Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Overview on lithium battery technology -- 1.2 Silicon as anode for lithium batteries: -- 1.2.1 0D nanostructures -- 1.2.2 1D nanostructures -- 1.2.3 2D nanostructures -- 1.2.4 3D-nanostructures -- 2. Electrochemical performance of silicon based nanostructures -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- NASICON Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Machinery of SIBs -- 2.1 Storing the progression of NASICON materials -- 2.2 Cathode materials based on NASICON type -- 2.2.1 NASICON-type nanoparticles of Fe2(MoO4)3 wrapped with graphene -- 2.2.2 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.3 NASICON-type materials based on Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Na3V2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.4 NASICON-type materials of porous Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaTi2(PO4)3 -- 2.2.5 A negative electrode of Mg0.5Ti2(PO4)3 based NASICON materials -- 2.2.6 Numerous other NASICON cathode materials -- 2.3 Anode materials based on NASICON-type -- 2.3.1 NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) type anode materials -- 2.3.2 NaZr2(PO4)3 (NZP) type anode materials -- 2.3.3 Numerous other NASICON anode materials -- 2.4 Commercial prospects of NIB technologies -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of SIBs electrode materials -- 3. Carbon anode materials for advanced SIBs -- 3.1 Graphite as anode for SIBs -- 3.2 Hard carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.3 Graphene as anode for SIBs -- 3.4 Carbon nanofibers as anode for SIBs -- 3.5 Biomass-derived carbon as anode for SIBs -- 3.6 Heteroatom-doped carbon materials as anode for SIBs -- References -- 3 -- Organic Electrode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular design of electrodes for organic sodium ion batteries -- 2.1 Organic electrodes constituting of C=O based reaction -- 2.1.1 Carbonyl compounds -- 2.1.2 Polyimides -- 2.1.3 Quinones -- 2.1.4 Carboxylates -- 2.1.5 Anhydrides -- 2.2 Organic electrodes based on doping reaction -- 2.2.1 Organic radical polymers -- 2.2.2 Conductive polymers -- 2.2.3 Conjugated microporous polymers -- 2.2.4 Organometallic polymers. , 2.3 Organic electrode constituting of C=N based reaction -- 2.3.1 Schiff bases -- 2.3.2 Pteridine derivatives -- 3. Electrode design for sodium-ion batteries -- 3.1 Molecular engineering -- 3.2 Polymerization -- 3.3 Combining with carbon (carbon hybrid) -- 3.4 Electrolyte modification -- 4 Future challenges -- References -- 4 -- Alloys for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sodium ion batteries anode materials -- 3. Hard carbon -- 4. Carbon nanostructures -- 5. Carbon and alloy-based material composites -- 6. Alloying reactions-based anode materials -- 6.1 P-based materials -- 6.1.1 Red phosphorous -- 6.1.2 Black phosphorous -- 7. Conversion based material -- 7.1 Metal oxides -- 7.2 Metal sulfides -- 8. Graphene -- Conclusion and challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 -- Mn-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History -- 3. Types -- 4. Sodium-ion batteries -- 5. Mn-based sodium-ion batteries -- References -- 6 -- Tin-Based Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Sn-based anodes -- 3. Electrochemical performance -- 4. Structure and design -- 5. Performance -- 6. Thermal stability -- 7. Mechanism -- 8. Drawbacks -- 9. Factors affecting the capacity of Sn based sodium ion batteries -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 -- Conducting Polymer Electrodes for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Energy depository technologies in static application -- 2.1 Pump hydroelectric depository (PHD) -- 2.2 Compressed air energy depository (CAED) -- 2.3 Electrochemical energy storage (EED) -- 3. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) -- 4. Beginning of new technology in the field of energy storage -- 4.1 Electrode material for SIBs -- 5. Polymer electrode material for the SIBs -- 5.1 Polyimides -- 6. Conducting polymers. , 6.1 Conducting polymer can provide electromagnetic shielding of electronic devices -- 6.2 It absorbs microwaves by using stealth technology -- 6.3 It can be used as a hole injecting electrode for OLEDs -- 6.4 Some conducting polymers are promising for field effect transistor (FET) -- 6.5 It can be used in display technology due to their electroluminescent property -- 7. Types of conductive polymer -- 7.1 Electrically conducting polymer -- 7.2 Doping in conductive polymer -- 7.3 Polyacetylene and polyphenylene as electrode material for the SIBs -- 7.4 Conjugated conductive polymer and charge storage mechanism -- 7.5 Non-conjugated conductive radical polymer -- 7.6 Inorganic nanoparticles-conducting polymer composite based battery electrodes -- 8. Why conducting polymer? -- 9. Functions of CPs -- 9.1 Merits and demerits of the conducting polymer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 -- Recent Progress in Electrode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History and working principal of SIB -- 3. Anode Materials for SIB -- 3.1 Metal Oxide Anode Materials -- 3.2 Alloy Anode Materials -- 4. Cathode Materials for SIBs -- 4.1 Layered Oxide Cathode Materials -- 4.2 Polyanionic Cathode Materials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Electrolytes for Na-O2 Batteries: Towards a Rational Design -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Na-O2 Batteries -- 3. Instability of electrolyte -- 4. The use of additives -- 5. Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 -- State-of-the-Art, Future Prospects and Challenges in Sodium-Ion Battery Technology -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. State-of-the-art or current status of SIBs -- 4. Hurdles in SIBs -- 5. Next-generation battery research -- 5.1 SexSy-based negative electrode materials (NEMs) -- 5.2 Na3M2(PO4)2F3 [M¼Ti, Fe, V] based NEMs. , 5.3 Inclusion of fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC) in the electrolyte -- 5.4 Efficient cycling process by Sb in SIBs -- 5.5 SnSb as NEMs -- 6. Economic perspective of SIBs -- 6.1 Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC model) -- 6.2 Cost of cathode -- 6.3 Cost of anode -- 6.4 Cost of electrolyte -- 6.5 Fluctuations or variation in price -- 6.6 Limitation of BatPaC model -- 7. A materialistic outlook of SIBs -- 8. Challenges of SIBs -- 8.1 Limitations and materialistic barriers -- 8.2 Challenges of NEMs -- 9. Future opportunities -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 -- Conducting Polymers for Sodium-Ion Batteries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications on cathode materials -- 2.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer cathodes -- 2.2 Conducting polymer-based composite cathode -- 3. Applications on anode materials -- 3.1 Doped and pure conducting polymer anodes -- 3.2 Conducting polymer-based composite anode -- Conclusions & -- Outlooks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Anti-Adhesive Coatings: A Technique for Prevention of Bacterial Surface Fouling -- 1.1 Bacterial Surface Fouling (Biofouling) -- 1.2 Negative Effects of Biofouling by Bacteria on Practical Applications -- 1.3 Anti-Adhesive Coatings for Preventing Bacterial Surface Fouling -- 1.3.1 Hydrophilic Polymers -- 1.3.2 Zwitterionic Polymers -- 1.3.3 Super-Hydrophobic Polymers -- 1.3.4 Slippery Liquid Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS) -- 1.3.5 Protein and Glycoprotein-Based Coatings -- 1.4 Bifunctional Coatings With Anti-Adhesive and Antibacterial Properties -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Lignin-Based Adhesives -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Native Lignin and Source of Technical Lignin -- 2.2.1 Native Lignin -- 2.2.2 Technical Lignins -- 2.3 Limitations of Technical Lignins -- 2.3.1 Heterogeneity of Technical Lignins -- 2.3.2 Reactivity of Technical Lignins -- 2.4 Lignin Pre-Treatment/Modification for Adhesive Application -- 2.4.1 Physical Pre-Treatment -- 2.4.2 Chemical Modification -- 2.5 Challenges and Prospects -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Green Adhesive for Industrial Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Advanced Green Adhesives Categories- Industrial Applications -- 3.2.1 Keta Spire Poly Etherether Ketone Powder Coating -- 3.2.2 Bio-Inspired Adhesive in Robotics Field Application -- 3.2.3 Bio-Inspired Synthetic Adhesive in Space Application -- 3.2.3.1 Micro Structured Dry Adhesive Fabrication for Space Application -- 3.2.4 Natural Polymer Adhesive for Wood Panel Industry -- 3.2.5 Tannin Based Bio-Adhesive for Leather Tanning Industry -- 3.2.6 Conductive Adhesives in Microelectronics Industry -- 3.2.7 Bio-Resin Adhesive in Dental Industry -- 3.2.8 Green Adhesive in Fiberboard Industry -- 3.3 Conclusions and Future Scope. , References -- Chapter 4 Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Main Raw Materials of Green Adhesives: Structure, Composition, and Properties -- 4.2.1 Chitosan -- 4.2.2 Alginate -- 4.2.3 Lignin -- 4.2.4 Lactic Acid PLA -- 4.3 Properties Characterization of Green Adhesives for Biomedical Applications -- 4.3.1 Diffraction X-Rays (DRX) -- 4.3.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 4.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM Images) -- 4.3.4 Wettability or Contact Angle (CA) -- 4.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 4.3.6 Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) -- 4.3.7 Thermal Analysis (TG/DTG/DTA and DSC Curves) -- 4.3.8 Surface Area and Porosimetry Analyzer (ASAP) -- 4.3.9 Mechanical Properties of Green Adhesives -- 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Natural Polymers -- 4.4.1 Alginate -- 4.4.1.1 Biomedical Applications of Alginate -- 4.4.2 Chitosan -- 4.4.2.1 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan -- 4.4.3 Lignin -- 4.4.3.1 Biomedical Applications of Lignin -- 4.4.4 Polylactide (PLA) -- 4.4.4.1 Biomedical Applications of PLA -- 4.5 Final Considerations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Waterborne Adhesives -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Motivation for the Use of Waterborne Adhesives -- 5.1.1.1 Sustainability and Environment Regulations -- 5.1.1.2 Circular Economy -- 5.1.1.3 Avoid Harmful Emissions -- 5.1.1.4 Development of Novel and Sustainable End Products -- 5.1.2 Environmental Effects and Mankind Toxicity Analysis -- 5.2 Performance of Waterborne Adhesives: An Overview -- 5.2.1 Waterborne Polyurethane (WBPU) Adhesives -- 5.2.1.1 Chemical Structure of Waterborne PU -- 5.2.1.2 Performances of WBPU Adhesives -- 5.2.2 Waterborne Epoxy Adhesive -- 5.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Using Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Thermoset Adhesive/Sealant -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Furfuryl Alcohol as Adhesives -- 6.3 Polyfurfuryl Alcohol as Sealants -- 6.3.1 Effect of Different Parameters on the Curing of PFA-Based Sealants -- 6.4 Applications -- 6.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Bioadhesives -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 History of Bioadhesives -- 7.3 Classification of Bioadhesives -- 7.4 Mechanism of Bioadhesion -- 7.4.1 Mechanical Interlocking -- 7.4.2 Chain Entanglement -- 7.4.3 Intermolecular Bonding -- 7.4.4 Electrostatic Bonding -- 7.5 Testing of Bioadhesives -- 7.5.1 In Vitro Methods -- 7.5.1.1 Shear Stress Measurements -- 7.5.1.2 Peel Strength Evaluation -- 7.5.1.3 Flow Through Experiment and Plate Method -- 7.5.2 Ex Vitro Methods -- 7.5.2.1 Adhesion Weight Method -- 7.5.2.2 Fluorescent Probe Methods -- 7.5.2.3 Falling Liquid Film Method -- 7.6 Application of Bioadhesives -- 7.6.1 Bioadhesives as Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.6.2 Bioadhesives as Fibrin Sealants -- 7.6.3 Bioadhesives as Protein-Based Adhesives -- 7.6.4 Bioadhesives in Tissue Engineering -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Polysaccharide-Based Adhesives -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Cellulose-Derived Adhesive -- 8.2.1 Esterification -- 8.2.1.1 Cellulose Nitrate -- 8.2.1.2 Cellulose Acetate -- 8.2.1.3 Cellulose Acetate Butyrate -- 8.2.2 Etherification -- 8.2.2.1 Methyl Cellulose -- 8.2.2.2 Ethyl Cellulose -- 8.2.2.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose -- 8.3 Starch-Derived Adhesives -- 8.3.1 Alkali Treatment -- 8.3.2 Acid Treatment -- 8.3.3 Heating -- 8.3.4 Oxidation -- 8.4 Natural Gums Derived-Adhesives -- 8.5 Fermentation-Based Adhesives -- 8.6 Enzyme Cross-Linked-Based Adhesives -- 8.7 Micro-Biopolysaccharide-Based Adhesives -- 8.8 Mechanism of Adhesion -- 8.9 Tests for Adhesion Strength -- 8.10 Applications -- 8.10.1 Biomedical Applications -- 8.10.2 Food Stuffs Applications -- 8.10.3 Pharmaceutical Applications. , 8.10.4 Agricultural Applications -- 8.10.5 Cigarette Manufacturing -- 8.10.6 Skin Cleansing Applications -- 8.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Wound -- 9.2.1 Types of Wounds -- 9.2.1.1 Acute Wounds -- 9.2.1.2 Chronic Wounds -- 9.3 Structure and Function of the Skin -- 9.4 Mechanism of Wound Healing -- 9.5 Wound Closing Techniques -- 9.6 Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.7 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Site of Application -- 9.7.1 External Use Wound Adhesives -- 9.7.1.1 Steps for Applying External Wound Healing Adhesives on Skin [30] -- 9.7.2 Internal Use Wound Adhesives -- 9.8 Types of Wound Healing Adhesives Based Upon Chemistry -- 9.8.1 Natural Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.1.1 Fibrin Sealants/Fibrin-Based Tissue Adhesives -- 9.8.1.2 Albumin-Based Adhesives -- 9.8.1.3 Collagen and Gelatin-Based Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.1.4 Starch -- 9.8.1.5 Chitosan -- 9.8.1.6 Dextran -- 9.8.2 Synthetic Wound Healing Adhesives -- 9.8.2.1 Cyanoacrylate -- 9.8.2.2 Poly Ethylene Glycol-Based Wound Adhesives (PEG) -- 9.8.2.3 Hydrogels -- 9.8.2.4 Polyurethane -- 9.9 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Green-Wood Flooring Adhesives -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Wood Flooring -- 10.2.1 Softwood Flooring -- 10.2.2 Hardwood Flooring -- 10.2.3 Engineered Wood Flooring -- 10.2.4 Laminate Flooring -- 10.2.5 Vinyl Flooring -- 10.2.6 Agricultural Residue Wood Flooring Panels -- 10.3 Recent Advances About Green Wood-Flooring Adhesives -- 10.3.1 Xylan -- 10.3.2 Modified Cassava Starch Bioadhesives -- 10.3.3 High-Efficiency Bioadhesive -- 10.3.4 Bioadhesive Made From Soy Protein and Polysaccharide -- 10.3.5 Green Cross-Linked Soy Protein Wood Flooring Adhesive -- 10.3.6 "Green" Bio-Thermoset Resins Derived From Soy Protein Isolate and Condensed Tannins. , 10.3.7 Development of Green Adhesives Using Tannins and Lignin for Fiberboard Manufacturing -- 10.3.8 Cottonseed Protein as Wood Adhesives -- 10.3.9 Chitosan as an Adhesive -- 10.3.10 PE-cg-MAH Green Wood Flooring Adhesive -- References -- Chapter 11 Synthetic Binders for Polymer Division -- List of Abbreviations -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Classification of Adhesives Based on Its Chemical Properties -- 11.2.1 Thermoset Adhesives -- 11.2.2 Thermoplastic Adhesives -- 11.2.3 Adhesive Blends -- 11.3 Adhesives Characteristics -- 11.4 Adhesives Classification Based on Its Function -- 11.4.1 Permanent Adhesives -- 11.4.2 Removable Adhesives -- 11.4.3 Repositionable Adhesives -- 11.4.4 Blended Adhesives -- 11.4.5 Anaerobic Adhesives -- 11.4.6 Aromatic Polymer Adhesives -- 11.4.7 Asphalt -- 11.4.8 Adhesives Based on Butyl Rubber -- 11.4.9 Cellulose Ester Adhesives -- 11.4.10 Adhesives Based on Cellulose Ether -- 11.4.11 Conductive Adhesives -- 11.4.12 Electrically Conductive Adhesive Materials -- 11.4.13 Thermally Conductive Adhesives -- 11.5 Resin -- 11.5.1 Unsaturated Polyester Resin -- 11.5.2 Monomers -- 11.5.2.1 Unsaturated Polyester -- 11.5.2.2 Alcohol Constituents -- 11.5.2.3 Constituents Like Anhydride and Acid -- 11.5.3 Vinyl Monomers of Unsaturated Polyester Resins -- 11.5.4 Styrenes -- 11.5.5 Acrylates and Methacrylates -- 11.5.6 Vinyl Ethers -- 11.5.7 Fillers -- 11.6 Polyurethanes -- 11.6.1 Monomers -- 11.6.1.1 Diisocyanates -- 11.6.1.2 Phosgene Route -- 11.6.1.3 Phosgene-Free Route -- 11.6.1.4 Polyols -- 11.6.1.5 Vinyl Functionalized Polyols -- 11.6.1.6 Polyols Based on Modified Polyurea -- 11.6.1.7 Polyols Based on Polyester -- 11.6.1.8 Acid and Alcohols-Based Polyesters -- 11.6.2 Rectorite Nanocomposites -- 11.6.3 Zeolite -- 11.7 Epoxy Resins -- 11.7.1 Monomers -- 11.7.1.1 Epoxides -- 11.7.1.2 Hyper Branched Polymers. , 11.7.2 Epoxide Resins Based on Liquid Crystalline Structure.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Basic Concepts and Properties of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction and background -- 2. History of superconductors -- 3. Superconductors vs perfect conductors -- 4. Phenomenon of superconductivity -- 4.1 Zero resistance -- 4.2 Super-electron -- 4.3 Critical temperature for superconductors -- 5. Classification of superconductors -- 6. Properties of superconductor -- 6.1 Evanesce of electrical resistance -- 6.2 Flux lines and diamagnetism -- 6.3 Flux quantization in superconductors -- 6.4 Quantum interference -- 6.5 Josephson current -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 -- Properties and Types of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Meissner effect and superconductors -- 2. History of superconductors -- 3. Types of superconductors -- 3.1 Type I superconductors -- 3.1.1 Examples -- 3.2 Type II superconductors -- 3.2.1 Examples -- 4. Comparisons between type I and type II superconductors -- 4.1 Meissner effect -- 4.2 Conduction of electrons -- 4.3 Surface energy -- 5. Superconducting materials -- 5.1 Metal based system superconductors -- 5.2 Copper oxides (Cuprates) -- 5.3 Iron based superconductors -- 6. Properties of superconductors -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Fundamentals and Properties of Superconductors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of superconductors -- 2.1 Type I and II superconductors -- 2.2 Organic superconductors -- 2.3 Magnetic superconductors -- 2.4 High temperature superconductors (HTS) -- 3. Properties of superconductors -- 3.1 Zero electric resistance -- 3.2 Meissner effect -- 3.3 Transition temperature -- 3.4 Critical current -- 3.5 Persistent currents -- 3.6 Idealized diamagnetisms, flux lines, with its quantization -- 3.7 Flux quantization -- 3.8 Josephson current -- 3.9 Josephson current in a magnetic field. , 3.10 Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) -- 3.11 Superconductivity: A macroscopic quantum phenomenon -- 3.12 Critical magnetic field -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Superconductors for Large-Scale Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Meissner effect: Attribute to superconductors -- 3. Advanced power transmission system -- 4. Super conducting electrical power devices -- 5. Advanced power storage system -- 6. Modern transportation -- 7. Advanced accelerators -- 8. Magnetic resonance devices -- 8.1 Magnetic resonance imaging for medical diagnostics -- 8.2 NMR spectroscopy -- 8.3 Fast field cycle relaxometer -- 9. SQUID -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Lanthanide-based Superconductor and its Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lanthanide-based superconductors -- 2.1 Preparation methods -- 2.1.1 Solid state reaction processes -- 2.1.2 Laser heating -- 2.1.3 High-pressure synthesis -- 2.2 Characterization of lanthanide-based superconductors -- 2.3 Superconducting properties of the LBSC -- 2.4 Applications of LBSC -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 -- Type I Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Type-I superconductors -- 3. History of superconductivity -- 3.1. Quest for low temperature -- 3.2 Discovery of Helium -- 3.3 Curiosity to know the resistance of metals at absolute zero? -- 3.4 Why mercury used to measure low-temperature resistance? -- 4. Attributes of superconductors -- 4.1 Current in a superconductor coil -- 4.2 How superconductors behave in an external magnetic field? -- 4.3 Unification of electric and magnetic behaviour -- 5. Characteristics of type-I superconductors -- 5.1 Critical Temperature (TC) -- 5.2 Meissner effect or perfect diamagnetism -- 5.3 Critical magnetic field (HC) -- 5.4 Critical current (IC) -- 5.5 Isotope effect -- 5.6 Development of theories of superconductivity. , 5.6.1 London equations and penetration depth -- 5.6.2 Ginzburg and Landau theory -- 5.6.3 BCS theory -- 5.7 Breakthroughs and outcomes of theoretical research -- 6. Applications -- 7. Issues with type-I superconductors -- References -- 7 -- Bulk Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. New era of high temperature superconductor -- 3. Type-II superconductors -- 4. Characteristics of type-II superconductors -- 4.1 Critical temperature (TC) -- 4.2 Critical magnetic field (HC) -- 4.3 Meissner effect or perfect diamagnetism -- 5. Different types of bulk superconductors -- 5.1 Alloys -- 5.2 Niobium alloys -- 5.3 Oxides, cuprates and ceramics -- 5.4 Fullerenes -- 6. Applications -- 6.1 Superconductor magnets and ordinary electromagnets -- 6.2 High field magnets -- 6.3 Magnetic levitation -- 6.4 Medical applications -- 6.5 Detectors -- 6.6 Josephson junctions -- Conclusion and future outlook -- Reference -- 8 -- Soft Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Type 1 Superconductors -- 3. Structural properties of superconductors -- 4. A3B structure superconductors -- 5. MMo6X8& -- M2A3X3 structures superconductors -- 6. Cuprate superconductors structures -- 7. Production of superconductors -- 8. Wire production -- 9. Thin films production -- 10. Superconductor applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Oxide Superconductors -- 1. Background -- 2. Unusual properties super conducting materials and proposed theories and hypothesis -- 3. Cooper pair model -- 4. Crystal structure analysis of superconducting materials -- 5. Applications of oxide superconductor -- Conclusions -- References -- 10 -- High Temperature Superconductors: Materials and Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Science of HTSC -- 3. Nickel based HTSC -- 4. HTSC for fusion reactors. , 5. HTSC magnetic energy storage for power applications -- 6. HTSC materials based on bismuth -- 7. HTSC in co-axial magnetic gear -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 -- Superconducting Metamaterials and their Applications -- 1. Superconducting materials -- 2. Metamaterials -- 2.1 Low loss metamaterials -- 2.2 Scaling of SRR properties -- 2.3 Scaling of wire array properties -- 3. Novel superconducting metamaterial implementations -- 3.1 Ferromagnet- superconductor composites -- 3.2 DC magnetic superconducting metamaterials -- 3.3 SQUID metamaterials -- 4. Superconducting photonic crystal -- 5. Thin film superconducting metamaterial -- 6. Advantages of metamaterials -- 6.1 Compact superconducting materials -- 6.2 Tuneability and nonlinearity -- 6.3 Implementations of superconducting metamaterials -- 7. Novel applications -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 -- Superconductors for Medical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Medical applications -- 2.1 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -- 2.1.1 Quench protection design of MRI superconducting magnet -- 2.1.2 Open MRI superconducting magnet -- 2.1.3 MRI food inspection system -- 2.2 Magnetic gene transfer -- 2.3 Magnetic drug delivery system -- 2.4 Cancer and internal hemorrhage detection -- Conclusions -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors -- Superconductors for Magnetic Imaging Resonance Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. History of superconductor materials for MRI -- 2.1 Liquid helium free SN2 high-temperature fuperconductor magnet -- 2.2 Bismuth strontium calcium copper oxide (Bi2223): First SN2-HTS magnet -- 2.3 Magnesium diboride superconductors -- 2.3.1 Challenges and prospects for MgB2 MRI magnets -- 3. Potential superconductors for MRIs -- 3.1 Nb-Ti and Nb3Sn superconductors -- 3.2 Copper based superconductors. , 3.3 Rare - earth barium copper oxide superconductors (REBCO) -- 3.4 MgB2 superconductors -- 3.5 Iron-based superconductors (IBS) -- 4. Materials' and their applications' prospects in the future -- Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- frontpages -- 1 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The preparation of graphene -- 3. Graphene-metal compound composites -- 3.1 Graphene-MnO2 composites -- 3.2 Graphene-Mn3O4 composites -- 3.3 Graphene-ZnO composites -- 3.4 Graphene-CeO2 composites -- 3.5 Graphene-Co3O4 composites -- 3.6 Graphene-NiO composites -- 4. Graphene-polymer composites -- 4.1 Graphene-PPY based composites -- 4.2 Graphene-PAN based composites -- 4.3 Graphene-biopolymer composite materials -- 5. 3D graphene-based composites -- 6. Multifunctional graphene-based electrode materials -- 6.1 Ternary graphene-polymer-nanocarbon composites -- 6.2 Ternary graphene-polymer-metal oxide composites -- 6.3 Ternary graphene-polymer-polymer composites -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- 1. Biomass-derived carbon -- 2. Use of biomass based activated carbon in electrochemical capacitor -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation of electrode and electrochemical characterization -- 2.3 Sonochemical synthesis of RuO2 nanogranules -- 2.4 Sonochemical synthesis of conducting polymer/RuO2 composite -- 3. Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamentals of supercapacitors -- 2.1 Types of supercapacitors -- 2.2 Parameters for supercapacitors -- 3. Synthesis methods -- 4. Electrode materials of transition metal oxides/hydroxides -- 4.1 Ruthenium oxide -- 4.2 Manganese oxide -- 4.3 Nickel oxide/Nickel hydroxide (NiO/Ni(OH)2) -- 4.4 Cobalt oxide/hydroxide (Co3O4/Co(OH)2) -- 4.5 Iron oxides (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) -- 4.6 Molybdenum oxides -- 4.7 Vanadium pentoxide -- 4.8 Tin oxide -- 4.9 Indium oxide (In2O3) -- 4.10 Bismuth oxide -- 4.11 Binary metal oxides -- 5. Application of supercapacitors -- Conclusions -- References -- 5 -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Materials and instrumentation -- 2.2 Preparation PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZA) by aqueous polymerization pathway -- 2.3 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZE) by emulsion polymerization pathway -- 2.4 Preparation of PANI-ZrO2 composite (PZI) by interfacial polymerization pathway -- 2.5 Ion exchange capacity (IEC) of PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3. Results and discussion -- 3.1 Synthesis and physical properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.2 Spectral properties of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.3 Thermal behavior of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- 3.4 Electrochemical performances of hybrid PANI-ZrO2 composites -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous-CQDs composites -- 3. Inorganic-CQDs composites -- 4. Conducting polymer-CQDs composites -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- 7 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Supercapacitors -- 3.1 Classification of supercapacitors -- 3.1 Electrostatic capacitors -- 3.2 Pseudocapacitors -- 3.3 Hybrid electrochemical capacitors -- 4. Charge storage mechanism -- 5. Electrode materials -- 6. Transition metal oxides as pseudocapacitor electrodes -- 7. Synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode material -- 8 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 9. Sol-gel synthesis of transition metal oxides based electrode materials -- 10. Metal oxide /carbon composites as pseudocapacitors electrode material -- 11. Binary metal oxide as electrode material -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1 Sample preparation -- 2.2 Characterization techniques -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- keywords_editors.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Green Inorganic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technical aspects of microwave technique -- 2.1. Principles and heating mechanism of microwave method -- 2.2. Green solvents for microwave reactions -- 2.3. Microwave versus conventional synthesis -- 2.4. Microwave instrumentation -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations -- 3. MW-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Metallic nanostructured materials -- 3.2. Metal oxides nanostructured materials -- 3.3. Metal chalcogenides nanostructured materials -- 3.4. Quantum dot nanostructured materials -- 4. Conclusions and future aspects -- 4.1. Challenges and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 2: Green synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles using microemulsion methods -- Description -- Key features -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental aspects of microemulsion synthesis -- 2.1. Microemulsion and types -- 2.2. Micelles, types, and formation mechanism -- 2.3. Hydrophilic-lipophilic balance number -- 2.4. Surfactants and types -- 2.5. Advantages and limitations of microemulsion synthesis of nanomaterials -- 3. Microemulsion-assisted green synthesis of inorganic nanostructured materials -- 3.1. General mechanism microemulsion method for nanomaterial synthesis -- 3.2. Preparation of metallic and bimetallic nanoparticles -- 3.3. Metal oxide synthesis by microemulsion -- 3.4. Synthesis of metal chalcogenide nanostructured materials -- 3.5. Synthesis of inorganic quantum dots -- 4. Conclusions, challenges, and scope to further study -- References -- Chapter 3: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using microorganisms -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Green approach for synthesis of nanoparticles -- 3. General mechanisms of biosynthesis -- 4. Optimization of nanoparticles biosynthesis -- 4.1. Effect of the temperature -- 4.2. Effect of pH -- 4.3. Effect of metal precursor concentration -- 4.4. Effect of culture medium composition -- 4.5. Effect of biomass quantity and age -- 4.6. Synthesis time -- 5. Biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles -- 5.1. Bacteria-mediated synthesis -- 5.2. Fungi-mediated synthesis -- 5.3. Yeast-mediated synthesis -- 5.4. Algae- and viruses-mediated synthesis -- 6. Biosynthesis of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles -- 7. Final considerations -- References -- Chapter 4: Challenge and perspectives for inorganic green synthesis pathways -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis methods -- 2.1. Physical synthesis -- 2.1.1. Advantages -- 2.1.2. Inconvenient -- 2.2. Chemical synthesis -- 2.2.1. Advantages -- 2.2.2. Inconvenient -- 2.3. Green synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials and application -- 3. Challenge and perspectives -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Types of nanomaterials -- 1.2. Approaches for the synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.3. Characterization of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1.4. What are carbohydrates? -- 1.4.1. Types of carbohydrates -- Monosaccharides -- Oligosaccharides -- Polysaccharides -- 2. Synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.1. Synthesis of metal nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.2. Synthesis of metal oxide-based nanomaterials using carbohydrates -- 2.3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using polysaccharides extracted from fungi and plant -- 3. The advantages and disadvantages of inorganic nanomaterials -- 4. Conclusion and future scope -- References -- Chapter 6: Fundamentals for material and nanomaterial synthesis. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental synthesis for materials -- 2.1. Solid-state synthesis -- 2.2. Chemical vapor transport -- 2.3. Sol-gel process -- 2.4. Melt growth (MG) method -- 2.5. Chemical vapor deposition -- 2.6. Laser ablation methods -- 2.7. Sputtering method -- 2.8. Molecular beam epitaxy method -- 3. Fundamental synthesis for nanomaterials -- 3.1. Top-down and bottom-up approaches -- 3.1.1. Ball milling (BL) synthesis process -- 3.1.2. Electron beam lithography -- 3.1.3. Inert gas condensation synthesis method -- 3.1.4. Physical vapor deposition methods -- 3.1.5. Laser pyrolysis methods -- 3.2. Chemical synthesis methods -- 3.2.1. Sol-gel method -- 3.2.2. Chemical vapor deposition method -- 3.2.3. Hydrothermal synthesis -- 3.2.4. Polyol process -- 3.2.5. Microemulsion technique -- 3.2.6. Microwave-assisted (MA) synthesis -- 3.3. Bio-assisted (B-A) methods -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Nanomaterials and current limitations -- 1.2. Bioinspired synthesis -- 2. General mechanism of interaction -- 3. Bioinspired synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 3.1. Microorganisms-mediated synthesis -- 3.2. Plant-mediated synthesis -- 3.2.1. Root extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.2. Leaves extract assisted synthesis -- 3.2.3. Shoot-mediated synthesis -- 3.3. Protein templated synthesis -- 3.4. DNA-templated synthesis -- 3.5. Butterfly wing scales-templated synthesis -- 4. Applications of bioinspired nanomaterials -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Polysaccharides for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polysaccharides -- 2.1. Types of polysaccharides -- 2.1.1. Cellulose -- 2.1.2. Starch -- 2.1.3. Chitin -- 2.1.4. Chitosan -- 2.1.5. Properties of polysaccharides for bioapplications -- 3. Nanomaterials -- 3.1. Types of nanomaterials. , 3.1.1. Organic nanomaterials -- Carbon nanotubes -- Graphene -- Fullerenes -- 3.1.2. Inorganic nanomaterials -- Magnetic nanoparticles -- Metal nanoparticles -- Metal oxide nanoparticles -- Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles -- 3.2. Health effects of nanomaterials -- 4. Polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 4.1. Cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.1. Preparation of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.1.2. Structure of cellulose nanomaterials -- 4.2. Chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.1. Preparation of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.2.2. Structure and properties of chitin nanomaterials -- 4.3. Starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.1. Preparation of starch nanomaterials -- 4.3.2. Structure and properties of starch nanomaterials -- 5. Preparation of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 5.1. Bulk nanocomposites -- 5.2. Composite nanoparticles -- 6. Applications of polysaccharide-based inorganic nanomaterials -- 6.1. Biotechnological applications -- 6.1.1. Bioseparation -- 6.1.2. Biolabeling and biosensing -- 6.1.3. Antimicrobial applications -- 6.2. Biomedical applications -- 6.2.1. Drug delivery -- 6.2.2. Digital imaging -- 6.2.3. Cancer treatment -- 6.3. Agricultural applications -- 7. Characterization of polysaccharide-based nanomaterials -- 7.1. Spectroscopy -- 7.1.1. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy -- 7.1.2. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) -- 7.1.3. UV-visible absorbance spectroscopy -- 7.2. Microscopy -- 7.2.1. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) -- 7.2.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) -- 7.3. X-ray methods -- 7.4. Thermal analysis -- 8. Future prospects -- 9. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Supercritical fluids for inorganic nanomaterials synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The supercritical fluid as a substitute technology -- 2.1. What is supercritical fluid? -- 2.2. Supercritical antisolvent precipitation. , 2.3. Supercritical-assisted atomization -- 2.4. Sol-gel drying method -- 3. Synthesis in supercritical fluids -- 3.1. Route of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials synthesis -- 3.2. Sole supercritical fluid -- 3.3. Mixed supercritical fluid -- 4. Theory of the synthesis of supercritical fluids containing nanomaterials -- 4.1. Supercritical fluids working process -- 4.2. Origin of nanoparticles -- 4.3. The rapid expansion of supercritical solutions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Green synthesized zinc oxide nanomaterials and its therapeutic applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Green synthesis -- 3. ZnO NPs characterization -- 4. ZnO NPs synthesis by plant extracts -- 5. ZnO NPs synthesis by bacteria and actinomycetes -- 6. ZnO NPs synthesis by algae -- 7. ZnO NPs synthesis by fungi -- 8. NPs synthesis by virus -- 9. ZnO NPs synthesis with alternative green sources -- 10. Therapeutic applications -- 11. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Sonochemical synthesis of inorganic nanomaterials -- 1. Background -- 2. Inorganic nanomaterials in sonochemical synthesis -- 3. Applications -- 4. Final comments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Protein Separation and Purification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of ion exchange resins -- 3. Functionalization of ion exchange resin -- 4. Characterization of ion exchange resin -- 4.1 Elemental analysis -- 4.2 FT-IR spectra -- 4.3 Thermogravimetric analysis -- 5. Analysis of variables for protein IEC -- 5.1 Stability and pI of proteins -- 5.2 Effect of the support on the chromatographic separation of proteins -- 5.3 Effect of buffer and mobile phase -- 6. Steps of protein separation by IEC -- 7. Types of protein purified by IEC -- 8. Future prospects of IEC -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Vitamins Separation and Purification -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of vitamins -- 3. Categorisation of vitamins -- 3.1 Water soluble vitamins -- 3.2 Fat soluble vitamins -- 4. Origin of vitamins -- 5. Isolation and purgation of vitamin -- 6. Ion-exchange chromatography -- 7. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin K1 -- 8. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin C -- 9. Ion exchange chromatographic isolation and purgation of vitamin B1, vitamin B2 and vitamin B6 -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Application of Ion Exchange Resins in Protein Separation and Purification -- 1. Basic principle of protein separation and purification by chromatographic method -- 2. Chromatographic methods of protein purification -- 2.1 Gel filtration or permeation chromatography -- 2.2 Affinity chromatography -- 2.3 Immuno affinity chromatography -- 2.4 Metal chelate chromatography -- 2.5 Other Chromatographic techniques -- 3. Principle of separation of proteins by ion exchange chromatography -- 4. Strong and weak ion exchange resin -- 5. Choice of buffer. , 6. Experimental procedure of ion exchange resin -- 6.1 Equilibration -- 6.2 Sample Application and Wash -- 6.3 Elution -- 6.4 Regeneration -- 7. Morphology of ion exchange resin -- 7.1 Capacity of ion exchange resin -- 7.2 Stability -- 7.3 Cross linking of resins -- 7.4 Donnan equilibrium -- 8. Parameters for optimisation of ion exchange methods -- 8.1 Resolution -- 8.2 Efficiency -- 8.3 Selectivity -- Summary -- References -- 4 -- Ion Exchange Resins for Selective Separation of Toxic Metals -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ion exchange resins (IERs) -- 3. Type of IERs -- 4. Synthesis of IERs -- 5. Uses of IERs -- 6. Activity of IERs -- 7. Properties of IERs -- 7.1 IE capacity of resin -- 7.2 Water retention capacity of ion exchange resin -- 7.3 Density of ion exchange resin -- 7.4 Surface area of ion exchange resin -- 7.5 Regeneration of ion exchange resin -- 8. Selectivity of IERs -- 9. Toxic metals -- 10. Selective separation of toxic metals -- 11. Modern ion exchange separation method in industry and its future prospects -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Separation and Purification of Bioactive Molecules by Ion Exchange -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Reversed phase chromatography -- 2. Polymeric sorbents for preparative chromatography of biologically active compounds -- 2.1 Designing a biochemical purification -- 3. Ion-exchange separation and purification of polyphenols -- 3.1 Separation of bioactive catechin derivatives by AEC -- 4. Ion-exchange separation and purification of protein -- 5. Use of ion-exchange chromatography for the separation of peptide -- 5.1 Separation of human C-peptide by ion exchange -- 6. Separation of Alkaloids from Chinese Medicines by ion-exchange -- 7. Separation of plasmid DNA using ion-exchange chromatography -- 8. Separation of carbohydrates from seaweed using ion-exchange chromatography -- 9. Future Prospects -- References. , 6 -- Ion Exchange Resins as Carriers for Sustained Drug Release -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principles of sustained drug release -- 2.1 Evolution of sustained drug delivery systems -- 2.2.1 First-generation delivery systems -- 2.2.2 Second-generation delivery systems -- 2.2.3 Third/ Next generation delivery systems -- 3. Types of sustained drug delivery systems -- 3.1 Diffusion-controlled system -- 3.1.1 Reservoir system -- 3.1.2 Matrix system -- 3.2 Osmotic system -- 3.3 Floating system -- 3.4 Bioadhesive system -- 3.5 Liposome system -- 4. IERs as drug delivery systems -- 4.1 Chemistry of IERs -- 4.2. Complexation of IER and the drug -- 4.2.1 Selection of the drug -- 4.2.2 Purification of resins -- 4.2.3 Drug loading -- 4.2.3.1 Batch method -- 4.2.3.2 Column method -- 4.2.4 Factors affecting drug loading -- 4.2.4.1 Particle size -- 4.2.4.2 Porosity and swelling -- 4.2.4.3 Available capacity -- 4.2.4.4 Acid-base strength -- 4.2.5 Evaluation of drug resinates -- 5. Modified resinates -- 6. Release kinetics of drugs complexed with IERs -- 7. Efficiency of IERs as the delivery mechanism -- 7.1 Oral drugs -- 7.2 Nasal drugs -- 7.3 Ophthalmic drugs -- 7.4 Oro-dispersible films (ODF) -- 7.5 Oral liquid suspensions -- 8. Commercial IERs used in sustained drug delivery -- 8.1 Dowex 50W -- 8.2 Indion 244 -- 8.3 Amberlite IRP-69 -- 9. Future perspectives -- References -- 7 -- Ion Exchange Resins for Clinical Applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Application of resins in formulation-related issues -- 2.1 Taste development -- 2.2 Aiding in dissolution -- 2.3 Role as disintegrating agents -- 2.4 Drug stabilization -- 2.5 Water purification for the production of pharmaceuticals -- 2.6 Anti-deliquescence -- 3. Applications in drug release systems -- 3.1 Simple resinates -- 3.2 Microencapsulated resinates -- 3.3 Hollow fiber system -- 3.4 Gastric retentive system. , 3.5 Sigmoidal release system -- 4. Applications in targeted drug delivery -- 4.1 Oral drug delivery -- 4.2 Nasal drug delivery -- 4.3 Transdermal drug delivery -- 4.4 Ophthalmic drug delivery -- 4.5 Application in cancer treatment -- 5. Applications in therapeutics -- 5.1 High cholesterol treatment -- 5.2 Application in treatment of pruritus -- 5.3 Applications in treating of oedema -- 5.4 Application in the treatment of cardiac oedema -- 5.5 Applications as antacids -- 5.6 Treating uremia -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Applications of Ion Exchange Resins in Water Softening -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water hardness -- 2.1 Salts providing hardness -- 2.2 Negative effect of water hardness -- 3. Ion exchange resins for water softening -- 3.1 Strongly acidic resins -- 3.2 Weakly acidic resins -- 3.3 Polymer-inorganic resins -- 4. Regeneration of ion exchange resins and their fouling -- 5. Ion exchange in a combination with other processes -- 5.1 Ion exchange and ultrasound -- 5.2 Ion exchange and electrodialysis -- Conclusions -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.