Note: Intro -- Scaling Up of Microbial Electrochemical Systems: From Reality to Scalability -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microbial electrochemical systems -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Classification of METs -- 1.2.1. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) -- 1.2.2. Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) -- 1.2.3. Microbial solar cells (MSCs) -- 1.2.4. Microbial electrosynthesis cells (MESCs) -- 1.2.5. Microbial desalination cells (MDCs) -- 1.3. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: A review on scaling-up of microbial fuel cell: Challenges and opportunities -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. MFC theory -- 2.3. Research gap of MFC -- 2.4. Operational and electrochemical limitations of MFC analysis -- 2.4.1. MFC start-up process -- 2.4.2. Wastewater -- 2.4.3. Electrode materials -- 2.4.4. Anode material -- 2.4.5. Cathode material -- 2.4.6. Design of MFC -- 2.4.7. Electrical network of MFC -- 2.5. Technology development solution -- 2.6. Techno-economic viability -- 2.6.1. Advantages of MFC -- 2.7. Pilot scale to industrial scale of MFC -- 2.8. Application of microbial fuel cell to the social relevance -- 2.8.1. Electricity generation -- 2.8.2. Bio-hydrogen production -- 2.8.3. Wastewater treatment -- 2.8.4. Biosensor -- 2.8.5. Desalination plants -- 2.9. Recent developments -- 2.10. Future improvements -- 2.11. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in microbial electrochemical systems -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Electroactive microorganisms (EAMs) -- 3.3. Formation of electroactive biofilms (EABFs) -- 3.3.1. Anodic EABFs -- 3.3.2. Cathodic EABFs -- 3.4. Electron transfer mechanism -- 3.4.1. Anodic electron transfer -- 3.4.2. Cathodic electron transfer -- 3.5. Effect of design, operational, and biological parameters on electroactivity of EABFs -- 3.5.1. Design parameters. , 3.5.1.1. Effect of electrode materials and their characteristics -- 3.5.1.2. Influence of applied voltage or potential -- 3.5.2. Operational parameters -- 3.5.2.1. Effect of substrate on EABFs -- 3.5.2.2. Effect of temperature on EABFs -- 3.5.2.3. Effect of pH on EABFs -- 3.5.3. Biological parameters -- 3.6. Genetic engineering: An approach to enhance exoelectrogenesis -- 3.7. Applications of EABFs -- 3.8. Conclusions and future prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Role of electroactive biofilms in governing the performance of microbial electrochemical system -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Role of electroactive biofilms in MES -- 4.3. Strategies for development of EAB -- 4.3.1. Natural growth of EAB -- 4.3.2. Artificial induction of EAB -- 4.4. Microbes in EAB -- 4.4.1. Anodic EAB -- 4.4.1.1. Pure culture -- 4.4.1.2. Mixed culture -- 4.4.2. Cathodic EAB -- 4.5. Electron transfer in EAB -- 4.5.1. Direct ET -- 4.5.2. Indirect ET -- 4.6. Methods to study EAB -- 4.7. Dynamic of EAB application -- 4.8. Conclusion and future prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in the microbial electrochemical system -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Electroactive microorganism and biofilm formation -- 5.3. Factors affecting electroactive biofilm formation -- 5.3.1. System architecture -- 5.3.2. Biological parameters -- 5.3.3. Operating parameters -- 5.3.3.1. Effect of external resistance and redox potential -- 5.3.3.2. Substrate concentration and loading -- 5.3.3.3. Other factors (pH, temperature, oxygen, and shear rate) -- 5.4. Electron transfer mechanism in MES -- 5.4.1. Direct electron transfer from cell to the electrode -- 5.4.2. Mediated electron transfer -- 5.5. Tools and techniques to study electroactive biofilms and microbial community analysis -- 5.6. Conclusion and future prospects -- References. , Chapter 6: Electroactive biofilm and electron transfer in MES -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Electroactive biofilms (EABs) -- 6.3. Anodic electroactive biofilm -- 6.4. Cathodic electroactive biofilm -- 6.5. Mechanism of electron within anodic EAB -- 6.6. Mechanisms of electron transfer in cathodic EABs -- 6.7. Tools and techniques used to study EABs -- 6.8. Applications of EABs -- 6.9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Bioelectroremediation of wastes using bioelectrochemical system -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Drawbacks of conventional bioremediation -- 7.3. Phytoremediation -- 7.4. BES for ground water remediation -- 7.5. Practical obstacles in GW remediation suggests BES application -- 7.6. In situ bioelectroremediation: Ideal step -- 7.7. Bioelectroremediation: Future perspectives -- 7.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as proton exchange membrane (PEM) in single chambered microbial fuel cells (MFCs) -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Proton exchange membranes (PEM) -- 8.3. Present study -- 8.4. Designing and fabrication of single-chambered MFCs -- 8.5. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite as PEM in MFCs -- 8.6. Substrates used in MFCs -- 8.7. Inocula used in MFCs -- 8.8. Experimental design -- 8.9. Results in terms of electricity generation -- 8.10. Results in terms of COD removal -- 8.11. Results of the comparison of different proton exchange membrane (PEM) used in MFC with commercially available PEM-b ... -- 8.12. Results in terms of electricity generation -- 8.13. Results in terms of COD removal -- 8.14. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Effects of biofouling on polymer electrolyte membranes in scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Causes of biofouling in polymer electrolyte membrane -- 9.3. Mechanism of polymer electrolyte membrane biofouling. , 9.4. Effects of biofouling on MES performance -- 9.5. Methods to analyze membrane biofouling -- 9.6. Challenges confronted in scaling-up of MES -- 9.7. Preventive measures of membrane biofouling -- 9.7.1. Pretreatment of PEMs -- 9.7.2. Surface coatings on PEM -- 9.7.3. Polymer electrolyte membrane composites -- 9.7.4. Quorum Quenching for membrane antifouling -- 9.8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Advancement in electrode materials and membrane separators for scaling up of MES -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Designing of reactor to scale-up -- 10.3. Electrode modification in scaling-up of MES -- 10.4. Membrane separators in MES -- References -- Chapter 11: Scale-up of bioelectrochemical systems: Stacking strategies and the road ahead -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Scale-up: Issues and strategies -- 11.3. Stacking of BESs -- 11.4. Voltage reversal and prevention -- 11.5. Pilot-scale BESs for hydrogen/methane production -- 11.6. Scaled-up BESs for bioremediation -- 11.7. Conclusions and future perspective -- References -- Chapter 12: Application of microbial electrochemical system for industrial wastewater treatment -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Energy recovery in wastewater treatment systems -- 12.3. Industrial wastewater generation and the ecotoxicological impacts of the pollutants -- 12.3.1. Heavy metals -- 12.3.2. Emerging contaminants -- 12.4. Industrial wastewater treatment in microbial electrochemical systems -- 12.4.1. Microbial fuel cell -- 12.4.2. Microbial electrolysis cell -- 12.4.3. Microbial desalination cell -- 12.5. Recent advancements in scaling up microbial electrochemical systems -- 12.5.1. Design of MES used in scale-up applications -- 12.5.2. Influencing parameters related to scale up -- 12.5.3. Application of MES in industrial companies: Current status -- 12.5.4. Current challenges and future perspective. , 12.6. Economic and life cycle assessment -- 12.7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology key players for improving efficacy of microbial fuel cell technology -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Classification or types and design of MFC for electricity generation -- 13.3. Molecular mechanisms of electron transfer by diverse microbial regimes or electrogens for MFC technology -- 13.4. Existing physical- and chemical-based approaches for improving the MFC performance -- 13.4.1. Anode and cathode modifications -- 13.5. Existing pitfalls or drawbacks of existing MFC technology -- 13.6. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving MFC performance -- 13.7. Conclusion and future outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14: Microbial electrochemical platform: A sustainable workhorse for improving wastewater treatment and desalination -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.2. Classification and general discussion about microbial electrochemical platform toward wastewater treatment and desa ... -- 14.3. Potential role of existing native microbial regime in wastewater treatment and desalination -- 14.4. Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology impacts on improving strains or M/Os to improve the performance of MES/ ... -- 14.5. Future outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 15: Scaling-up of microbial electrochemical systems to convert energy from waste into power and biofuel -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. Scale-up of MET from laboratory level to pilot level -- 15.2.1. Microbial fuel cell -- 15.2.2. Microbial electrolysis cell -- 15.2.3. Microbial electrosynthesis -- 15.2.4. Microbial desalination cell -- 15.3. Stacking of microbial electrochemical systems: A major perspective for scaling-up -- 15.3.1. Some case studies on large-scale implementation of MES. , 15.4. Continuous mode of operation of microbial electrochemical systems during scale-up.