Note: Intro -- Contents -- The fifth inhabitant of Mexico -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1. Declining Amphibian Populations and the Biodiversity Crisis -- 2. Rallying Around the Issue of Amphibian Declines -- 3. Challenges, Correlates, and Hypotheses -- 4. Introduced Species, Commerce, and Land Use Change -- 5. Contaminants, Global Change, and Emerging Infectious Diseases -- 6. Unraveling the Mystery -- 7. Amphibian Chytrid Fungus as a Cause of Declines and Extinctions -- 8. New Approaches to Doing Science and Conservation -- 9. Science Policy and Reacting to a Challenge -- 10. Leaping between Mysteries -- Notes -- References -- General Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Species Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- X.

Note: Front Cover -- Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals -- Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- I - Calcium -- 1 - Calcium-Sensing Receptor Polymorphisms and Human Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Parathyroid Glands -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Kidney -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Bones -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Molecular Aspects of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Calcium Homeostasis -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE PARATHYROID GLAND -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN BONE -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE KIDNEY -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY AND CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR MODULATION -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE SKIN -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 - New Developments in Our Understanding of the Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis by Vitamin D -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOACTIVATION OF VITAMIN D -- REGULATION OF VITAMIN D METABOLISM -- NEW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE EFFECTS OF 1,25(OH)2D3 IN INTESTINE, KIDNEY, AND BONE -- Intestine -- Kidney -- Bone -- GENOMIC MECHANISM OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 ACTION -- SUMMARY POINTS AND KEY FACTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES. , 4 - Calcium in Obesity and Related Diseases: The Calcium-Sensing Receptor as a Novel Mediator -- INTRODUCTION -- OBESITY: A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE -- Definition and Epidemiology -- Healthy Versus Unhealthy Obesity -- Calcium Nutrition and Obesity Hypothesis -- Calcium Nutrition and Obesity-Related Diseases: The Role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor -- CELLULAR MECHANISMS FOR FAT DYSFUNCTION: ROLE OF CALCIUM -- Cellular Aspects -- Calcium-Directed Adipocyte Pathogenesis -- Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis -- Adipocyte Differentiation -- Adipocyte Fat Metabolism -- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation -- Novel Adipose-Derived Mediators -- Insulin Signaling -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Calcium: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- Functions of Calcium -- Calcium Homeostasis, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone -- Dietary Calcium Requirements -- Skeletal Health -- Bone Density -- Fractures -- Falls -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy -- Cancer -- Calcium and the Kidney -- Renal Stones -- Mortality -- Source of Calcium: Does It Matter? -- Recommendations for Dietary Calcium Intakes -- Calcium Intakes -- How Are Other Minerals Affected by Calcium? -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Molecular Aspects of Calcium and Bone Mineralization -- INTRODUCTION -- METABOLISM AND REGULATION -- CALCIUM, GENETICS, AND GENETIC DISORDERS -- Parathyroid Hormone Axis -- Vitamin D Axis -- OTHER GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- II - Copper -- 7 - Copper: Basic Physiological and Nutritional Aspects -- COPPER: HISTORICAL FACTS -- COPPER BIOCHEMISTRY -- BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF COPPER -- CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS OF COPPER (COPPER-DEPENDENT PROTEINS) -- Ferroxidases: Ceruloplasmin and Hephaestin -- Superoxide Dismutases. , Cytochrome C Oxidase -- Dopamine β-Monooxygenase -- Tyrosinase -- Amine Oxidases -- Monoamine Oxidase -- Diamine Oxidases -- Lysyl Oxidase -- Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase -- Other Copper-Dependent Proteins -- Copper-Binding Proteins -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COPPER -- Connective Tissue Formation -- Iron Metabolism -- Central Nervous System -- Cardiac Function and Cholesterol Metabolism -- Immune Function -- Other Physiologic Functions of Copper -- COPPER BIOAVAILABILITY AND NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS -- Copper: Food Sources -- COPPER METABOLISM -- Genetic Regulation -- Overall Body Copper Homeostasis -- Copper Transport Across the Intestinal Mucosa -- Copper Transport and Transfer -- Copper Excretion -- Copper: Homeostatic Mechanisms -- Genetic Defects in Copper Metabolism -- Menkes Disease -- Wilson's Disease -- COPPER DEFICIENCY IN HUMANS -- COPPER: DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS -- EVALUATION OF COPPER STATUS -- Analytical Methods -- Assessment of Copper Status -- COPPER TOXICITY AND UPPER LIMITS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Copper and Molecular Aspects of Cell Signaling -- INTRODUCTION -- THE COPPER METALLOPROTEOME -- COPPER MODULATION OF CELL SIGNALING -- External Cell Receptors and Associated Pathways -- Growth Factors, Receptors, and Associated Tyrosine Kinase Pathways -- Integrins -- Downstream Kinase Pathways -- PI3K-Akt -- Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase -- c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase -- Intracellular Mechanisms of Copper-Mediated Cell Signaling -- Phosphatase-Kinase Dynamics -- Nuclear Signaling -- COPPER AS A REGULATOR OF EPIGENETICS -- Histone Modification -- Acetylation -- Histone Deacetylase Activity -- Histone Acetyl Transferase Activity -- Histone Interactions -- Histone Phosphorylation -- DNA Methylation -- Noncoding RNAs -- CELL-CELL SIGNALING REGULATED BY COPPER -- Neuronal Signaling -- Amyloid-β. , Prion Protein -- HOW OTHER MINERALS ARE AFFECTED OR BEHAVE -- Calcium -- Zinc -- Iron -- PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY POINTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Copper and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor Regulation of Gene Expression -- INTRODUCTION TO HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTORS -- Molecular Features of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- Targets of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPPER AND HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 -- MECHANISMS BY WHICH CU REGULATES HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 ACTIVITY -- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Stabilization by Copper -- The Requirement of Copper for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Transcriptional Activity -- Selectivity of Copper Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- Proteins That May Be Involved in Cu Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Cancer -- OPEN QUESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Copper in Wilson's and Alzheimer's Diseases, Copper-Lowering Therapy in Cancer and Other Diseases, and Copper Deficiency -- INTRODUCTION -- WILSON'S DISEASE -- INTRODUCTION -- Clinical Presentations -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- THE PROMISE OF COPPER-LOWERING THERAPY IN CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES -- CLINICAL COPPER DEFICIENCY -- Introduction -- Zinc-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Dental-Adhesive-Induced and Idiopathic Copper Deficiency -- Copper Deficiency From Poor Absorption -- Copper Deficiency in the Healthy General Population -- REFERENCES -- III - Iodine -- 11 - Iodine: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- ROLE OF IODINE -- IODINE METABOLISM -- SOURCES OF IODINE NUTRITION -- RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE OF IODINE -- FACTORS INFLUENCING IODINE BIOAVAILABILITY -- ASSESSMENT OF IODINE NUTRITION -- IODINE DEFICIENCY -- TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY -- TOXIC EFFECTS OF EXCESS IODINE INTAKE -- CONCLUSION. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Metabolism, and Action -- IODIDE TRANSPORT -- Iodine Absorption From the Gut -- Iodine Absorption Through Skin -- Iodide Transport in the Thyroid -- Iodide Transport in Tissues Outside the Thyroid -- IODINE CLEARANCE -- DIRECT ACTIONS OF IODINE -- THYROID HORMONE ACTION -- Nuclear Receptor -- Thyroid Hormone Metabolism -- Thyroid Hormone Action in Development -- Compensation for Iodine Insufficiency -- Iodine in Pregnancy -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Iodine and Adipocytokines: Cellular Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF IODINE IN THE HUMAN BODY -- POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF IODINE ACTION -- IODINE AND ADIPOCYTOKINES -- Iodine and Leptin -- Iodine and Adiponectin -- Interference Between Iodine and Other Minerals -- SUMMARY POINTS -- REFERENCES -- IV - Iron -- 14 - Iron: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF IRON -- Iron and Oxygen -- Iron and Energy Metabolism -- Iron and the Brain -- Iron and Immunity -- Other Functions of Iron -- ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF TOO MUCH IRON -- Inherited and Acquired Iron-loading Diseases -- Iron Toxicity and Children -- Iron and Aging -- Other Toxicities Associated With Iron -- FINDING THE RIGHT BALANCE -- Dietary Iron Absorption -- Iron-Regulatory Hormones -- Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control of Iron Absorption -- IRON AND OUR DIET -- Recommended Dietary Allowance or Dietary Reference Intake -- Sources of Iron -- Enhancers and Inhibitors of Iron Absorption -- REFERENCES -- 15 - Hepcidin and the Hormonal Control of Iron Homeostasis -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGY OF HEPCIDIN -- Interaction With Ferroportin -- THE REGULATION OF HEPCIDIN EXPRESSION -- The Bone Morphogenetic Protein/SMAD Pathway -- The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-6 -- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Complex. , HFE and Transferrin Receptor-2.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Foreword by George Rabb -- Introduction. Zoo and Aquarium Conservation: Past, Present, Future / Ben A. Minteer, Jane Maienschein, and James P. Collins -- Part 1. Protoconservation in Early European Zoos -- 1. Animals in Circulation: The "Prehistory" of Modern Zoos - Anita Guerrini and Michael A. Osborne -- 2. The World as Zoo: Acclimatization in the Nineteenth Century - Harriet Ritvo -- Part 2. The Rise of US Zoo and Aquarium Conservation in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries -- 3. Historic and Cultural Foundations of Zoo Conservation: A Narrative Timeline - Vernon N. Kisling Jr. -- 4. Teetering on the Brink of Extinction: The Passenger Pigeon, the Bison, and American Zoo Culture in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries - Mark V. Barrow Jr. -- 5. American Zoos: A Shifting Balance between Recreation and Conservation - Pamela M. Henson -- 6. (Re)Introducing the Przewalski's Horse - Nigel Rothfels -- 7. Conservation Constellations: Aquariums in Aquatic Conservation Networks - Samantha Muka -- Part 3. Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Today : Visions and Programs -- 8. Committing to Conservation: Can Zoos and Aquariums Deliver on Their Promise? - Rick Barongi -- 9. Saving Animals from Extinction (SAFE): Unifying the Conservation Approach of AZA- Accredited Zoos and Aquariums - Shelly Grow, Debborah Luke, and Jackie Ogden -- 10. Integrating Ex Situ Management Options as Part of a One Plan Approach to Species Conservation - Kathy Traylor- Holzer, Kristin Leus, and Onnie Byers -- 11. Zoos and Gorilla Conservation: Have We Moved beyond a Piecemeal Approach? - Kristen E. Lukas and Tara S. Stoinski -- 12. Lessons from Thirty- One Years at the Monterey Bay Aquarium and Reflections on Aquariums' Expanding Role in Conservation Action - Margaret Spring. , 13. The Phoenix Zoo Story: Building a Legacy of Conservation - Ruth A. Allard and Stuart A. Wells -- Part 4. Caring for Nature: Welfare, Wellness , and Natural Connect Ions -- 14. Bears or Butterflies? How Should Zoos Make Value- Driven Decisions about Their Collections? - Clare Palmer, T. J. Kasperbauer, and Peter Sandøe -- 15. Why Zoos Have Animals: Exploring the Complex Pathway from Experiencing Animals to Pro-environmental Behaviors - Alejandro Grajal, Jerry F. Luebke, and Lisa- Anne DeGregoria Kelly -- 16. People in the Zoo: A Social Context for Conservation - Susan Clayton and Khoa D. Le Nguyen -- 17. From Sad Zoo to Happy Zoo: The Changing Animal Welfare and Conservation Priorities of the Seoul Zoo in South Korea - Anne S. Clay -- 18. Wildlife Wellness: A New Ethical Frontier for Zoos and Aquariums - Terry L. Maple and Valerie D. Segura -- 19. Zoos and Sustainability: Can Zoos Go beyond Ethical Individualism to Protect Resilient Systems? - Bryan G. Norton -- Part 5. The Science and Challenge of the Conservat Ion Ark -- 20. Opportunities and Challenges for Conserving Small Populations: An Emerging Role for Zoos in Genetic Rescue - Oliver A. Ryder -- 21. Cloning in the Zoo: When Zoos Become Parents - Carrie Friese -- 22. Advancing Laboratory- Based Zoo Research to Enhance Captive Breeding of Southern White Rhinoceros - Christopher W. Tubbs -- 23. Beyond the Walls: Applied Field Research for the Twenty-First-Century Public Aquarium and Zoo - Charles R. Knapp -- 24. Frogs in Glass Boxes: Responses of Zoos to Global Amphibian Extinctions - Joseph R. Mendelson III -- Part 6. Alternative Models and Futures -- 25. Sustaining Wildlife Populations in Human Care: An Existential Value Proposition for Zoos - Steven L. Monfort and Catherine A. Christen. , 26. Reflections on Zoos and Aquariums and the Role of the Regional Biopark - Craig Ivanyi and Debra Colodner -- 27. Today's Awe- Inspiring Design, Tomorrow's Plexiglas Dinosaur: How Public Aquariums Contradict Their Conservation Mandate in Pursuit of Immersive Underwater Displays - Stefan Linquist -- 28. Zoo Conservation Disembarks: Stepping off the Ark and into Global Sustainable Development - Adrián Cerezo and Kelly E. Kapsar -- 29. Rewilding the Lifeboats - Harry W. Greene -- 30. The Parallax Zoo - Ben A. Minteer -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- References -- Contributors -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Global Positioning System Fourth, revised edition -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Preface -- Preface to the fourth edition -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Numerical constants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of GPS -- 3 Reference systems -- 4 Satellite orbits -- 5 Satellite signal -- 6 Observables -- 7 Surveying with GPS -- 8 Mathematical models for positioning -- 9 Data processing -- 10 Transformation of GPS results -- 11 Software modules -- 12 Applications of GPS -- 13 Future of GPS -- References -- Subject index.