Note: Intro -- Environmental Impacts of Modern Agriculture -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Modern Agriculture and Implications for Land Use and Management -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- 2 Agricultural Systems -- 3 Global and Regional Issues -- 3.1 Demand Side Factors -- 3.2 Supply Side Factors -- 4 Agricultural Land and the Role of Science and Technology -- 5 Case Study: UK Agriculture and Land Use -- 5.1 Trends in UK Agriculture -- 5.1.1 Agriculture's Contribution to UK Economy -- 5.1.2 Agricultural Land Use -- 5.1.3 Farm Size -- 5.1.4 Farm Yields -- 5.1.5 Agricultural Commodity Prices -- 5.1.6 UK Farm Incomes -- 5.1.7 Productivity of UK Farms -- 5.1.8 Demand for Food in the UK -- 5.1.9 Food Self-sufficiency and Food Security -- 6 Agriculture and Environment -- 7 Agriculture and Ecosystem Services -- 8 Agriculture and Climate Change -- 9 Agriculture and Energy -- 10 Future Prospects for Land Use in the UK -- 10.1 Scope to Release Land from Agricultural Production -- et al., 2005). -- 10.2 Technology Change and Land Use -- 11 Implications for Policy -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture upon Soil Quality -- 1 Introduction to Soil Quality -- 2 Soil Organic Matter Decline -- 3 Soil Compaction -- 4 Soil Erosion -- 5 Soil Biodiversity -- 6 Soil Contamination -- 6.1 Nutrients -- 6.2 Heavy Metals -- 6.3 Organic Pollutants -- 7 Soil Sealing -- 8 Soil Salinisation -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture upon Greenhouse Gas Budgets -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Current Agricultural Sources of Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Nitrous Oxide -- 2.2 Methane -- 2.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 3 International Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- 3.1 Indirect Emissions - Is there a Gap between Top-down and Bottom-up Global Budgets? -- 4 Future Mitigation Strategies -- 4.1 Nitrous Oxide. , 4.1.1 Optimising Nitrogen Use by Crop Plants -- 4.1.2 Optimising Nitrogen Use by Livestock -- 4.1.3 Inhibitors -- 4.1.4 Soil Management and Tillage -- 4.1.5 Land Use Change -- 4.2 Methane -- 4.2.1 Methane from Ruminant Livestock -- 4.2.2 Dietary Opportunities -- 4.2.3 Avoiding Inefficiencies -- 4.2.4 Livestock Reduction or Replacements -- 4.2.5 Methane from Wetland Rice -- 4.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 4.4 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential: Combined Effects of all Gases -- 4.5 The Economics of Mitigation -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Impacts of Agriculture on Water-borne Pathogens -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Policy Developments -- 3 Microbial Dynamics -- 3.1 Pathogens, Indicators and Health Risk -- 3.2 Catchment Microbial Flux -- 3.3 Flux Attenuation and Mitigation of Resource Impacts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Pesticides in Modern Agriculture -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Traditional Context of the Agricultural Uses of Pesticides -- 3 The Changing Nature of Pesticide Use from Earliest Agricultural Times to the Present Day -- 4 Risks to Human Health from Pesticide Use in Agriculture -- 5 Pesticide Use in Current Agricultural Systems - A Changing and Challenging Context -- 6 Future Pesticide Use and Approaches to their Regulation and Management -- References -- Balancing the Environmental Consequences of Agriculture with the Need for Food Security -- 1 Preamble -- 1.1 The Need for Food Security -- 1.2 The Importance of Environmental Sustainability and a Role for the UK -- 2 Agriculture's Environmental Impact and a Summary of the Issues -- 2.1 Some Terminology -- 2.2 Man-managed and Natural Ecosystems - Competition for Photosynthate -- 2.3 The Application of Science - Manipulating Genotype and Environment -- 2.4 Impacts from Fossil-fuel Use -- 2.5 Reactive Nitrogen -- 2.6 Water - Excess and Shortage -- 2.7 Contaminants and Pollutants. , 2.8 Avoiding Negative Environmental Consequences of Agricultural Practice - A Summary -- 3 Sustainable Intensi cation -- 3.1 Global Land Use -- 3.2 Anthromes and Anthropogenic Ecosystem Processes -- 3.3 Examples of Sustainable Intensi cation -- 3.4 Management of Biodiversity: Land Sharing or Land Sparing? -- 4 Land Use, Resource Management and Deliverables from Land -- 4.1 Understanding Interactions and Trade-offs -- 4.2 Units of Accounting -- 4.3 Some Examples of Trade-offs -- 5 A Systems-based Approach to GHG Balance -- 5.1 Agriculture as Part of the Problem and Part of the Solution -- 5.2 Fossil Fuel Substitution, Carbon Capture and Storage, Food Imports and the Cost of Valued Landscapes -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Positive and Negative Impacts of Agricultural Production of Liquid Biofuels -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Agricultural Production as Part of Biofuel Life Cycles and Life Cycle Assessment -- 3 Energy -- 3.1 Solar Energy Conversion Efficiency of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 3.2 Replacement of Fossil Fuels -- 3.3 Energetic Return on Investment (EROI) -- 4 Water Footprints of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 5 Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Carbon Debt of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 6 Life Cycle Emissions of Pollutants Linked to Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels -- 7 Impact of Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels on Natural Ecosystems and Biodiversity -- 8 Effect of Current Agricultural Crop-based Liquid Biofuels on Food Prices and Hunger -- 9 Liquid Biofuels from Crop Residues -- 10 Conclusions -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Marine Pollution and Human Health -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Marine Environment and Human Health: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptual Framework -- 3 Issues addressed in this Book -- 3.1 Pathogens -- 3.2 Pollutants -- 3.3 Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) -- 3.4 Public Health and Wellbeing -- 3.5 Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs -- 4 Towards a Systems Approach -- References -- Waterborne Pathogens -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Human Pathogens in the Marine Environment -- 2.1 Pathogens Introduced to the Oceans -- 2.2 Pathogens Indigenous to the Oceans -- 2.3 Differentiating Pathogenic from Non-Pathogenic Microbes -- 2.4 Pathogen Distribution -- 2.5 Pathogen Detection -- 3 Fecal Indicator Bacteria -- 3.1 Development and Usage -- 3.2 Limitations -- 4 Alternative Measures of Microbial Quality -- 4.1 The Ideal Indicator -- 4.2 Alternative Indicators -- 4.3 Microbial Source Tracking -- 5 Molecular Methods: A Revolution in Detection Technologies -- 6 Epidemiological Studies: Linking Microbial Measures to Human Health -- 7 Modeling Pathogens in Marine Waters -- 7.1 Modeling Aquatic Pathogens: The Example of Vibrios -- 7.2 Coupling Modeling and Remote Sensing -- 7.3 Use of Models in Management: Fecal Indicator Bacteria -- 8 The Future of Beach Regulation -- References -- Estuarine and Marine Pollutants -- 1 Context -- 2 Public Perception -- 3 Priority Substances and Legislation -- 4 Emerging Contaminants -- 4.1 Industrial Emerging Contaminants -- 4.2 Other Emerging Contaminants -- 5 Nanoparticles -- 5.1 Sources and Environmental Behaviour -- 6 Plastics -- 7 Complex Mixtures: Causality of Effects -- 8 Climate Change and Pollutants -- 9 Future Issues -- References -- Harmful Algal Blooms -- 1 Phytoplankton -- 1.1 Harmful Phytoplankton -- 1.2 Mechanisms of Harm to Human Health -- 1.3 The Scale of the Problem -- 2 Human Health Syndromes. , 2.1 Shellfish Poisoning -- 2.2 Causative Organisms and Toxins -- 2.2.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 2.2.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 2.2.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 2.2.4 Other Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LSTs) -- 2.2.5 Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP) -- 2.3 Respiratory Illness -- 2.4 Fish Vectored Illness -- 2.5 Cyanobacteria -- 2.6 The Role of Harmful Phytoplankton in Influencing Human Wellbeing -- 2.6.1 Microflagellates -- 2.6.2 Other Dinoflagellates -- 2.6.3 Diatoms -- 3 Harmful Algal Blooms in UK Coastal Waters -- 3.1 Shellfish Poisoning -- 3.1.1 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) -- 3.1.2 Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) -- 3.1.3 Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) -- 3.1.4 Azaspiracid Poisoning (AZP) -- 3.2 Other Harmful Phytoplankton in UK Waters -- 3.2.1 Karenia mikimotoi -- 3.2.2 Other Dinoflagellates -- 3.2.3 Phaeocystis -- 3.2.4 Microflagellates -- 3.2.5 Diatoms and Silicoflagellates -- 3.2.6 Other Species of Pelagic Microplankton -- 4 Safeguarding Health -- 4.1 Monitoring -- 4.2 Are Algal Toxins a Public Health Problem? -- 4.3 Early Warning Methodologies and Mitigation -- 4.4 Introductions and Transfers of New Species -- 4.5 Climate Change -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Scientific Challenges and Policy Needs -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Science Challenges for Marine Environment and Human Health -- 2.1 Linking Ecosystem Integrity, Ecosystem Services and Human Health -- 2.2 Sustainable Industrial Development -- 2.3 Understanding and Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change -- 2.4 Better Prediction Systems for Natural Disasters -- 2.5 Understanding the Distribution and Risks of Marine Biogenic Toxins (Algal Toxins) -- 2.6 Identifying and Reducing Viral and Bacterial Pathogens from Sewage and Agricultural Run-Off. , 2.7 Understanding Emerging Risks (e.g. Nanoparticulates from Industrial and Domestic Use) -- 2.8 Conventional Chemical Inputs (Industrial, Domestic, Agricultural and Road Run-Off), including Personal Care Products, Disinfectants, Pharmaceuticals, Novel Chemicals and Radionuclides -- 2.9 Endocrine Disruption -- 2.10 Pharmaceuticals from the Sea -- 2.11 The Marine Environment as a Health and Wellbeing Resource: the 'Blue Gym' Effect -- 3 Public Health Needs -- 3.1 Health-Related Indices of Environmental Impact -- 3.2 Seafood Safety -- 3.3 Environmental, Social and Economic Interactions (Quality of Governance, Overpopulation and Sustaining Critical Coastal Ecosystems) -- 3.4 Modelling - Need for an Integrated Approach in the Development of Effective Environmental and Public Health Policies on a Regional and Global Scale -- 4 Policy Needs -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Ecosystem Services -- Contents -- An Assessment of Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity in Europe -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services: Why this Topic Matters Now -- 1.2 The Current Assessment -- 2 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 2.1 Ecosystem Services -- 2.2 Relationships between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 2.3 Land Use and Multiple Services -- 3 European Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 4 Managing Ecosystem Services in Europe -- 4.1 How Ecosystems Respond to Change -- 4.2 Threats to Biodiversity, and Consequences for Ecosystem Services in the European Union -- 4.3 Methods of Valuing Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services -- 4.4 Prioritising Ecosystem Services in Land Management: Weighing up Alternative Land Uses -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Ecosystem Services and Policy: A Review of Coastal Wetland Ecosystem Services and an Efficiency-Based Framework for Implementing the Ecosystem Approach -- 1 Ecosystem Services and the Ecosystem Approach to Policy -- 2 Existing Frameworks for Understanding Ecosystem Services -- 3 Coastal Wetlands: Ecosystems on the Front Line of Global Change -- 4 Defining Coastal Wetlands -- 5 Ecosystem Services from Coastal Wetlands -- 6 Management to Combat Environmental Change and Threats to Coastal Wetlands -- 7 A New Conceptual Framework to Underpin the Ecosystem Approach -- 8 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Ecosystem Services and Food Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ecosystem Services Important for Food Production -- 2.1 A Conceptual Framework -- 2.2 Ecosystem Services -- 3 The Impact of Food Production on Ecosystems -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Atmospheric Services -- 1 Introduction: The Atmosphere as Part of the Earth System -- 2 Ecosystem Services versus Atmospheric Services. , 3 The Atmosphere as both a Resource and a Hazard -- 4 Who Owns the Atmosphere? -- 5 The Valuation of Atmospheric Services -- 5.1 An Estimate of the Total Economic Value of Atmospheric Services -- 6 Atmospheric Services and Natural Capital -- 6.1 The Air that We Breathe -- 6.2 Protection from Extra-Terrestial Radiation Plasma and Meteors -- 6.3 Natural Global Warming -- 6.4 Cleansing Capacity and the Dispersion of Air Pollution -- 6.5 Clouds and the Hydrological Cycle -- 6.6 Direct Use of the Atmosphere for Ecosystems and Agriculture -- 6.7 The Combustion of Fuel -- 6.8 Air Transport, Communications and Sound -- 6.9 Direct and Indirect Use of the Atmosphere for Energy and Power -- 6.10 The Extraction of Atmospheric Gases -- 6.11 Atmospheric Recreation and Climate Tourism -- 6.12 Aesthetic, Spiritual and Sensual Properties -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services: The Ecological Foundation of Human Society -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Societal Dependence on Ecosystems in Different Socio-Economic Contexts -- 3 Understanding the Links between Ecosystems and Human Well-Being -- 3.1 Ecosystem Structure and Functioning -- 3.2 Ecosystem Functions -- 3.3 Ecosystem Services -- 3.4 Ecosystem Benefits and Human Well-Being -- 4 Accounting and Valuation of Natural Capital and Ecosystem Services -- 4.1 Approaches Based on Human Preferences -- 4.2 Approaches Based on Physical Costs -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.1 The Controversy of Value Commensurability -- 5.2 Why Use the Notion of Natural Capital? -- References -- Protecting Water Resources and Health by Protecting the Environment: A Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Environmental Obligations on Water Utilities -- 2.1 Discharge Consents have Tightened -- 2.2 Review of Discharge Consents due to EU Directives -- 2.3 Prohibition of 'Dumping' Sewage at Sea. , 3 How Water Utilities meet their Environmental Obligations -- 4 A More Sustainable Ecosystem-Based Approach for the Future -- 5 The Wessex Water Experience with Catchment Management -- 5.1 Identification of Catchment and Farms -- 5.2 Actions Taken with the Farmer to Reduce Pollution -- 5.3 Monitoring of Improvements -- 6 Advantages of the Catchment Management Approach -- 7 Other Examples of an Ecosystem Approach -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Life Cycle Assessment as a Tool for Sustainable Management of Ecosystem Services -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Life Cycle Thinking and Life Cycle Assessment -- 2.1 LCA Methodology: An Overview -- 3 LCA as a Tool for Sustainable Management of Ecosystem Services -- 3.1 Life Cycle Impacts of Energy: The Electricity Sector -- 3.2 Life Cycle Impacts of Transport -- 3.3 Life Cycle Impacts of Industry: The Example of the Chemical Sector -- 3.4 Life Cycle Impacts in the Food Sector -- Conclusions -- Appendix 1 CML 2 Method: Definition of Environmental Impact Categories -- References -- Subject Index.