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  • 1
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    Properties of Red Sea coastal currents (2014)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Continental Shelf Research 78 (2014): 51–61, doi:10.1016/j.csr.2014.01.025.
    Description: Properties of coastal flows of the central Red Sea are examined using 2 years of velocity data acquired off the coast of Saudi Arabia near 22 °N. The tidal flow is found to be very weak. The strongest tidal constituent, the M2 tide, has a magnitude of order 4 cm s−1. Energetic near-inertial and diurnal period motions are observed. These are surface-intensified currents, reaching magnitudes of 〉10 cm s−1. Although the diurnal currents appear to be principally wind-driven, their relationship with the surface wind stress record is complex. Less than 50% of the diurnal current variance is related to the diurnal wind stress through linear correlation. Correlation analysis reveals a classical upwelling/downwelling response to the alongshore wind stress. However, less than 30% of the overall sub-inertial variance can be accounted for by this response. The action of basin-scale eddies, impinging on the coastal zone, is implicated as a primary mechanism for driving coastal flows.
    Description: This research is based on work supported by Award nos.USA 00002 and KSA 00011 made by KAUST to WHOI.
    Keywords: Red Sea ; Coastal flows ; Basin-shelf interaction
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    The spatial structure of tidal and mean circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts (2013)
    American Meteorological Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2013. This article is posted here by permission of American Meteorological Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Physical Oceanography 43 (2013): 1940–1958, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-13-020.1.
    Description: The spatial structure of the tidal and background circulation over the inner shelf south of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, was investigated using observations from a high-resolution, high-frequency coastal radar system, paired with satellite SSTs and in situ ADCP velocities. Maximum tidal velocities for the dominant semidiurnal constituent increased from 5 to 35 cm s−1 over the 20-km-wide domain with phase variations up to 60°. A northeastward jet along the eastern edge and a recirculation region inshore dominated the annually averaged surface currents, along with a separate along-shelf jet offshore. Owing in part to this variable circulation, the spatial structure of seasonal SST anomalies had implications for the local heat balance. Cooling owing to the advective heat flux divergence was large enough to offset more than half of the seasonal heat gain owing to surface heat flux. Tidal stresses were the largest terms in the mean along- and across-shelf momentum equations in the area of the recirculation, with residual wind stress and the Coriolis term dominating to the west and south, respectively. The recirculation was strongest in summer, with mean winds and tidal stresses accounting for much of the differences between summer and winter mean circulation. Despite the complex bathymetry and short along-shelf spatial scales, a simple model of tidal rectification was able to recreate the features of the northeastward jet and match an estimate of the across-shelf structure of sea surface height inferred from the residual of the momentum analysis.
    Description: 2014-03-01
    Keywords: Coastal flows ; Momentum ; Sea surface temperature ; Tides ; Surface observations
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-03-11
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Tarry, D., Ruiz, S., Johnston, T., Poulain, P., Özgökmen, T., Centurioni, L., Berta, M., Esposito, G., Farrar, J., Mahadevan, A., & Pascual, A. Drifter observations reveal intense vertical velocity in a surface ocean front. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(18), (2022): e2022GL098969, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl098969.
    Description: Measuring vertical motions represent a challenge as they are typically 3–4 orders of magnitude smaller than the horizontal velocities. Here, we show that surface vertical velocities are intensified at submesoscales and are dominated by high frequency variability. We use drifter observations to calculate divergence and vertical velocities in the upper 15 m of the water column at two different horizontal scales. The drifters, deployed at the edge of a mesoscale eddy in the Alboran Sea, show an area of strong convergence (urn:x-wiley:00948276:media:grl64766:grl64766-math-0001(f)) associated with vertical velocities of −100 m day−1. This study shows that a multilayered-drifter array can be an effective tool for estimating vertical velocity near the ocean surface.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Departmental Research Initiative CALYPSO under program officers Terri Paluszkiewicz and Scott Harper. The authors' ONR Grant No. are as follows: DT, SR, AM, and AP N000141613130, TMSJ N000146101612470, PP N000141812418, TO N000141812138, LRC N000141712517, and N00014191269, MB and GE N000141812782 and N000141812039, and JTF N000141812431.
    Keywords: Drifters ; Vertical velocity ; Submesoscale ; Kinematic properties ; Fronts ; Alboran Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    The land-sea breeze of the Red Sea: observations, simulations, and relationships to regional moisture transport (2020)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Davis, S. R., Farrar, J. T., Weller, R. A., Jiang, H., & Pratt, L. J. The land-sea breeze of the Red Sea: observations, simulations, and relationships to regional moisture transport. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 124, (2019): 13803-13825, doi: 10.1029/2019JD031007.
    Description: Unique in situ observations of atmospheric conditions over the Red Sea and the coastal Arabian Peninsula are examined to study the dynamics and regional impacts of the local land‐sea breeze cycle (LSBC). During a 26‐month data record spanning 2008–2011, observed LSBC events occurred year‐round, frequently exhibiting cross‐shore wind velocities in excess of 8 m/s. Observed onshore and offshore features of both the land‐ and sea‐breeze phases of the cycle are presented, and their seasonal modulation is considered. Weather Research and Forecasting climate downscaling simulations and satellite measurements are used to extend the analysis. In the model, the amplitude of the LSBC is significantly larger in the vicinity of the steeper terrain elements encircling the basin, suggesting an enhancement by the associated slope winds. Observed and simulated conditions also reflected distinct gravity‐current characteristics of the intrinsic moist marine air mass during both phases of the LSBC. Specifically, the advance and retreat of marine air mass was directly tied to the development of internal boundary layers onshore and offshore throughout the period of study. Convergence in the lateral moisture flux resulting from this air mass ascending the coastal topography (sea‐breeze phase) as well as colliding with air masses from the opposing coastline (land‐breeze phase) further resulted in cumulous cloud formation and precipitation.
    Description: This study was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grant OCE‐1435665 and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grants 80NSSC18K1494 and NNX14AM71G. Further support for Lawrence Pratt was provided by NSF Grant OCE‐1154641. The authors wish to thank Sarah Gille for insightful conversations related to this work. GLDAS data used in this study were acquired as part of the mission of NASA's Earth Science Division and archived and distributed by the Goddard Earth Sciences (GES) Data and Information Services Center (DISC). We further acknowledge the use of data and imagery from LANCE FIRMS operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by NASA/HQ. The in situ data from the WHOI/KAUST mooring is available at a WHOI repository (http://uop.whoi.edu/projects/kaust/form.php) for academic and research purposes. The mooring data collected during the WHOI‐KAUST collaboration was made possible by awards USA00001, USA00002, and KSA00011 to WHOI by the KAUST in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The buoy and tower data collection was a result of the work of the WHOI Upper Ocean Processes Group and staff at KAUST; John Kemp, Jason Smith, Paul Bouchard, Sean Whelan, Yasser Abualnaja, Yasser Kattan, and Abdulaziz Al‐Suwailem all made major contributions.
    Keywords: Sea‐breeze ; Land‐breeze ; Red Sea ; African coast ; Air‐sea ; Observations and modelling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 5
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    Frontal convergence and vertical velocity measured by drifters in the Alboran Sea (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2021. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 126(4), (2021): e2020JC016614, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016614.
    Description: Horizontal and vertical motions associated with mesoscale (10–100 km) and submesoscale (1–10 km) features, such as fronts, meanders, eddies, and filaments, play a critical role in redistributing physical and biogeochemical properties in the ocean. This study makes use of a multiplatform data set of 82 drifters, a Lagrangian float, and profile timeseries of temperature and salinity, obtained in a ∼1-m/s semipermanent frontal jet in the Alboran Sea as part of CALYPSO (Coherent Lagrangian Pathways from the Surface Ocean to Interior). Drifters drogued at ∼1-m and 15-m depth capture the mesoscale and submesoscale circulation aligning along the perimeter of fronts due to horizontal shear. Clusters of drifters are used to estimate the kinematic properties, such as vorticity and divergence, of the flow by fitting a bivariate plane to the horizontal drifter velocities. Clusters with submesoscale length scales indicate normalized vorticity ζ/f 〉 1 with Coriolis frequency f and normalized divergence of (1) occurring in patches along the front, with error variance around 10%. By computing divergence from drifter clusters at two different depths, we estimate minimum vertical velocity of (−100 m day−1) in the upper 10 m of the water column. These results are at least twice as large as previous estimates of vertical velocity in the region. Location, magnitude, and timing of the convergence are consistent with behavior of a Lagrangian float subducting in the center of a drifter cluster. These results improve our understanding of frontal subduction and quantify convergence and vertical velocity using Lagrangian tools.
    Description: This research was supported by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) Departmental Research Initiative CALYPSO under program officers Terri Paluszkiewicz and Scott Harper. The authors' ONR grant numbers are as follows: D. R. Tarry, A. Pascual, S. Ruiz and A. Mahadevan N000141613130, S. Essink N000146101612470, P.-M. Poulain N000141812418, T. OÖzgökmen N000141812138, L. R. Centurioni N000141712517 and N00014191269, T. Farrar N000141812431, A. Shcherbina N000141812139 and N000141812420, and E. A. D'Asaro N000141812139.
    Keywords: Alboran Sea ; drifters ; kinematic properties ; Lagrangian float ; submesoscale ; vertical velocity
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    The characteristics and dynamics of wave-driven flow across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016): 1360–1376, doi:10.1002/2015JC011141.
    Description: Current dynamics across a platform reef in the Red Sea near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, are examined using 18 months of current profile, pressure, surface wave, and wind observations. The platform reef is 700 m long, 200 m across with spatial and temporal variations in water depth over the reef ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 m. Surface waves breaking at the seaward edge of the reef cause a 2–10 cm setup of sea level that drives cross-reef currents of 5–20 cm s−1. Bottom stress is a significant component of the wave setup balance in the surf zone. Over the reef flat, where waves are not breaking, the cross-reef pressure gradient associated with wave setup is balanced by bottom stress. The quadratic drag coefficient for the depth-average flow decreases with increasing water depth from Cda = 0.17 in 0.4 m of water to Cda = 0.03 in 1.2 m of water. The observed dependence of the drag coefficient on water depth is consistent with open-channel flow theory and a hydrodynamic roughness of zo = 0.06 m. A simple one-dimensional model driven by incident surface waves and wind stress accurately reproduces the observed depth-averaged cross-reef currents and a portion of the weaker along-reef currents over the focus reef and two other Red Sea platform reefs. The model indicates the cross-reef current is wave forced and the along-reef current is partially wind forced.
    Description: This research is based on work supported by awards USA 00002 and KSA 00011 KAUST. K. Davis was supported by a WHOI Postdoctoral Fellowship. T. Farrar was partly supported by NSF grant OCE-1435665. S. Lentz was partly supported by NSF grants OCE-1332646 and OCE-1357290.
    Description: 2016-08-16
    Keywords: Red Sea ; Coral reef ; Circulation ; Waves
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Zonal surface wind jets across the Red Sea due to mountain gap forcing along both sides of the Red Sea (2010)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 36 (2009): L19605, doi:10.1029/2009GL040008.
    Description: Mesoscale atmospheric modeling over the Red Sea, validated by in-situ meteorological buoy data, identifies two types of coastal mountain gap wind jets that frequently blow across the longitudinal axis of the Red Sea: (1) an eastward-blowing summer daily wind jet originating from the Tokar Gap on the Sudanese Red Sea coast, and (2) wintertime westward-blowing wind-jet bands along the northwestern Saudi Arabian coast, which occur every 10–20 days and can last for several days when occurring. Both wind jets can attain wind speeds over 15 m s−1 and contribute significantly to monthly mean surface wind stress, especially in the cross-axis components, which could be of importance to ocean eddy formation in the Red Sea. The wintertime wind jets can cause significant evaporation and ocean heat loss along the northeastern Red Sea coast and may potentially drive deep convection in that region. An initial characterization of these wind jets is presented.
    Description: Supported by Award Numbers USA 00001, USA 00002, and KSA 00011 made by KAUST.
    Keywords: Red Sea ; Coastal mountain gap wind jet ; Wind forcing
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 8
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    Surface gravity wave transformation across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea (2016)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 121 (2016); 693–705, doi:10.1002/2015JC011142.
    Description: The transformation of surface gravity waves across a platform reef in the Red Sea is examined using 18 months of observations and a wave transformation model developed for beaches. The platform reef is 200 m across, 700 m long, and the water depth varies from 0.3 to 1.2 m. Assuming changes in wave energy flux are due to wave breaking and bottom drag dissipation, the wave transformation model with optimal parameters characterizing the wave breaking (γm = 0.25) and bottom drag (hydrodynamic roughness zo = 0.08 m) accounts for 75%–90% of the observed wave-height variance at four sites. The observations and model indicate that wave breaking dominates the dissipation in a 20–30 m wide surf zone while bottom drag dominates the dissipation over the rest of the reef. Friction factors (drag coefficients) estimated from the observed wave energy balance range from fw = 0.5 to fw = 5 and increase as wave-orbital displacements decrease. The observed dependence on wave-orbital displacement is roughly consistent with extrapolation of an empirical relationship based on numerous laboratory studies of oscillatory flow. As a consequence of the dependence on wave-orbital displacement, wave friction factors vary temporally due to changes in water depth and incident wave heights, and spatially across the reef as the waves decay.
    Description: USA Grant Number: 00002; KSA Grant Number: 00011; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST); NSF Grant Numbers: OCE-1435665, OCE-1332646 and OCE-1357290
    Description: 2016-07-22
    Keywords: Surface gravity waves ; Coral reef ; Friction factor ; Red Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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