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Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Acknowledgements -- Part One Glaciers -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Glacier systems -- 1.1.1 Mass balance -- 1.1.2 Meltwater -- 1.1.3 Glacier motion -- 1.1.4 Glaciers and sea-level change -- 1.1.5 Erosion and debris transport -- 1.1.6 Glacial sediments, landforms and landscapes -- 1.2 Glacier morphology -- 1.2.1 Ice sheets and ice caps -- 1.2.2 Glaciers constrained by topography -- 1.2.3 Ice shelves -- 1.3 Present distribution of glaciers -- 1.3.1 Influence of latitude and altitude -- 1.3.2 Influence of aspect, relief and distance from a moisture source -- 1.4 Past distribution of glaciers -- 1.4.1 'Icehouse' and 'greenhouse' worlds -- 1.4.2 Cenozoic glaciation -- 2 Snow, Ice and Climate -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Surface energy balance -- 2.2.1 Changes of state and temperature -- 2.2.2 Shortwave radiation -- 2.2.3 Longwave radiation -- 2.2.4 Sensible and latent heat: turbulent fluxes -- 2.2.5 Energy supplied by rain -- 2.2.6 Why is glacier ice blue? -- 2.3 Ice temperature -- 2.3.1 The melting point of ice -- 2.3.2 Controls on ice temperature -- 2.3.3 Thermal structure of glaciers and ice sheets -- 2.4 Processes of accumulation and ablation -- 2.4.1 Snow and ice accumulation -- 2.4.2 Transformation of snow to ice -- 2.4.3 Melting of snow and ice -- 2.4.4 Sublimation and evaporation -- 2.4.5 The influence of debris cover -- 2.5 Mass balance -- 2.5.1 Definitions -- 2.5.2 Measurement of mass balance -- 2.5.3 Annual mass balance cycles -- 2.5.4 Mass balance gradients -- 2.5.5 The equilibrium line -- 2.5.6 Glaciation levels or glaciation thresholds -- 2.5.7 Glacier sensitivity to climate change -- 2.6 Glacier-climate interactions -- 2.6.1 Effects of glaciers and ice sheets on the atmosphere -- 2.7 Ice cores. , 2.7.1 Ice coring programmes -- 2.7.2 Stable isotopes -- 2.7.3 Ancient atmospheres: the gas content of glacier ice -- 2.7.4 Solutes and particulates -- 3 Glacier Hydrology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic concepts -- 3.2.1 Water sources and routing -- 3.2.2 Hydraulic potential -- 3.2.3 Resistance to flow -- 3.2.4 Channel wall processes: melting, freezing and ice deformation -- 3.3 Supraglacial and englacial drainage -- 3.3.1 Supraglacial water storage and drainage -- 3.3.2 Englacial drainage -- 3.4 Subglacial drainage -- 3.4.1 Subglacial channels -- 3.4.2 Water films -- 3.4.3 Linked cavity systems -- 3.4.4 Groundwater flow -- 3.4.5 Water at the ice-sediment interface -- 3.5 Glacial hydrological systems -- 3.5.1 Temperate glaciers -- 3.5.2 Polythermal glaciers -- 3.5.3 Modelling glacial hydrological systems -- 3.6 Proglacial runoff -- 3.6.1 Seasonal and shorter-term cycles -- 3.6.2 Runoff and climate change -- 3.7 Glacial lakes and outburst floods -- 3.7.1 Introduction -- 3.7.2 Moraine-dammed lakes -- 3.7.3 Ice-dammed lakes -- 3.7.4 Icelandic subglacial lakes -- 3.7.5 Estimating GLOF magnitudes -- 3.8 Life in glaciers -- 3.8.1 Supraglacial ecosystems -- 3.8.2 Subglacial ecosystems -- 3.9 Glacier hydrochemistry -- 3.9.1 Overview -- 3.9.2 Snow chemistry -- 3.9.3 Chemical weathering processes -- 3.9.4 Subglacial chemical weathering -- 3.9.5 Proglacial environments -- 3.9.6 Rates of chemical erosion -- 4 Processes of Glacier Motion -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Stress and strain -- 4.2.1 Stress -- 4.2.2 Strain -- 4.2.3 Rheology: stress-strain relationships -- 4.2.4 Force balance in glaciers -- 4.3 Deformation of ice -- 4.3.1 Glen's Flow Law -- 4.3.2 Crystal fabric, impurities and water content -- 4.3.3 Ice creep velocities -- 4.4 Sliding -- 4.4.1 Frozen beds -- 4.4.2 Sliding of wet-based ice -- 4.4.3 Glacier-bed friction -- 4.4.4 The role of water. , 4.5 Deformable beds -- 4.5.1 The Boulton-Hindmarsh model -- 4.5.2 Laboratory testing of subglacial tills -- 4.5.3 Direct observations of deformable glacier beds -- 4.5.4 Rheology of subglacial till -- 4.6 Rates of basal motion -- 4.6.1 'Sliding laws' -- 4.6.2 Local and non-local controls on ice velocity -- 4.7 Crevasses and other structures: strain made visible -- 4.7.1 Crevasses -- 4.7.2 Crevasse patterns -- 4.7.3 Layering, foliation and related structures -- 5 Glacier Dynamics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Understanding glacier dynamics -- 5.2.1 Balance velocities -- 5.2.2 Deviations from the balance velocity -- 5.2.3 Changes in ice thickness: continuity -- 5.2.4 Thermodynamics -- 5.3 Glacier models -- 5.3.1 Overview -- 5.3.2 Equilibrium glacier profiles -- 5.3.3 Time-evolving glacier models -- 5.4 Dynamics of valley glaciers -- 5.4.1 Intra-annual velocity variations -- 5.4.2 Multi-annual variations -- 5.5 Calving glaciers -- 5.5.1 Flow of calving glaciers -- 5.5.2 Calving processes -- 5.5.3 'Calving laws' -- 5.5.4 Advance and retreat of calving glaciers -- 5.6 Ice shelves -- 5.6.1 Mass balance of ice shelves -- 5.6.2 Flow of ice shelves -- 5.6.3 Ice shelf break-up -- 5.7 Glacier surges -- 5.7.1 Overview -- 5.7.2 Distribution of surging glaciers -- 5.7.3 Temperate glacier surges -- 5.7.4 Polythermal surging glaciers -- 5.7.5 Surge mechanisms -- 6 The Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Greenland Ice Sheet -- 6.2.1 Overview -- 6.2.2 Climate and surface mass balance -- 6.2.3 Ice sheet flow -- 6.2.4 Ice streams and outlet glaciers -- 6.3 The Antarctic Ice Sheet -- 6.3.1 Overview -- 6.3.2 Climate and mass balance -- 6.3.3 Flow of inland ice -- 6.3.4 Ice streams -- 6.3.5 Hydrology and subglacial lakes -- 6.3.6 Ice stream stagnation and reactivation -- 6.3.7 Stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. , 7 Glaciers and Sea-Level Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of sea-level change -- 7.2.1 Overview -- 7.2.2 Glacio-eustasy and global ice volume -- 7.2.3 Glacio-isostasy and ice sheet loading -- 7.3 Sea-level change over glacial-interglacial cycles -- 7.3.1 Ice sheet fluctuations and eustatic sea-level change -- 7.3.2 Sea-level histories in glaciated regions -- 7.4 Glaciers and recent sea-level change -- 7.4.1 Recorded sea-level change -- 7.4.2 Global glacier mass balance -- 7.5 Future sea-level change -- 7.5.1 IPCC climate and sea-level projections -- 7.5.2 Predicting the glacial contribution to sea-level change -- Part Two Glaciation -- 8 Erosional Processes, Forms and Landscapes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Subglacial erosion -- 8.2.1 Rock fracture: general principles -- 8.2.2 Abrasion -- 8.2.3 Quarrying -- 8.2.4 Erosion beneath cold ice -- 8.2.5 Erosion of soft beds -- 8.3 Small-scale erosional forms -- 8.3.1 Striae and polished surfaces -- 8.3.2 Rat tails -- 8.3.3 Chattermarks, gouges and fractures -- 8.3.4 P-forms -- 8.4 Intermediate-scale erosional forms -- 8.4.1 Roches moutonnées -- 8.4.2 Whalebacks and rock drumlins -- 8.4.3 Crag and tails -- 8.4.4 Channels -- 8.5 Large-scale erosional landforms -- 8.5.1 Rock basins and overdeepenings -- 8.5.2 Basins and overdeepenings in soft sediments -- 8.5.3 Troughs and fjords -- 8.5.4 Cirques -- 8.5.5 Strandflats -- 8.6 Landscapes of glacial erosion -- 8.6.1 Areal scouring -- 8.6.2 Selective linear erosion -- 8.6.3 Landscapes of little or no glacial erosion -- 8.6.4 Alpine landscapes -- 8.6.5 Cirque landscapes -- 8.6.6 Continent-scale patterns of erosion -- 9 Debris Entrainment and Transport -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Approaches to the study of glacial sediments -- 9.2.1 The glacial debris cascade -- 9.2.2 Spatial hierarchies of sediments and landforms -- 9.3 Glacial debris entrainment. , 9.3.1 Supraglacial debris entrainment -- 9.3.2 Incorporation of debris into basal ice -- 9.4 Debris transport and release -- 9.4.1 Subglacial transport -- 9.4.2 High-level debris transport -- 9.4.3 Glacifluvial transport -- 9.5 Effects of transport on debris -- 9.5.1 Granulometry -- 9.5.2 Clast morphology -- 9.5.3 Particle micromorphology -- 10 Glacigenic Sediments and Depositional Processes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sediment description and classification -- 10.2.1 Sediment description -- 10.2.2 Deformation structures -- 10.2.3 Primary and secondary deposits -- 10.3 Primary glacigenic deposits (till) -- 10.3.1 Overview -- 10.3.2 Processes of subglacial till formation -- 10.3.3 Glacitectonite -- 10.3.4 Subglacial traction till -- 10.4 Glacifluvial deposits -- 10.4.1 Terminology and classification of glacifluvial sediments -- 10.4.2 Plane bed deposits -- 10.4.3 Ripple cross-laminated facies -- 10.4.4 Dunes -- 10.4.5 Antidunes -- 10.4.6 Scour and minor channel fills -- 10.4.7 Gravel sheets -- 10.4.8 Silt and mud drapes -- 10.4.9 Hyperconcentrated flow deposits -- 10.5 Gravitational mass movement deposits and syn-sedimentary deformation structures -- 10.5.1 Overview -- 10.5.2 Fall deposits -- 10.5.3 Slide and slump deposits -- 10.5.4 Debris (sediment-gravity) flow deposits -- 10.5.5 Turbidites -- 10.5.6 Clastic dykes and hydrofracture fills -- 10.6 Glacimarine and glacilacustrine deposits -- 10.6.1 Water body characteristics and sediment influx -- 10.6.2 Depositional processes -- 10.6.3 Varves and other glacilacustrine overflow/interflow deposits -- 10.6.4 Laminated glacimarine sediments -- 10.6.5 Ice-rafted debris and undermelt deposits -- 10.6.6 Iceberg grounding structures and sediments -- 10.6.7 Fossiliferous deposits and biogenic oozes -- 10.7 Winnowing structures (lags, coquinas and boulder pavements) -- 11 Sediment-Landform Associations. , 11.1 Introduction.

Note: Front Cover -- Environmental Education: Key Issues of the Future -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Introduction -- Opening Address -- Keynote Address -- Chapter 1. Environmental Education -Key Issues of the Future The Role of the Educator -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES IN THE SCHOOLS -- INDEPENDENT STUDIES BY CHILDREN -- THE TEACHER AS AN ORGANISER OF INDEPENDENT STUDIES -- NEW METHODS OF PROFESSIONAL TRAINING -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Environmental Science in the Formal Education Service -- Chapter 3. Problems of Subject Integration in Environmental Science -- INTRODUCTION -- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE -- THE NATURE OF SUBJECT INTEGRATION -- THE IMMEDIACY OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS -- THE NEED FOR A PARADIGM -- THE SEARCH FOR A PARADIGM -- THE RESOURCE PARADIGM -- TRADITIONAL SUBJECT DISCIPLINES AS AN INFORMATION BASE -- PRACTICAL PROBLEMS OF SUBJECT INTEGRATION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. The UNESCO/UNEP Environmental Programme and its Implications forBritish E-E -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5. International Cooperation in Environmental Education -- Global Inter-qovernmental Organisations -- Regional Intergovernmental Organisations -- Non-governmental Organisations -- Value of Cooperation Activities -- International Cooperation as Process -- International Cooperation and National Action -- Summary -- Chapter 6. The Challenge of Rapid Change:Part-time and Recurrent Educationin the Environmental Field -- Some relevant references -- Chapter 7. What Do We Really Mean By Environmental Education? -- Optimist or Pessimist? -- Problem Solving -- Content -- Social and Moral Aspects -- Chapter 8 . Closing Summary of the Conference -- Appendix 1: Connect: UNESCO-UNEP ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION NEWSLETTER -- Index -- List of Participants.

Note: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Participants -- Coding Theory -- Gröbner bases, Padé approximation, and decoding of linear codes -- Some computational tools for estimating the parameters of algebraic geometry codes -- An introduction to algebraic coding theory -- Recent results on p-ranks and Smith normal forms of some 2 - (v, k, λ) designs -- Quantum Computing -- Quantum walks on graphs and quantum scattering theory -- A continuous variable Shor algorithm -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mathematical Machinery -- 3. Fourier Analysis on the Real Line R -- 4. The Algorithm for Finding Integer Periods -- 5. The Observable O -- 6. The Algorithm for Finding Rational Periods -- 7. Finding Irrational Periods -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. Appendix: Number-Theoretic Probabilities -- References -- Entangled states of light -- Entanglement beyond subsystems -- Generalized GHZ states and distributed quantum computing.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Beginnings at Harpswell, Maine -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Early Years on Mount Desert Island: The First Generation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: The Second Generation: MDIBL in the 1930s -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Wartime and the Early Postwar Years: Bust and Boom at the MDIBL -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: MDIBL in the Postwar: The Third Generation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Mid Century: The Third-Generation Redux -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Year-Round Operation: The First Attempt -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Research in the 1970s: The Fourth Generation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9: MDIBL in the 1980s: Doors Close, Doors Open -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Research in the 1980s: The Fifth Generation -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11: The Centennial Decade of the MDIBL -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12: Research in the 1990s: Molecular Biology Comes to the MDIBL -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13: The MDIBL in the Early Twenty-First Century: A New Beginning -- Bibliography -- Chapter 14: Research in the Early Twenty-First Century: The Year-Round Research Program Comes of Age -- Bibliography -- Epilogue -- Species Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Ancient Supercontinents and the Paleogeography of Earth -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Precambrian supercontinents and supercycles-an overview -- 1.1 The history of the supercontinent research-the five milestones -- 1.2 The Earth and the solar system -- 1.3 Some tectonic concepts -- 1.4 Precambrian supercontinents and their cyclicity-observational evidence -- 1.5 How to reconstruct Precambrian terranes? -- 1.6 Models of the Precambrian supercontinents-some remarks -- 1.7 Precambrian paleomagnetism and paleogeography: a guideline -- 1.7.1 Target rocks -- 1.7.2 Steps 1 and 2 -- 1.7.3 Steps 3−6 -- 1.7.4 Step 7 -- 1.7.5 Step 8 -- 1.8 Precambrian paleomagnetism applied to paleoreconstructions-an example -- 1.8.1 Example 1: closest approach technique for reconstructions -- 1.8.2 Matching apparent polar wander paths-another technique for reconstructions -- 1.9 Precambrian paleomagnetic databases -- 1.9.1 Precambrian pole distributions -- 1.9.2 Some aspects of Precambrian paleomagnetic data -- 1.10 Global and terrane geological maps for reconstructions -- 1.11 Precambrian supercontinent cycle -- 1.11.1 The Precambrian supercontinents and supercycles -- 1.11.2 Secular evolution trends during the Precambrian -- 1.11.2.1 Proxies of core and mantle -- 1.11.2.2 Proxies of crustal extraction -- 1.11.2.3 Proxies reflecting plate tectonics -- 1.11.2.4 Paleolatitude proxies -- 1.11.2.5 Paleoclimate and other proxies -- 1.11.2.6 Kinematic proxies -- 1.11.3 Are the supercontinents the same, similar, or different? -- 1.11.4 Precambrian events and supercontinent cycle -- 1.12 Conclusions and suggestions for future work -- 1.13 How we proceed in this book -- Acknowledgments -- Appendices -- References. , 2 A mantle dynamics perspective on the drift of cratons and supercontinent formation in Earth's history -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Geodynamic modeling -- 2.2.2 Specific model setup -- 2.2.2.1 Continent configuration -- 2.2.3 Continental drift diagnostics -- 2.2.4 Computed evolutions -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Average mantle structure -- 2.3.2 Temporal changes in surface plate motions and continental drift -- 2.3.3 Geodynamic surface evolutions -- 2.3.3.1 Homogeneous continent-size distribution (case A) -- 2.3.3.2 Heterogeneous continent-size distribution (case B) -- 2.3.3.3 More vigorous mantle flow (case C) -- 2.4 Long-term cooling of the mantle (case D) -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.5.1 Supercontinent formation scenarios and grouping of continental units -- 2.5.2 Inclination frequency sampling and inferences on the GAD hypothesis -- 2.5.3 Challenges in the comparison to paleomagnetic data -- 2.5.4 Model limitations and future directions -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Precambrian geomagnetic field-an overview -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Precambrian geomagnetic field-characteristic features -- 3.3 Inclination frequency analysis -- 3.4 Field reversals -- 3.5 Paleosecular variation -- 3.6 Paleointensity -- 3.7 Continental drift -- 3.8 Results -- 3.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 The Precambrian paleogeography of Laurentia -- 4.1 Introduction and broad tectonic history -- 4.1.1 Laurentia's initial formation -- 4.1.2 Protracted Proterozoic accretionary growth followed by collisional orogenesis -- 4.1.3 Neoproterozoic rifting -- 4.1.4 Similarities in Laurentia's Proterozoic and Phanerozoic tectonic histories -- 4.2 Paleomagnetic pole compilation -- 4.3 Differential motion before Laurentia amalgamation -- 4.4 Paleogeography of an assembled Laurentia. , 4.5 Comparing paleogeographic models to the paleomagnetic compilation -- 4.6 Paleoenvironmental constraints on paleolatitude -- 4.7 Evaluating Laurentia's Proterozoic paleogeographic neighbors -- 4.7.1 Paleogeographic connections prior to initial Laurentia assembly -- 4.7.2 Amazonia -- 4.7.3 Australia and East Antarctica -- 4.7.4 Baltica -- 4.7.5 Kalahari -- 4.7.6 North China -- 4.7.7 Siberia -- 4.8 The record implies plate tectonics throughout the Proterozoic -- 4.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Notes -- Glossary -- References -- 5 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Baltica -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Geological evolution of Baltica -- 5.2.1 General geological outline for Baltica -- 5.2.2 Geological evolution of Fennoscandia and formation of Baltica -- 5.2.2.1 Geological evolution of the Archean Karelian and Kola cratons of Fennoscandia -- 5.2.2.2 Crustal growth of Fennoscandia-the Svecofennian orogen -- 5.2.3 Geological evolution of Volgo-Sarmatia and formation of Baltica -- 5.2.4 Geological evolution of Baltica -- 5.2.4.1 Baltica within Nuna-different tectonic regimes -- 5.2.4.2 Igneous activity and rifting in Baltica reflecting initiation of the breakup on Nuna? -- 5.2.4.3 Late Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic geological evolution of Baltica-the Rodinia cycle -- 5.3 Material and methods -- 5.3.1 Paleomagnetic poles of Baltica-latitudinal drift history and drift rate -- 5.3.2 Paleoclimatic indicators of Baltica-testing the reconstructed latitudinal drift history -- 5.4 Paleomagnetic evidence for the drift of Baltica -- 5.4.1 Review of the paleomagnetic poles of Baltica -- 5.4.1.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic poles of subcratons of Baltica -- 5.4.1.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic poles for amalgamated Baltica -- 5.4.2 Latitudinal drift of Baltica -- 5.4.2.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic latitudinal drift and amalgamation of Baltica. , 5.4.2.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic latitudinal drift of amalgamated Baltica -- 5.5 Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic climatic indicators for Baltica -- 5.6 Drift velocities of Baltica and its subcratons with implication to tectonics -- 5.6.1 Archean-Paleoproterozoic drift velocities with implication to tectonics -- 5.6.2 Late Paleoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic drift velocities with implication to tectonics -- 5.7 Implications for Baltica in Superia supercraton and Nuna and Rodinia supercontinents -- 5.7.1 Karelian and Kola in Superia -- 5.7.2 Baltica in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.7.2.1 Baltica-Laurentia-Siberia -- 5.7.2.2 Baltica-Congo-São Francisco -- 5.7.2.3 Baltica-India in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.7.2.4 Baltica-Amazonia in Nuna and Rodinia cycles -- 5.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- Supplementary table -- References -- 6 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Amazonia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Amazonian Craton -- 6.3 Quality criteria of paleomagnetic poles -- 6.4 Amazonian paleomagnetic data and apparent polar wander path -- 6.4.1 Amazonian latitude drift -- 6.4.2 Amazonian apparent polar wander path and the polarity time scale -- 6.4.3 Amazonia pre-Columbia -- 6.4.4 Amazonia in a long-lived Columbia? -- 6.4.5 Amazonian Craton in the Rodinia supercontinent -- 6.4.6 Amazonian Craton in Gondwana -- 6.5 Final remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of Río de la Plata craton -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geology of the Río de la Plata craton -- 7.2.1 Piedra Alta Terrane (PA) -- 7.2.2 Tandilia terrane (T) -- 7.2.3 Nico Perez terrane (NP) and Dom Feliciano Belt (DFB) -- 7.3 Material -- 7.4 Results -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.5.1 RP and Precambrian continents -- 7.5.2 Paleoclimatic record of RP -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 8 Precambrian paleogeography of Siberia -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geology of the Siberian Craton -- 8.3 Paleomagnetic data and paleolatitudes of Siberian Craton -- 8.4 Possible neighbors of Siberian Craton -- 8.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Whence Australia: Its Precambrian drift history and paleogeography -- 9.1 Introduction to the Precambrian geology of Australia -- 9.2 Material -- 9.2.1 Paleomagnetic studies -- 9.2.1.1 Archean poles -- Archean Hamersley banded-iron formations and iron ores -- 9.2.1.2 Paleo-Mesoproterozoic -- Kimberley Craton -- Paleo-Mesoproterozoic McArthur Basin/Pine Creek Inlier -- 9.2.1.3 Mesoproterozoic -- Middleback Ranges -- Gawler Craton -- Warakurna large igneous province -- The Albany-Fraser Belt -- 9.2.1.4 Neoproterozoic -- Mundine Dyke Swarm, WA -- Central Australian successions -- Dykes of the Yilgarn Craton, WA -- South Australian successions -- 9.2.2 Data selection -- 9.3 Results: original and age-binned apparent polar wander paths -- 9.3.1 Raw apparent polar wander curve -- 9.3.2 Age-binned APW curve -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.4.1 Implications for supercontinents -- 9.4.1.1 Australian Cratons in Kenorland (c. 2.77-2.47Ga) -- 9.4.1.2 Australian Cratons in Nuna -- 9.4.1.3 Australian Cratons in Rodinia -- 9.4.2 Neoproterozoic intracontinental rotation -- 9.4.3 Implications for assembly and potential separation events of the Australian cratons -- 9.4.4 Paleoclimate indicators -- 9.4.5 Australian paleolatitudes in a global perspective -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 The Precambrian drift history and paleogeography of India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Data selection -- 10.2.1 Southern Indian Block (Dharwar, Bastar, and Singhbhum cratons) -- 10.2.1.1 Dharwar craton results -- 10.2.1.1.1 Bastar craton -- 10.2.1.1.2 Singhbhum craton. , 10.2.2 Northern Indian Block (Aravalli-Delhi-Marwar-Banded Gneiss Complex/Bundelkhand craton).

Note: Book Cover -- Half-Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Abbreviations -- Preface -- 1 The nuclear envelope: a comparative -- 2 The nuclear envelope proteome -- 3 Nuclear envelope proteins and human -- 4 Protein interactions, right or wrong, in -- 5 Plant nuclear envelope proteins -- 6 Structure, function and assembly of the -- 7 Import and export at the nuclear envelope -- 8 Regulating gene expression in mammalian -- 9 Nuclear shuttling in plant cells -- 10 Dynamics of nuclear lamina assembly and -- 11 Spatial and temporal control of nuclear -- 12 Nuclear envelope dynamics during mitosis -- 13 Nuclear dynamics in higher plants -- 14 The nuclear envelope in the plant cell cycle -- 15 Signalling to the nucleus via A-kinase -- 16 Spectraplakins and nesprins, giant spectrin -- 17 Arabidopsis U1 snRNP 70K protein and its -- 18 Calcium/calmodulin-binding transcription -- 19 CAAX-dependent modifications of the -- 20 All in the family -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- The Physiology of Fishes: Fifth Edition -- Preface for the Fifth Edition of The Physiology of Fishes -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Evolution and Phylogeny -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Jawless Vertebrates (Agnathans) -- 1.2.1 Order Myxiniformes (Hagfishes) -- 1.2.2 Order Petromyzontiformes (Lampreys) -- 1.3 Superclass Gnathostomata -- 1.4 Class Chondrichthyes (Ratfishes, Sharks, and Rays) -- 1.4.1 Subclass Holocephali (Chimaeras) -- 1.4.2 Subclass Euselachii, Infraclass Elasmobranchii (Neoselachii) -- 1.4.2.1 Division Selachii (Sharks) -- 1.4.2.2 Division Batomorphi (Rays) -- 1.5 Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fishes Including Tetrapods) -- 1.5.1 Subclass Sarcopterygii (Lobe-Finned Fishes and Tetrapods) -- 1.5.2 Subclass Actinopterygii (Ray-Finned Fishes) -- 1.5.2.1 Early-Branching Actinopterygii -- 1.5.2.2 Division Teleostei -- 1.5.2.3 Cohort Elopomorpha (Tarpons, Tenpounders, Bonefishes, Eels) -- 1.5.2.4 Cohort Osteoglossomorpha (Bony-Tongues) -- 1.5.2.5 Cohort Otocephala -- 1.5.2.6 Cohort Euteleostei -- 1.5.2.7 Unranked Clade Neoteleostei -- 1.5.2.8 Unranked Clade Acanthomorpha (Spiny-Rayed Fishes) -- 1.5.2.9 Series Percomorpha -- 1.6 Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- Chapter 2 Locomotion and Biomechanics -- 2.1 History of Fish Locomotion -- 2.1.1 Classification of Swimming -- 2.1.2 Body Caudal Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.3 Median and Paired Fin Locomotion -- 2.1.4 Gait Changes -- 2.2 Complexity of Fish Forces -- 2.2.1 General Biomechanics: Force, Power and Thrust -- 2.2.2 A Little about Muscle: Motor, Spring or Break? -- 2.2.3 Muscle Anatomy -- 2.2.4 Diversity of Fin Anatomy and Structure -- 2.3 Muscle Activity and Neurocontrol -- 2.3.1 Muscle Activity -- 2.3.2 BCF Swimming -- 2.3.3 Labriform Locomotion -- 2.3.4 Unsteady Swimming. , 2.3.5 Escape Response -- 2.3.6 Swimming in Unsteady Flow -- 2.3.7 Neuro Control -- 2.4 Amphibious Locomotion in Fishes -- 2.4.1 Diversity of Terrestrial Locomotion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Gas Exchange -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 From Environment to Gill Branchial Gas Transfer -- 3.2.1 Ventilation -- 3.2.2 Morphology -- 3.2.3 Diffusion across Membranes -- 3.2.4 The Osmorespiratory Compromise -- 3.3 Circulatory Transport of Respiratory Gases -- 3.3.1 Blood -- 3.3.1.1 Oxygen -- 3.3.1.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 3.3.2 Blood Flow and Perfusion -- 3.4 Diffusion at the Tissue Level -- 3.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 The Cardiovascular System -- 4.1 General Introduction -- 4.2 General Features of the Fish Cardiovascular System -- 4.2.1 Blood -- 4.2.2 Heart Morphology and Blood Flow Patterns -- 4.2.3 Cardiac Excitation-Contraction Coupling and Cardiovascular Parameters -- 4.2.4 Vasculature -- 4.2.5 Control Systems -- 4.3 Integrative Cardiovascular Function -- 4.3.1 Exercise -- 4.3.2 Digestion -- 4.3.3 High Temperature -- 4.3.4 Low Temperature -- 4.3.5 Limiting Oxygen Levels -- 4.4 Conclusion and Future Cardiovascular Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Iono- and Osmoregulation -- 5.1 General Introduction -- 5.2 Evolutionary Strategies -- 5.2.1 Hagfish -- 5.2.2 Lamprey -- 5.2.3 Elasmobranchs -- 5.2.4 Teleosts -- 5.3 Physiology of Iono- and Osmoregulatory Tissues -- 5.3.1 Skin -- 5.3.2 Gills -- 5.3.2.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.2.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.3 Kidney -- 5.3.3.1 Freshwater Fishes -- 5.3.3.2 Marine Fishes -- 5.3.4 Gastrointestinal Tract -- 5.3.4.1 Marine Fishes -- 5.4 Euryhalinity -- 5.4.1 When Does Natural Selection Favour Euryhalinity? -- 5.4.2 Cellular Mechanisms of Osmosensing and Signal Transduction -- 5.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 The Digestive System. , 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Primary Function of the Digestive System -- 6.3 Digestive System Morphology -- 6.3.1 Buccal Cavity, Pharynx, and Associated Structures -- 6.3.2 Oesophagus -- 6.3.3 Stomach -- 6.3.4 Intestine -- 6.3.5 Colon and Rectum -- 6.3.6 Associated Organs -- 6.3.7 Microbiome -- 6.4 Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermal Biology -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Thermal Strategies -- 7.1.2 Mechanisms of Endothermy in Fishes -- 7.2 Characterizing the Thermal Niche of a Fish -- 7.2.1 Thermal Tolerance -- 7.2.2 Thermal Performance -- 7.2.3 Thermal Compensation -- 7.3 Cellular and Molecular Effects of Temperature -- 7.3.1 Cellular Stress Response -- 7.3.2 Effects on Cellular Metabolism -- 7.3.3 Effects on Membranes -- 7.3.4 Temperature and Oxidative Stress -- 7.4 Effects on Whole-Organism Performance -- 7.4.1 Effects on Metabolism -- 7.4.2 Effects on the Cardiorespiratory System -- 7.4.3 Effects on Swimming Performance and Behaviour -- 7.5 Developmental Plasticity -- 7.5.1 Epigenetic Effects of Temperature -- 7.6 Thermal Adaptation -- 7.6.1 Adaptations to Constant Cold in Antarctic Fishes -- 7.7 Thermal Biology in a Changing World -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 8 Endocrinology: An Evolutionary Perspective on Neuroendocrine Axes in Teleosts -- 8.1 Neuroendocrine Axes in Vertebrates and Special Features in Teleosts -- 8.1.1 Control of Physiological Functions and Life Cycles -- 8.1.2 The Innovation of the Pituitary Gland in Vertebrates -- 8.1.3 Specific Aspects of Pituitary Functional Anatomy in Teleosts -- 8.2 Diversification of Neuroendocrine Actors via Gene Duplications -- 8.2.1 Ancient Origin of the Molecular Families of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.2 Gene Duplications of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.2.3 Vertebrate- and Teleost-Specific Whole-Genome Duplications and Impact on Neuroendocrine Actors. , 8.2.4 Conservation or Loss of Duplicated Paralogs and Species-Specific Diversity of Neuroendocrine Actors -- 8.3 The Thyrotropic Axis and the Control of Development, Metabolism, and Metamorphosis in Teleosts -- 8.3.1 Introduction to the Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2 Specific Features of the Thyrotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.3.2.1 Teleost Metamorphosis and Role of the Thyroid Hormones (TH) -- 8.3.2.2 Knowledge Gaps in the Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.3.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Thyrotropic Axis -- 8.4 The Somatotropic Axis and the Control of Growth and Pleiotropic Functions in Teleosts -- 8.4.1 Introduction to the Somatotropic Axis -- 8.4.2 Specific Features of the Somatotropic Axis in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.1 Various Roles in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.2 Multiple Hypophysiotropic Controls Integrated at the Pituitary Somatotroph Level in Teleosts -- 8.4.2.3 Impact of Gene Duplication, Conservation, or Loss on Teleost Somatotropic Axis -- References -- Chapter 9 Reproduction -- 9.1 General Introduction -- 9.2 Neuroendocrinology of Reproduction -- 9.2.1 GnRH -- 9.2.2 Other Neural Factors -- 9.2.2.1 Dopamine -- 9.2.2.2 KiSS -- 9.2.2.3 Additional Factors -- 9.3 Pituitary-Gonadal Axis -- 9.3.1 Steroids and Steroid Receptors -- 9.3.2 Oocyte Development and Maturation -- 9.3.3 Spermatogenesis -- 9.3.4 Sexual Determination and Sexual Differentiation -- 9.4 Environmental Effects on Fish Reproduction -- 9.4.1 Environmental Cues -- 9.4.1.1 Photoperiod -- 9.4.1.2 Temperature -- 9.4.2 Environmental Endocrine Disruption -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Metabolism -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Levels of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3 Modulators of Metabolic Rate -- 10.3.1 Body Mass -- 10.3.2 Temperature -- 10.3.3 Hypoxia -- 10.4 Variation in Metabolic Rate Among and within Species. , 10.5 Ecological and Evolutionary Relevance of (Varation in) Metabolic Rate -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11 Hearing -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 How and Why Hearing? -- 11.3 The Importance of Sound to Fishes Today -- 11.4 Primer on Underwater Sound -- 11.4.1 Underwater Sound and Fishes -- 11.5 How Do Fishes Hear? -- 11.5.1 The Inner Ear -- 11.5.2 Response of the Ear to Sound Stimulation -- 11.5.3 Ancillary Structures -- 11.6 Diversity of Fish Ears -- 11.7 What Do Fishses Hear? -- 11.7.1 Other Aspects of Hearing by Fishes -- 11.8 What Don't we Know about Fish Hearing (Future Directions)? -- 11.9 Anthropogenic Sound and Fishes -- References -- Chapter 12 Active Electroreception and Electrocommunication -- 12.1 Introduction to Electroreception and Electrogenesis -- 12.2 Classification of Electric Fishes Based on Electric Signal Type -- 12.3 Electrocommunication -- 12.4 Generalized Anatomy of the Electro-Sensory-Motor Pathways in Gymnotiform Weakly Electric Fishes -- 12.5 Structural Organization and Premotor Neural Regulation of the Pacemaker Nucleus -- 12.6 Endocrine Regulation and Neuromodulation of the Premotor and Motor Brain Centers -- 12.7 Endocrine Regulation of the Peripheral Electric Organ -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13 Vision -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 The Eye -- 13.2.1 Adnexa -- 13.2.2 Sclera/Cornea -- 13.2.3 Uvea -- 13.2.4 Lens -- 13.2.5 Aqueous and Vitreous Humour -- 13.2.6 Retina -- 13.2.6.1 Rods and Cones -- 13.2.6.2 Light/Dark Adaptation -- 13.2.6.3 Regional Variation in Retinal Structure -- 13.2.6.4 Visual Pigments -- 13.3 Visual Optics -- 13.3.1 Eye Shape -- 13.3.2 Image Formation -- 13.3.2.1 Resting Refractive State and Accommodation -- 13.3.2.2 Amphibious Vision -- 13.3.3 Pupil -- 13.3.4 Tapeta -- 13.3.5 Intraocular Filters -- 13.4 Visual Abilities -- 13.4.1 Absolute Sensitivity. , 13.4.2 Contrast.