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  • 1
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    Extreme climate after massive eruption of Alaska’s Okmok volcano in 43 BCE and effects on the late Roman Republic and Ptolemaic Kingdom (2020)
    NATL ACAD SCIENCES
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, NATL ACAD SCIENCES, 117(27), pp. 15443-15449, ISSN: 0027-8424
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-28
    Description: The assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BCE triggered a power struggle that ultimately ended the Roman Republic and, eventually, the Ptolemaic Kingdom, leading to the rise of the Roman Empire. Climate proxies and written documents indicate that this struggle occurred during a period of unusually inclement weather, famine, and disease in the Mediterranean region; historians have previously speculated that a large volcanic eruption of unknown origin was the most likely cause. Here we show using well-dated volcanic fallout records in six Arctic ice cores that one of the largest volcanic eruptions of the past 2,500 y occurred in early 43 BCE, with distinct geochemistry of tephra deposited during the event identifying the Okmok volcano in Alaska as the source. Climate proxy records show that 43 and 42 BCE were among the coldest years of recent millennia in the Northern Hemisphere at the start of one of the coldest decades. Earth system modeling suggests that radiative forcing from this massive, high-latitude eruption led to pronounced changes in hydroclimate, including seasonal temperatures in specific Mediterranean regions as much as 7 °C below normal during the 2 y period following the eruption and unusually wet conditions. While it is difficult to establish direct causal linkages to thinly documented historical events, the wet and very cold conditions from this massive eruption on the opposite side of Earth probably resulted in crop failures, famine, and disease, exacerbating social unrest and contributing to political realignments throughout the Mediterranean region at this critical juncture of Western civilization.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 2
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    Hemispheric black carbon increase after the 13th-century Māori arrival in New Zealand (2021)
    In:  EPIC3Nature, 598(7879), pp. 82-85, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-12-15
    Description: New Zealand was among the last habitable places on earth to be colonized by humans1. Charcoal records indicate that wildfires were rare prior to colonization and widespread following the 13th- to 14th-century Māori settlement2, but the precise timing and magnitude of associated biomass-burning emissions are unknown1,3, as are effects on light-absorbing black carbon aerosol concentrations over the pristine Southern Ocean and Antarctica4. Here we used an array of well-dated Antarctic ice-core records to show that while black carbon deposition rates were stable over continental Antarctica during the past two millennia, they were approximately threefold higher over the northern Antarctic Peninsula during the past 700 years. Aerosol modelling5 demonstrates that the observed deposition could result only from increased emissions poleward of 40° S—implicating fires in Tasmania, New Zealand and Patagonia—but only New Zealand palaeofire records indicate coincident increases. Rapid deposition increases started in 1297 (±30 s.d.) in the northern Antarctic Peninsula, consistent with the late 13th-century Māori settlement and New Zealand black carbon emissions of 36 (±21 2 s.d.) Gg y−1 during peak deposition in the 16th century. While charcoal and pollen records suggest earlier, climate-modulated burning in Tasmania and southern Patagonia6,7, deposition in Antarctica shows that black carbon emissions from burning in New Zealand dwarfed other preindustrial emissions in these regions during the past 2,000 years, providing clear evidence of large-scale environmental effects associated with early human activities across the remote Southern Hemisphere.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    The magnitude and impact of the 431 CE Tierra Blanca Joven eruption of Ilopango, El Salvador (2020)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-10-26
    Description: The Tierra Blanca Joven (TBJ) eruption from Ilopango volcano deposited thick ash over much of El Salvador when it was inhabited by the Maya, and rendered all areas within at least 80 km of the volcano uninhabitable for years to decades after the eruption. Nonetheless, the more widespread environmental and climatic impacts of this large eruption are not well known because the eruption magnitude and date are not well constrained. In this multifaceted study we have resolved the date of the eruption to 431 ± 2 CE by identifying the ash layer in a well-dated, high-resolution Greenland ice-core record that is 〉7,000 km from Ilopango; and calculated that between 37 and 82 km3 of magma was dispersed from an eruption coignimbrite column that rose to ∼45 km by modeling the deposit thickness using state-of-the-art tephra dispersal methods. Sulfate records from an array of ice cores suggest stratospheric injection of 14 ± 2 Tg S associated with the TBJ eruption, exceeding those of the historic eruption of Pinatubo in 1991. Based on these estimates it is likely that the TBJ eruption produced a cooling of around 0.5 °C for a few years after the eruption. The modeled dispersal and higher sulfate concentrations recorded in Antarctic ice cores imply that the cooling would have been more pronounced in the Southern Hemisphere. The new date confirms the eruption occurred within the Early Classic phase when Maya expanded across Central America.
    Description: Published
    Description: 26061-26068
    Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: Maya; eruption dispersal; large volcanic eruptions; radiocarbon; sulfate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 4
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    Age determination of sediment core CLONEARL, Clonearl Bog, Ireland (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: Age, 14C AMS; Age, calibrated; Age, comment; Age, dated; Age, dated, range, maximum; Age, dated, range, minimum; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; Calendar age; Calendar age, maximum/old; Calendar age, minimum/young; CLONEARL; Clonearl Bog; DEPTH, sediment/rock; EPD; Sample, optional label/labor no; Thickness
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 80 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 5
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    Lithology of sediment core BALLYARN, Ballyarnet lake, United Kingdom (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: BALLYARN; Ballyarnet lake; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; EPD; EXC; Excavation; Lithology/composition/facies
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 15 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 6
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    Age determination of sediment core GLENWEST, Glen West, United Kingdom (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: Age, comment; Age, dated; Age, dated, range, maximum; Age, dated, range, minimum; Age, dated material; Age, dated standard deviation; DEPTH, sediment/rock; EPD; GLENWEST; Glen West; Sample, optional label/labor no; Thickness
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 52 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 7
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    Pollen profile OWENDUFF, Owenduff, Ireland (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: AGE; Allium-type; Alnus; Artemisia; Asplenium; Betula; Botrychium lunaria; Calluna; Caryophyllaceae; Charcoal; Chenopodiaceae; Cichorioideae; Concentration of spike; Corylus-type; Counting, palynology; Cruciferae; Cyperaceae; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Drosera; EPD; Equisetum; Ericaceae undifferentiated; Euphorbiaceae; Euphrasia; Fagus; Filicopsida undifferentiated; Filipendula; Fraxinus; Gentianaceae; Gramineae; Hedera; Hymenophyllum; Hypericum; Ilex; Indeterminable: degraded; Indeterminable: undifferentiated; Indeterminable: unknown; Isoetes; Juniperus; Liliaceae undifferentiated; Lycopodium; Lycopodium (counted); Menyanthes; Narthecium; Owenduff; OWENDUFF; Papaveraceae; Pinus; Plantago lanceolata; Plantago major/media; Plantago undifferentiated; Polygonaceae undifferentiated; Polypodium; Potentilla; Pteridium; Quantity of spike; Quercus; Ranunculaceae undifferentiated; Ranunculus; Rosaceae undifferentiated; Rumex acetosa; Rumex acetosella; Rumex undifferentiated; Salix; Sample mass; Scabiosa; Scrophulariaceae undifferentiated; Selaginella; Sphagnum; Succisa; Taxus; Tilia; Trilete non-psilate; Trilete psilate; Typha angustifolia/Sparganium-type; Ulex-type; Ulmus; Urtica; Urticaceae undifferentiated; Vaccinium group; Verbascum; Veronica
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2432 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    Age determination of sediment core GARRYBOG, Garry Bog, United Kingdom (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: Age, comment; Age, dated; Age, dated, range, maximum; Age, dated, range, minimum; DEPTH, sediment/rock; EPD; GARRYBOG; Garry Bog; Thickness
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 28 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 9
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    Pollen profile BALLYWOO, Ballywoolen, United Kingdom (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: AGE; Alnus; Asteroideae; BALLYWOO; Ballywoolen; Betula; Calluna; Caryophyllaceae; Charcoal; Chenopodiaceae; Concentration of spike; Corylus-type; Counting, palynology; Cyperaceae; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Dipsacaceae; EPD; Ericaceae undifferentiated; Filicopsida; Filipendula; Gramineae undifferentiated; Hedera; Ilex; Indeterminable: degraded; Indeterminable: unidentified; Isoetes; Leguminosae; Lonicera; Lycopodium (counted); Lycopodium cf. selago; Osmunda regalis; Pinus; Plantago lanceolata; Polypodium; Quantity of spike; Quercus; Rosaceae undifferentiated; Rumex; Salix; Sample volume; Trilete psilate; Ulmus; Urtica
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 222 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 10
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    Pollen profile CLARAGHM, Claraghmore, United Kingdom (2018)
    PANGAEA
    In:  European Pollen Database (EPD)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Keywords: AGE; Alnus; Asplenium; Asteroideae; Betula; Calluna; Carpinus; Caryophyllaceae undifferentiated; Cerealia-type cf. Avena/Triticum group; Charcoal; Chenopodiaceae; Cichorioideae; CLARAGHM; Claraghmore; Concentration of spike; Corylus-type; Counting, palynology; Cruciferae; Cyperaceae; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Dipsacaceae; Drosera; Dryopteris; Empetrum; EPD; Equisetum; Ericaceae undifferentiated; Euphorbiaceae; Fagus; Filicopsida undifferentiated; Filipendula; Fraxinus; Galium-type; Gentianaceae; Geum; Gramineae undifferentiated; Hedera; Hypericum; Ilex; Indeterminable: degraded; Indeterminable: undifferentiated; Indeterminable: unknown; Leguminosae; Liliaceae undifferentiated; Lonicera; Lycopodium (counted); Narthecium; Pinus; Plantago lanceolata; Plantago undifferentiated; Polygonaceae undifferentiated; Polygonum bistorta-type; Polypodium; Potentilla; Pteridium; Quantity of spike; Quercus; Ranunculaceae; Ranunculus arvensis; Rosa; Rosaceae undifferentiated; Rumex acetosa; Rumex acetosella; Rumex undifferentiated; Salix; Sample mass; Scilla-type; Scrophulariaceae; Spergula arvensis; Sphagnum; Tilia; Trilete non-psilate; Trilete psilate; Typha angustifolia/Sparganium-type; Ulmus; Urtica; Vaccinium group; Veronica
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3024 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
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