Note: Intro -- Photosynthesis in the Marine Environment -- Contents -- Photosynthesis in theMarine Environment -- About the authors -- Contributing authors -- Preface -- About the companion website -- Part I Plants and the Oceans -- Introduction -- Chapter 1 The evolution of photosynthetic organisms in the oceans -- Chapter 2 The different groups of marine plants -- 2.1 Cyanobacteria -- 2.2 Eukaryotic microalgae -- 2.3 Photosymbionts -- 2.4 Macroalgae -- 2.4.1 The green algae -- 2.4.2 The brown algae -- 2.4.3 The red algae -- 2.5 Seagrasses -- Chapter 3 Seawater as a medium for photosynthesis and plant growth -- 3.1 Light -- 3.2 Inorganic carbon -- 3.2.1 pH -- 3.3 Other abiotic factors -- 3.3.1 Salinity -- 3.3.2 Nutrients -- 3.3.3 Temperature -- 3.3.4 Water velocities -- Summary notes of Part I -- Part II Mechanisms of Photosynthesis, and Carbon Acquisition in Marine Plants -- Introduction to Part II -- Chapter 4 Harvesting of light in marine plants: The photosynthetic pigments -- 4.1 Chlorophylls -- 4.2 Carotenoids -- 4.3 Phycobilins -- Chapter 5 Light reactions -- 5.1 Photochemistry: excitation, de-excitation, energy transfer and primary electron transfer -- 5.2 Electron transport -- 5.3 ATP formation -- 5.4 Alternative pathways of electron flow -- Chapter 6 Photosynthetic CO2-fixation and -reduction -- 6.1 The Calvin Cycle -- 6.2 CO2-concentrating mechanisms -- Chapter 7 Acquisition of carbon in marine plants -- 7.1 Cyanobacteria and microalgae -- 7.1.1 Cyanobacteria -- 7.1.2 Eukaryotic microalgae -- 7.2 Photosymbionts -- 7.3 Macroalgae -- 7.3.1 Use of HCO3 -- 7.3.2 Mechanisms of HCO3- use -- 7.3.3 Rubisco and macroalgal photosynthesis: The need for a CO2 concentrating mechanism -- 7.4 Seagrasses -- 7.4.1 Use of HCO3- -- 7.4.2 Mechanisms of HCO3-use -- 7.5 Calcification and photosynthesis -- Summary notes of Part II. , Part III Quantitative Measurements, and Ecological Aspects, of Marine Photosynthesis -- Introduction to Part III -- Chapter 8 Quantitative measurements -- 8.1 Gas exchange -- 8.2 How to measure gas exchange -- 8.3 Pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry -- 8.3.1 Quantum yields -- 8.3.2 Fv∕Fm -- 8.3.3 Electron transport rates -- 8.4 How to measure PAM fluorescence -- 8.4.1 Macrophytes -- 8.4.2 Microalgae -- 8.5 What method to use: Strengths and limitations -- 8.5.1 Rapid light curves -- 8.5.2 Fv∕Fm -- 8.5.3 Alpha, "uses and misuses" -- 8.5.4 Using whole plants -- Chapter 9 Photosynthetic responses, acclimations and adaptations to light -- 9.1 Responses of high and low-light plants to irradiance -- 9.2 Light responses of cyanobacteria and microalgae -- 9.3 Light effects on photosymbionts -- 9.4 Adaptations of Carbon acquisition mechanisms to light -- 9.5 Acclimations of seagrasses to high and low irradiances -- Chapter 10 Photosynthetic acclimations and adaptations to stress in the intertidal -- 10.1 Adaptations of macrophytes to desiccation -- 10.1.1 The ever-tolerant Ulva -- 10.1.2 The intertidal Fucus -- 10.1.3 The extremely tolerant Porphyra -- 10.1.4 Acclimations of seagrasses to desiccation (or not) -- 10.2 Other stresses in the intertidal -- Chapter 11 How some marine plants modify the environment for other organisms -- 11.1 Epiphytes and other 'thieves' -- 11.2 Ulva can generate its own empires -- 11.3 Seagrasses can alter environments for macroalgae and vice versa -- 11.4 Cyanobacteria and eukaryotic microalgae -- Chapter 12 Future perspectives on marine photosynthesis -- 12.1 'Harvesting' marine plant photosynthesis -- 12.2 Predictions for the future -- 12.3 Scaling of photosynthesis towards community and ecosystem production -- Summary notes of Part III -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Measurement of Environmental Parameters Affecting Marine Plankton Physiology -- Chapter 1: Characteristics of Marine Chemical Environment and the Measurements and Analyses of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry -- 1.1 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon -- 1.2 Total Alkalinity -- 1.3 pH -- 1.4 Seawater Partial Pressure of CO2 -- 1.5 Carbonate Mineral Saturation State -- 1.6 Determination of Seawater Carbonate System Parameters -- Chapter 2: Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Ultraviolet Radiation Measurements -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Light Intensity Measurement -- 2.1.2 Light Absorption and Extinction Coefficient -- 2.1.3 Planer and Spherical Radiometer Calibration -- References -- Part II: Plankton Culture Techniques -- Chapter 3: Manipulation of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry -- 3.1 Changes in the Carbonate Chemistry in Algal Cultures -- 3.2 Perturbation and Controlling of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry Parameters -- 3.2.1 Altering Concentration of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon -- 3.2.1.1 Controlling CO2 Partial Pressures -- 3.2.1.2 Adding CO2 Saturated Sea Water -- 3.2.1.3 Adding Strong Acid and CO32- or/and HCO3- -- 3.2.2 Changing Total Alkalinity -- 3.2.2.1 Adding Strong Acid and Alkali -- 3.2.2.2 Adding CO32- or/and HCO3- -- 3.2.2.3 Controlling Concentration of Ca2+ -- 3.3 Control of Microalgal Cell Density or Biomass -- 3.4 Analyses of Advantages and Disadvantages -- 3.5 Recommendations and Suggestions -- 3.5.1 Filtration and Sterilization -- 3.5.2 Maintain Carbonate Chemistry -- 3.5.3 Effects of Dissolved Organic Matters, Inorganic Nutrients, and Buffers on TA -- 3.5.4 The Treatment of Isotope Inorganic Carbon -- 3.5.5 Determination of Carbonate System Parameters -- 3.5.6 Measurement of pH -- References -- Chapter 4: Microalgae Continuous and Semi-continuous Cultures -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Microalgal Continuous Culture -- 4.2.1 Turbidostat -- 4.2.2 Chemostat -- 4.3 Microalgal Semicontinuous Culture -- 4.4 The Specific Growth Rates Calculation -- 4.4.1 Batch Culture -- 4.4.2 Semicontinuous Culture -- 4.4.3 Continuous Culture -- 4.5 Relative Merits and Optimization Recommendations -- 4.5.1 Relative Merits of Continuous Culture -- 4.5.2 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Microalgae Semicontinuous Cultures -- 4.5.3 Details in Culture Optimizing -- References -- Chapter 5: Culturing Techniques for Planktonic Copepods -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Copepod Culturing Methods -- 5.3 Procedures for Copepod Culture -- 5.3.1 Provenance Copepod Collection -- 5.3.2 Copepod Isolation, Purification and Culture -- 5.3.3 Feeding Food -- 5.3.4 Water Quality Control of Culture Medium -- 5.3.5 Harvesting -- 5.4 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Culture Methods and Points for Attention -- References -- Part III: Determination of Key Enzymes in Primary Producers -- Chapter 6: Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Immunochemical Quantitative Analysis of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6.2.1 Preparation of a Protein Sample of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6.2.2 Separation of Proteins by Electrophoresis (Bailly and Coleman 1988 -- Zhao 2008) -- 6.2.2.1 Sample Treatment -- 6.2.2.2 Loading Sample and Electrophoresis -- 6.2.3 Transfer Proteins to Membrane -- 6.2.4 Blocking -- 6.2.5 Primary Antibody Incubation -- 6.2.6 Secondary Antibody Incubation -- 6.2.7 Protein Detection -- 6.3 Determination of Activity of Carbonic Anhydrase (Willbur and Anderson 1948 -- Xia and Huang 2010) -- 6.3.1 Measurement of Extracellular CA -- 6.3.2 Measurement of Intracellular CA -- 6.3.3 Advantage and Disadvantage -- References -- Chapter 7: Rubisco -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Protein Extraction. , 7.2.1.1 Extraction of Denatured Total Protein -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments and Experimental Methods -- 7.2.1.2 Extraction of Soluble Native Protein -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments, and Experimental Methods -- 7.2.2 Quantification of Rubisco -- 7.2.2.1 Rubisco Quantification Using Immunochemical Methods -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments, and Experimental Methods -- 7.2.2.2 Quantitative Rubisco Using 14C-CABP (2-Carboxy-d-arabinitol-1,5-bisphosphate) -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments, and Experimental Methods -- 7.2.3 Detection of Rubisco Activity -- 7.2.3.1 Detection of Rubisco Enzyme Activity Using NaH14CO3 -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments, and Experimental Methods -- 7.2.3.2 Enzyme-Linked Method of Detection of Rubisco Enzyme Activity -- Materials, Reagents, Instruments, and Experimental Methods -- 7.3 Advantages, Disadvantages, and Misunderstanding -- References -- Chapter 8: Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase -- 8.1 PEPC and C4 Pathway -- 8.2 Preparation and Assay of PEPC -- 8.2.1 Preparation of Reagents -- 8.2.2 Preparation of Cell Extract -- 8.2.3 Procedure -- 8.2.4 14C Isotope Assay Methods -- 8.3 Note -- References -- Chapter 9: Nitrate Reductase -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Materials and Method -- 9.2.1 Materials -- 9.2.2 Reagent Preparation -- 9.2.3 Methods -- 9.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 10: Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavenging Enzymes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity -- 10.2.1 Materials -- 10.2.2 Reagent Preparation -- 10.2.3 Methods -- 10.3 Catalase (CAT) Activity -- 10.3.1 Materials -- 10.3.2 Reagent Preparation -- 10.3.3 Methods -- 10.4 Peroxidase (POD) Activity -- 10.4.1 Materials -- 10.4.2 Reagent Preparation -- 10.4.3 Methods -- 10.5 Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX) Activity -- 10.5.1 Materials -- 10.5.2 Reagent Preparation -- 10.5.3 Methods. , 10.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR) Activity -- 10.6.1 Methods -- 10.7 Discussion -- References -- Part IV: Measurements and Analyses of Pigments -- Chapter 11: Chlorophylls -- 11.1 Distribution, Structure, and Spectral Characteristics of Chlorophylls -- 11.2 Quantitative Analysis of Chlorophyll -- 11.2.1 Spectrophotometry -- 11.2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 11.3 The Advantages and Disadvantages of These Methods -- References -- Chapter 12: Phycobiliproteins -- 12.1 Quantitative Analysis of Phycobiliprotein -- 12.2 Isolation and Purification of Phycobiliprotein -- 12.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Extraction Methods -- References -- Chapter 13: Carotenoids -- 13.1 Distribution of Carotenoids in the Algal Class -- 13.2 Carotenoid Analysis by HPLC -- 13.3 Quantification of Total Carotenoids -- 13.4 Note -- References -- Chapter 14: Phenolic Compounds and Other UV-Absorbing Compounds -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Determination of Phenolic Compounds -- 14.2.1 Spectrophotometer -- 14.2.2 HPLC -- 14.2.2.1 Preparation of Microalgae Extracts for Isolation and Quantification of Phenolic Compounds -- 14.2.2.2 Solid-Phase Extraction -- 14.2.2.3 Quantification of the Phenolic Compounds -- 14.2.3 Strengths and Limitations -- 14.3 Determination of UV-Absorbing Compounds -- 14.3.1 Extraction of Samples for HPLC Analysis of Mycosporine Amino Acids -- 14.3.2 HPLC Analysis -- References -- Part V: Measurements and Analyses of Photosynthesis and Respiration -- Chapter 15: Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution -- 15.1 Instruments and Equipment -- 15.2 Solution Preparation -- 15.3 Operation Procedures -- 15.3.1 Installation of the Liquid Oxygen Electrode -- 15.3.2 Calibration of the Liquid Oxygen Electrode -- 15.3.3 Determination of Dissolved Oxygen -- 15.3.4 Calculation of Oxygen Evolution/Oxygen Consumption Rate of Samples. , 15.4 The Advantages, Disadvantages, and Considerations -- References -- Chapter 16: Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 14C Isotope Tracer Method -- 16.2.1 Sampling Protocols -- 16.2.2 14C Inoculation and Incubation -- 16.2.3 14C Collection, Treatment, and Measurement -- 16.3 Matters Needing Attention -- 16.3.1 Volume of Incubation Flask -- 16.3.2 Amount of 14C Addition -- 16.3.3 Incubation Time -- 16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the 14C Method -- 16.5 Application of the 14C Method in the Laboratory -- References -- Chapter 17: Photorespiration and Dark Respiration -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Algal Materials -- 17.2.2 Instruments -- 17.2.3 Method -- References -- Chapter 18: Carbon Dioxide vs. Bicarbonate Utilisation -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methodology -- 18.2.1 Isotope Disequilibria -- 18.2.2 pH Dependence of K0.5 Values -- 18.2.3 Photosynthetic Rates at Different pH Values -- 18.2.3.1 Kinetics of O2 Evolution vs. Uncatalyzed CO2 Supply from HCO3- -- 18.2.3.2 MIMS -- 18.3 Merits and Demerits -- References -- Chapter 19: Action Spectra of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Action Spectrum of Visible Light -- 19.2.1 Absorption Spectrum of Pigment -- 19.2.2 Production of Action Spectrum -- 19.3 Biological Weighting Function of UV Radiation -- 19.3.1 Sample Collection -- 19.3.2 Solar Radiation Monitoring -- 19.3.3 Ultraviolet Radiation Treatment -- 19.3.4 Determination of Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation Rate -- 19.3.5 Calculation of BWF -- 19.3.5.1 Photosynthetic Carbon Fixation of Phytoplankton -- 19.3.5.2 UV Intensity Between Filters -- 19.3.5.3 Calculation of Biological Weight -- 19.4 Advantages and Disadvantages -- References -- Chapter 20: Determination of the Inorganic Carbon Affinity and CO2 Concentrating Mechanisms of Algae -- 20.1 Introduction. , 20.2 Determination of Inorganic Carbon Affinity.