Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Hydrological Monitoring -- 1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydrological Monitoring, Helpful Tools for Accurate Models -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Automatic Extraction of Surface Water Bodies from High-Resolution Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery Using GIS and Deep Learning Techniques in Dubai -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Input Data -- 2.2.3 Training Data of the Deep Learning Model -- 2.2.4 Load Model Architecture -- 2.2.5 Train the Model Through Learning Rate Tuning and Transfer Learning -- 2.2.6 Test Time Augmentation -- 2.2.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Confidence Threshold and Accuracy of Water Bodies Dataset -- 2.3.2 Confusion Matrix -- 2.3.3 False Positives -- 2.3.4 Cartography Enhancement -- 2.3.5 Validate the Extracted Water Body Layer Against Reference Layers -- 2.3.6 Water Bodies Layer Dissemination -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Rainfall and Floods -- 3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs to Model Water Balance Components in Sandy Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Assumption of Gravity-Driven Infiltration (GD) -- 3.2.2 One Non-linear Reservoir -- 3.2.3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Water Content Profiles for Constant Rainfall Intensity -- 3.3.2 Mass Water Balance -- 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Reservoirs -- 3.3.4 Comparison Between the GD Solution and the Richards Equation -- 3.3.5 Water Content Profiles for Variable Rainfall Intensity -- 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Flood Mapping and Assessment During Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in Cagayan, Philippines Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Images -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Description of Study Area -- 4.2.2 Satellite Data -- 4.2.3 Flooded Area Determination -- 4.2.4 Standing Crops Analysis -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Quantification of Flooded Area -- 4.3.2 Affected Rice Area Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Trends in Annual Maximum Flood Data in New South Wales Australia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Selection of AMF Data for Trend Analysis -- 5.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Impact of Flash Floods on the Extreme Functioning of Undeveloped Basins: Case of the Srou Catchment (March 2010 Flood) (Oum Er-Rbia Basin, Morocco) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Presentation Du Domaine D'etude -- 6.3 Climatic and Hydrological Framework -- 6.3.1 Development of Rainfall Characteristics -- 6.3.2 Monthly Flow Coefficient of Wadi Srou (1975-2016) -- 6.4 Material and Methodology -- 6.4.1 Extraction of Floods from Instantaneous References -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Extraction of Floods Form Instantaneous References of the Srou Catchment (1975-2015) -- 6.5.2 Instantaneous Flood Recorded in 2010 -- 6.5.3 2010 Spring Flood Analysis -- 6.5.4 Flood Survey 2010 in Chacha Namalleh and Aval Lahri Station in m3/s -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Analysis of Non-stationary Return Levels Using Extreme Daily Rainfall for Surat City, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection -- 7.2.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Result and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Trend Analysis -- 7.3.2 Detection of Non-stationarity in the Time Series -- 7.3.3 The Selection of Best Non-stationary Model -- 7.3.4 Model Diagnosis of the Selected GEV Models -- 7.4 Stationary and Non-stationary Return Levels -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Droughts. , 8 Analysis of Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Part of Slovakia Using Standardized Precipitation Index -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Low Flow in the Oued El Abid Basin (Morocco): Better Understand It to Better Manage It (Oum Errbia Basin-Morocco) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 The Appearance of Low Water Levels in the Oued El Abid Basin -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the Variability of CNds in the Watershed of Oued El Abid Upstream of the Bin El Ouidane Dam -- 9.3.3 Frequency Analysis of CNds in the Oued El Abid Watershed -- 9.3.4 Usefulness of VCNds for Managers -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Groundwater -- 10 Development of Long Short-Term Memory Model for Prediction of Water Table Depth in United Arab Emirates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment and Management of Seawater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer Due to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area and Boundary Conditions -- 11.2.2 Numerical Model -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Current Situation of SWI in Gaza Aquifer -- 11.3.2 Numerical Model Verification -- 11.3.3 Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Gaza in Response to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.3.4 Management of SWI in Wadi Gaza -- 11.4 Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Analysis of a Joint Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interventions on Groundwater Depletion in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Aim -- 12.2 Aim -- 12.2.1 Methods -- 12.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Characteristics of Climate Parameters -- 12.3.2 Climate Condition. , 12.3.3 Results Related to Groundwater -- 12.3.4 Regulatory Framework -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Modeling and Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Geoinformatics and Artificial Neural Networks in Al Ain City, UAE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Data Processing -- 13.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks -- 13.2.3 Mapping and Visualization -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Factors Influencing the Site Selection Criteria for Efficient Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System in Saline Regions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity and Hydraulic Gradient -- 14.3.2 Aquifer Thickness -- 14.3.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersivity -- 14.3.4 Density Difference -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Estimation of Groundwater Resources According to Watershed and Groundwater Divide -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods -- 15.2.1 Selected MASCH -- 15.2.2 Fundamentals RENATA Code -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 RENATA Code Application -- 15.3.2 Recharge Distribution According to the Watershed and the Groundwater Divides -- 15.4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 CFD Analysis of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Based 3-D Printed Solar Receiver -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in UAE Using GIS-Based Hydrogeological Modeling -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Hydrogeological Setting -- 17.3 Materials and Methods -- 17.4 Results and Discussion -- 17.5 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Trihalomethane Species Development in Drinking Water -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 Sources of Water Samples -- 18.2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 18.2.3 Analytical Methods -- 18.3 Results and Discussion. , 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-arid Regions of India -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and Discussion -- 19.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting -- 19.3.2 Rooftop and Storm Water Harvesting in Urban Area -- 19.3.3 Sustainable Environmental Technology to Harvest Rainwater in Rural Area -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V Water Quality -- 20 Soil Erosion Prioritization of Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan Using Multiple Approaches in a GIS Environment -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Study Area -- 20.3 Data and Methods -- 20.3.1 Morphometric Analysis -- 20.3.2 Prioritization by Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.4.1 Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis -- 20.4.2 Prioritization Based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1: Methodology Adopted for Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- Appendix 2: Morphometric Parameters of YRB -- Appendix 3: The Morphometric Parameters of Sub-watersheds in YRB -- References -- 21 Effects of Leachate from Osisioma Open Dumpsite in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria on Surrounding Borehole Water Quality -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.1.1 Description of the Study Area -- 21.2 Methods -- 21.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques -- 21.2.2 Groundwater and Leachate Sample Collection and Analysis -- 21.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 21.3 Results and Discussion -- 21.3.1 Physiochemical and Microbiological Parameters Concentration with Distance from the Dumpsite -- 21.3.2 Concentration Variation in Physiochemical Parameters of Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.3 Concentration Variation in Chemical (Heavy Metals) Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.4 Concentration Variation in Microbiological Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate. , 21.3.5 Relationship Between Sampled Borehole Water and W.H.O. Water Quality Standard.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Water Resources Management -- 1 Water: How Secure Are We Under Climate Change? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Water Security -- 1.3 Water Supply and Demand -- 1.3.1 Water Availability -- 1.3.2 Water Demand and Use -- 1.4 Global Water Situation -- 1.5 Causes of Water Scarcity -- 1.5.1 Demography -- 1.5.2 Climate Change -- 1.6 Ameliorating Water Scarcity -- 1.7 Key Issues and Challenges -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Influence of Stemflow Measurement on Interception Estimation Under Eucalyptus Plantations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Description of the Study Area and Plantations Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Throughfall Measurements -- 2.2.3 Stemflow Measurement -- 2.2.4 Estimation of Interception Loss -- 2.2.5 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.6 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and SF: Rainfall Partitioning in Relation to Incident Rainfall (R) -- 2.2.7 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and a Fixed Value of SF (i.e., I5, I7.5 and I10 for 5, 7.5 and 10% of Incident Rainfall Respectively) -- 2.2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Strategic Human Resources in Water Sources Development -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Water Budget Monitoring of the Ganga River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Data Sources -- 4.2.3 Methodology -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Evaluation of SWAT Model for Simulating the Water Balance Components for the Dudh Koshi River Basin in Nepal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 5.2.3 SWAT Model Setup -- 5.3 Results and Discussions. , 5.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation -- 5.3.3 Simulated and Observed Discharge at Rabuwa Bazaar Outlet -- 5.3.4 Water Balance Study of the Basin -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rejuvenating Water Wisdom: A Route to Resilience -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rainfall Variability -- 6.3 Water Resources Potential in the River Basins of India -- 6.4 Per Capita Water Availability in India -- 6.5 Challenges in Water Sector -- 6.6 Causes of the Water Crisis in India -- 6.7 Climate Resilient Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities -- 6.8 Traditional Water Conservation: The Promising Potential -- 6.9 Cooperation Continuum a Solution -- 6.10 Cessation Remarks -- References -- 7 Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Network: A Case Study of Bole and Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reliability Parameters and Assessment Methods -- 7.2.1 Mechanical Reliability -- 7.2.2 Hydraulic Reliability -- 7.2.3 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.3 Reliability Analysis of Case Study Network -- 7.3.1 Case Study -- 7.3.2 Modeling and Simulation of WDN -- 7.3.3 Reliability Assessment -- 7.3.4 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Water Source and Demand -- 7.4.2 Water Distribution Network Modeling -- 7.4.3 Simulation of Water Distribution Network -- 7.4.4 Reliability Assessment -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 HEC-HMS and Geo-HMS Based Flood Hazard Modeling of an Industrial Complex -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Method -- 8.4 Model Inputs -- 8.5 Calibration of HEC-HMS Model Parameters -- 8.6 Result and Discussion -- 8.7 Sensitivity Analysis of the Calibrated Parameters -- 8.8 Sensitivity Analysis of Lag Time -- 8.9 Sensitivity Analysis of Imperviousness -- 8.10 Sensitivity Analysis of Curve Number -- 8.11 Conclusion. , References -- 9 A Stochastic Model-Based Monthly Rainfall Prediction Over a Large River Basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Data -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Study of Meteorological Drought Using Standardized Precipitation Index in Chaliyar River Basin, Southwest India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Materials and Methods -- 10.3.1 Description of Data Used -- 10.3.2 Drought Characterization -- 10.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 10.3.4 SPI Computation Algorithm -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimation of the Function of a Paddy Field for Reduction of Flood Risk -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Method and Materials -- 11.2.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.2.2 Basin Scale Modeling -- 11.2.3 Data Obtained for Simulation -- 11.3 Result and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.3.2 Basin Scale Study -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Water Quality Management -- 12 Environmental Tracers in the Identification of the Groundwater Salinity-Case Studies from Northwest India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) -- 12.3.2 Environmental Tracers -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 A Regional Case Study for Flow of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Through Solid Waste Management System -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Objective and Scope -- 13.2 Literature Review -- 13.2.1 Material Flow Analysis -- 13.2.2 Material Flow Analysis on Lead -- 13.2.3 Material Flow Analysis on Chromium -- 13.3 Material and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Data Collection -- 13.3.3 Scenarios for Analysis -- 13.3.4 Estimations for Material Flow Analysis -- 13.4 Results and Discussion. , 13.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Performance Analysis of Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent Under Cold Climatic Conditions in Hamirpur (H.P.), India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Selection of Macrophytes -- 14.2.3 Selection of Substrate Material -- 14.2.4 Design and Construction of the Experimental Set-Up -- 14.2.5 Operation of the Experimental System -- 14.2.6 Sampling and Analytical Analysis -- 14.2.7 Plant Growth -- 14.2.8 Modelling and Statistical Analyses -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Plant Growth -- 14.3.2 Measurement of pH, DO, TDS and EC -- 14.3.3 Removal of Pollutants -- 14.3.4 Result of Modelling and Statistical Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Exploring Challenges in Effective Wastewater Treatment for Dairy Industries -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodology -- 15.2.1 Sources of Wastewater in Dairy Industry -- 15.2.2 Literature Review -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bioreactor (UASB)/Upflow Anaerobic Packed Bed Bioreactor (UAPB) -- 15.3.2 Use of Antibiotics in Animals and Its Impact on Human Health -- 15.4 Discussion -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Impacts of Agriculture-Based Contaminants on Groundwater Quality -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Agro-Chemicals Used in Crop Cultivation -- 16.3 Fertilizers Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.4 Pesticide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.5 Herbicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.6 Insecticides Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.7 Fungicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.8 Agrochemicals and Their Impacts on Groundwater -- 16.9 Remedial Measures -- 16.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Irrigation Management -- 17 Assessment of Productivity Based Efficiencies for Optimal Utilization of Water Resources in a Command -- 17.1 Introduction. , 17.2 Materials and Methodology -- 17.2.1 Crop Water Use Index (CWUI) -- 17.2.2 Irrigation Water Use Index (IWUI) -- 17.2.3 Economic Water Use Index (EWUI) -- 17.2.4 Gross Production Water Use Index (GPWUI) -- 17.2.5 Irrigation Economic Water Use Index (IEWUI) -- 17.2.6 Estimation of Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.2.7 Factors Affecting Seepage Rates from Canals -- 17.2.8 Estimation of Seepage Losses from the Canal -- 17.2.9 Estimation of Irrigation Water Applied -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.3.1 Yield and Its Components -- 17.3.2 Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.3.3 Water Use Efficiencies -- 17.4 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Two-Components Flow Regulating Drip Emitter-Design, Simulation and Optimization -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Materials and Methodology -- 18.2.1 Theoretical Considerations -- 18.2.2 Hydraulic Design of Emitter -- 18.2.3 Parameters for Emitter Design -- 18.2.4 Mathematical Models -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 19 An Automated Wireless Irrigation System: Without Internet Connectivity -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 HAM Radio -- 19.2.1 HAM Radio for Data Communication -- 19.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of HAM Radio Data Communication -- 19.2.3 HAM Radio for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.2.4 Working Principle -- 19.2.5 WiMax -- 19.2.6 Working Principle -- 19.3 Advantages and Limitations of WiMAX -- 19.4 WiMAX for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.5 Working Principle -- 19.6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 IoT Based Automated Irrigation Management Technique for Climate Smart Agriculture -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Importance of Water in Agriculture -- 20.3 Irrigation Techniques -- 20.4 Background of IoT Technology in the Field of Agriculture and Recent Developments -- 20.5 Methodology. , 20.5.1 Different Sensors Used in Irrigation Systems.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Understanding Drought: Definitions, Causes, Assessments, Forecasts, and Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Drought Definitions -- 1.2.1 Drought Types -- 1.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought -- 1.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought -- 1.2.1.4 Groundwater Drought -- 1.2.1.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 1.3 Drought Assessment -- 1.3.1 Drought Characteristics -- 1.3.2 Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.1 Univariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.2 Multivariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.3 Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 1.3.3.1 Remote Sensing of Hydroclimate Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.3.3.2 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.4 Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1 Frequency Analysis -- 1.4.1.1 Multivariate Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1.2 Copula Joint Probability Models -- 1.4.1.3 Entropy-Based Probability Models -- 1.4.2 Reliability, Resilience, and Vulnerability Analysis -- 1.4.2.1 Reliability -- 1.4.2.2 Resilience -- 1.4.2.3 Vulnerability -- 1.5 Causes of Drought -- 1.5.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.5.2 Land-Atmosphere Interaction -- 1.5.3 Internal Atmospheric Variability -- 1.6 Drought and Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Global Warming Impacts on Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.2 Global Warming Impacts on Land-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.3 Global Warming Impacts on Internal Atmospheric Teleconnection -- 1.7 Drought Forecasting -- 1.7.1 Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.1 Discrete Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.2 Continuous Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.2 Dynamical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.3 Hybrid Statistical-Dynamical Methods -- 1.8 Drought Impacts: Major Historical Droughts and Losses Caused by Them. , 1.8.1 The US -- 1.8.1.1 The 1930s Dust Bowl Drought -- 1.8.1.2 The 1950s Southwest Drought -- 1.8.1.3 The 1988-1989 North American Drought -- 1.8.1.4 The 2011-2017 California Drought -- 1.8.2 South America: The 2014-2017 Brazilian Drought -- 1.8.3 Europe: The 1992-1995 Spanish Drought -- 1.8.4 Africa: The Sahel Droughts, 1970s-1980s -- 1.8.5 Asia: The 2015-2016 Drought in the Mekong Delta -- 1.8.6 Oceania: The Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia during 2001-2009 -- 1.9 Drought Management -- 1.9.1 Water Conservation/Management -- 1.9.2 Soil Management -- 1.9.3 Diversification of Crops and Industries -- 1.9.4 Public Education and Risk-Sharing Systems -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Drought Concepts, Characterization, and Indicators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of Droughts -- 2.2.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.2.2 Agricultural Drought -- 2.2.3 Hydrological Drought -- 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3 Main Types of Drought Recognized in India -- 2.3.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.3.2 Hydrological Drought -- 2.3.2.1 Surface Water Drought -- 2.3.2.2 Groundwater Drought -- 2.3.3 Agricultural Drought -- 2.3.4 Soil Moisture Drought -- 2.3.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3.6 Famine -- 2.3.7 Ecological Drought -- 2.4 Impacts of Drought -- 2.4.1 Economic Impacts -- 2.4.2 Environmental Impacts -- 2.4.3 Social Impacts -- 2.5 Worst Droughts in History -- 2.6 Characterization of Droughts -- 2.7 Drought Indicators -- 2.7.1 Drought Characterization Using Drought Indices -- 2.7.2 Considerations for Drought Indicators -- 2.7.2.1 Suitability for Drought Types of Concern -- 2.7.2.2 Data Availability and Consistency -- 2.7.2.3 Clarity and Validity -- 2.7.2.4 Temporal and Spatial Sensitivity -- 2.7.2.5 Temporally and Spatially Specific -- 2.7.2.6 Drought Progression and Recession -- 2.7.2.7 Linked with Drought Management and Impact Reduction Goals. , 2.7.2.8 Explicit Combination Methods -- 2.7.2.9 Quantitative and Quantitative Indicators -- 2.8 Drought Indices -- 2.8.1 Percent of Normal -- 2.8.2 Deciles -- 2.8.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 2.8.4 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 2.8.5 US Drought Monitor (USDM) -- 2.8.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 2.8.7 Rainfall Departure -- 2.8.8 Statistical Z-Score (Z-Score) -- 2.8.9 Effective Drought Index (EDI) -- 2.8.10 China Z-Index (CZI) -- 2.8.11 Other Notable Drought Indices -- 2.9 Aggregation of Drought Indices -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Spatial Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Northern India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Methodology -- 3.2.2.1 SPEI Calculation -- 3.2.2.2 NDVI Calculation -- 3.2.2.3 NDVI Deviation Estimation -- 3.2.2.4 VCI Estimation -- 3.2.2.5 Spatial Mapping of Agriculture Drought-Affected Regions -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)-Based Meteorological Drought Detection -- 3.3.2 Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Indicators of Agricultural Drought Detection -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessment of Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Brazil -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standard Precipitation Index and Drought Assessment -- 4.2.1 Details of Rainfall Data -- 4.3 Drought Assessment -- 4.3.1 Polygons 1 and 2 -- 4.3.2 Polygons 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Polygons 5 and 6 -- 4.3.4 Polygon 7 -- 4.3.5 Polygon 8 -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Drought in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.1.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 5.2.3 Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). , 5.2.4 Statistical Tests -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.3.2 SPI-Based Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.1 Temporal Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Analysis -- 5.3.3 Two Case Studies of Drought Assessment over the State of Rio de Janeiro -- 5.3.3.1 North and Northwest Regions -- 5.3.3.2 Middle Paraíba Region -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 The Mexican Drought (2011): Insight into the 29-Month Drought in Aguascalientes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Study Area and Data -- 6.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 6.2.3 Climate Indices -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Investigating the Relationship between the Temporal Distribution of Precipitation and Flow Shortness Volume over Lake Urmia Basin, Iran -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Case Study -- 7.2.2 Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) -- 7.2.3 Dryness Volume Shortage Index (DVSI) -- 7.2.3.1 Extracting the Flow Shortness Volume from Daily River Flow Rate -- 7.2.4 Trend Analysis -- 7.2.5 Sen's Slope Estimator -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Results of Evaluation of the PCI Data in LUB -- 7.3.2 Results of Investigating DVSI in LUB -- 7.3.3 Trend Analysis of Flow Shortness Volume and PCI Values Using Hydrological Sub-Basin -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Long-Term Drought Study in Algeria Based on Meteorological Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area Description -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Variation of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.1 Site-Dependent Annual Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.2 Site-Dependent Monthly Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.3 Annual Trends of Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Ambient Temperature -- 8.5.4 Annual Variability of Relative Humidity. , 8.5.5 Annual Total Precipitation Trends -- 8.5.6 Aridity Index -- 8.5.7 Annual Mean Wind Speed Trend Analysis -- 8.5.8 Atmospheric Pressure Variability -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Severe Droughts in India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methodology -- 9.3 Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon -- 9.3.1 Hydrometeorological Variability -- 9.3.2 Variability of Large-Scale Circulation -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Comparison of Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: The Case of Okavango Delta, Botswana -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Data Description -- 10.2.2 Methods -- 10.2.2.1 Method for Computation of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.2.2.2 Method for Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) -- 10.3 Results of Analyses -- 10.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.3.2 Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) Analysis -- 10.3.3 Drought Map -- 10.3.4 Association between SPEI and BMDI -- 10.4 Discussion of Results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Analysis of Drought Using a Modified Version of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 11.2.3 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Results of Extraction of Di Values and Fitness with Statistical Distributions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluation of an Evapotranspiration Deficit-Based Drought Index and Its Impacts on Carbon Productivity in the Levant and Iraq -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Drought Definition and Characteristics -- 12.1.2 Drought Indices. , 12.1.3 Drought Impacts on Ecosystem Vegetation and Productivity.