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  • Iron  (5)
  • AC3; after Cox & Weeks (1983); Arctic Amplification; Arctic Ocean; Arctic Research Icebreaker Consortium: A strategy for meeting the needs for marine-based research in the Arctic; ARICE; brine; DATE/TIME; Density, ice; DEPTH, ice/snow; Estimated from electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted ice samples; Event label; first-year ice; HAVOC; IC; Ice corer; Linear interpolation at the midpoint of the sample based on the measurements from the ice temperature profile; MOSAiC; MOSAiC_BGC; MOSAiC_ECO; MOSAiC_ICE; MOSAiC_SNOW; MOSAiC20192020; MOSAiC expedition; Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate; Polarstern; PS122/1; PS122/1_10-16; PS122/1_5-78; PS122/1_6-36; PS122/1_7-9; PS122/1_9-11; PS122/2; PS122/2_20-5; PS122/2_22-7; PS122/2_25-15; PS122/3; PS122/3_33-18; PS122/3_36-4; PS122/3_38-16; PS122/3_39-18; Rayleigh number; Ridges - Safe HAVens for ice-associated Flora and Fauna in a Seasonally ice-covered Arctic OCean; Salinity; Sea ice; second-year ice; see comment; Site; Temperature, ice/snow; Temperature and Salinity; Utility; Volume, brine  (1)
  • Biogeochemical cycling  (1)
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  • 1
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    Physical properties of sea ice cores from site MCS-SYI measured on legs 1 to 3 of the MOSAiC expedition (2022)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: We present sea ice temperature and salinity data from first-year ice (FYI) and second-year ice (SYI) relevant to the temporal development of sea ice permeability and brine drainage efficiency from the early growth phase in October 2019 to the onset of spring warming in May 2020. Our dataset was collected in the central Arctic Ocean during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) Expedition in 2019 to 2020. MOSAiC was an international transpolar drift expedition in which the German icebreaker RV Polarstern anchored into an ice floe to gain new insights into Arctic climate over a full annual cycle. In October 2019, RV Polarstern moored to an ice floe in the Siberian sector of the Arctic at 85 degrees north and 137 degrees east to begin the drift towards the North Pole and the Fram Strait via the Transpolar Drift Stream. The data presented here were collected during the first three legs of the expedition, so all the coring activities took place on the same floe. The end dates of legs 1, 2, and 3 were 13 December, 24 February, and 4 June, respectively. The dataset contributed to a baseline study entitled, Deciphering the properties of different Arctic ice types during the growth phase of the MOSAiC floes: Implications for future studies. The study highlights downward directed gas pathways in FYI and SYI by inferring sea ice permeability and potential brine release from several time series of temperature and salinity measurements. The physical properties presented in this paper lay the foundation for subsequent analyses on actual gas contents measured in the ice cores, as well as air-ice and ice-ocean gas fluxes. Sea ice cores were collected with a Kovacs Mark II 9 cm diameter corer. To measure ice temperatures, about 4.5 cm deep holes were drilled into the core (intervals varied by site and leg) . The temperatures were measured by a digital thermometer within minutes after the cores were retrieved. The ice cores were placed into pre-labelled plastic sleeves sealed at the bottom end. The ice cores were transported to RV Polarstern and stored in a -20 degrees Celsius freezer. Each of the cores was sub-sampled, melted at room temperature, and processed for salinity within one or two days. The practical salinity was estimated by measuring the electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted samples using a WTW Cond 3151 salinometer equipped with a Tetra-Con 325 four-electrode conductivity cell. The practical salinity represents the the salinity estimated from the electrical conductivity of the solution. The dataset also contains derived variables, including sea ice density, brine volume fraction, and the Rayleigh number.
    Keywords: AC3; after Cox & Weeks (1983); Arctic Amplification; Arctic Ocean; Arctic Research Icebreaker Consortium: A strategy for meeting the needs for marine-based research in the Arctic; ARICE; brine; DATE/TIME; Density, ice; DEPTH, ice/snow; Estimated from electrical conductivity and temperature of the melted ice samples; Event label; first-year ice; HAVOC; IC; Ice corer; Linear interpolation at the midpoint of the sample based on the measurements from the ice temperature profile; MOSAiC; MOSAiC_BGC; MOSAiC_ECO; MOSAiC_ICE; MOSAiC_SNOW; MOSAiC20192020; MOSAiC expedition; Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate; Polarstern; PS122/1; PS122/1_10-16; PS122/1_5-78; PS122/1_6-36; PS122/1_7-9; PS122/1_9-11; PS122/2; PS122/2_20-5; PS122/2_22-7; PS122/2_25-15; PS122/3; PS122/3_33-18; PS122/3_36-4; PS122/3_38-16; PS122/3_39-18; Rayleigh number; Ridges - Safe HAVens for ice-associated Flora and Fauna in a Seasonally ice-covered Arctic OCean; Salinity; Sea ice; second-year ice; see comment; Site; Temperature, ice/snow; Temperature and Salinity; Utility; Volume, brine
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2331 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
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    Distributions, sources, and transformations of dissolved and particulate iron on the Ross Sea continental shelf during summer (2017)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2017. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122 (2017): 6371–6393, doi:10.1002/2017JC013068.
    Description: We report water column dissolved iron (dFe) and particulate iron (pFe) concentrations from 50 stations sampled across the Ross Sea during austral summer (January–February) of 2012. Concentrations of dFe and pFe were measured in each of the major Ross Sea water masses, including the Ice Shelf Water and off-shelf Circumpolar Deep Water. Despite significant lateral variations in hydrography, macronutrient depletion, and primary productivity across several different regions on the continental shelf, dFe concentrations were consistently low (〈0.1 nM) in surface waters, with only a handful of stations showing elevated concentrations (0.20–0.45 nM) in areas of melting sea ice and near the Franklin Island platform. Across the study region, pFe associated with suspended biogenic material approximately doubled the inventory of bioavailable iron in surface waters. Our data reveal that the majority of the summertime iron inventory in the Ross Sea resides in dense shelf waters, with highest concentrations within 50 m of the seafloor. Higher dFe concentrations near the seafloor are accompanied by an increased contribution to pFe from authigenic and/or scavenged iron. Particulate manganese is also influenced by sediment resuspension near the seafloor but, unlike pFe, is increasingly associated with authigenic material higher in the water column. Together, these results suggest that following depletion of the dFe derived from wintertime convective mixing and sea ice melt, recycling of pFe in the upper water column plays an important role in sustaining the summertime phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea polynya.
    Description: National Science Foundation's United States Antarctic Program Grant Numbers: ANT-0944174 , ANT-0944165; National Science Foundation Grant Number: OCE-0649505
    Description: 2018-02-17
    Keywords: Ross Sea ; Iron ; Manganese ; Particles ; Continental shelf
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Controls on dissolved cobalt in surface waters of the Sargasso Sea : comparisons with iron and aluminum (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26 (2012): GB2020, doi:10.1029/2011GB004155.
    Description: Dissolved cobalt (dCo), iron (dFe) and aluminum (dAl) were determined in water column samples along a meridional transect (~31°N to 24°N) south of Bermuda in June 2008. A general north-to-south increase in surface concentrations of dFe (0.3–1.6 nM) and dAl (14–42 nM) was observed, suggesting that aerosol deposition is a significant source of dFe and dAl, whereas no clear trend was observed for near-surface dCo concentrations. Shipboard aerosol samples indicate fractional solubility values of 8–100% for aerosol Co, which are significantly higher than corresponding estimates of the solubility of aerosol Fe (0.44–45%). Hydrographic observations and analysis of time series rain samples from Bermuda indicate that wet deposition accounts for most (〉80%) of the total aeolian flux of Co, and hence a significant proportion of the atmospheric input of dCo to our study region. Our aerosol data imply that the atmospheric input of dCo to the Sargasso Sea is modest, although this flux may be more significant in late summer. The water column dCo profiles reveal a vertical distribution that predominantly reflects ‘nutrient-type’ behavior, versus scavenged-type behavior for dAl, and a hybrid of nutrient- and scavenged-type behavior for dFe. Mesoscale eddies also appear to impact on the vertical distribution of dCo. The effects of biological removal of dCo from the upper water column were apparent as pronounced sub-surface minima (21 ± 4 pM dCo), coincident with maxima in Prochlorococcus abundance. These observations imply that Prochlorococcus plays a major role in removing dCo from the euphotic zone, and that the availability of dCo may regulate Prochlorococcus growth in the Sargasso Sea.
    Description: This study was supported by a University of Plymouth, Marine Institute scholarship to R.U.S., a U.S. National Science Foundation grant to P.N.S. (OCE-0550594), T.M.C. (OCE-0550592) and E.R.S. (OCE-0549954), and a European Commission Marie Curie Outgoing International Fellowship under contract PIOF-GA-2009-235418 SOLAIROS for S.J.U.
    Description: 2012-11-19
    Keywords: Aluminum ; Cobalt ; Iron ; Solubility ; Trace metals ; Biogeochemical cylces
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 4
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    Iron in the Sargasso Sea (Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study region) during summer : eolian imprint, spatiotemporal variability, and ecological implications (2005)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 19 (2005): GB4006, doi:10.1029/2004GB002445.
    Description: We report iron measurements for water column and aerosol samples collected in the Sargasso Sea during July-August 2003 (summer 2003) and April-May 2004 (spring 2004). Our data reveal a large seasonal change in the dissolved iron (dFe) concentration of surface waters in the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study region, from ∼1–2 nM in summer 2003, when aerosol iron concentrations were high (mean 10 nmol m−3), to ∼0.1–0.2 nM in spring 2004, when aerosol iron concentrations were low (mean 0.64 nmol m−3). During summer 2003, we observed an increase of ∼0.6 nM in surface water dFe concentrations over 13 days, presumably due to eolian iron input; an estimate of total iron deposition over this same period suggests an effective solubility of 3–30% for aerosol iron. Our summer 2003 water column profiles show potentially growth-limiting dFe concentrations (0.02–0.19 nM) coinciding with a deep chlorophyll maximum at 100–150 m depth, where phytoplankton biomass is typically dominated by Prochlorococcus during late summer.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation (OCE-0222053 to P. N. S., OCE-0222046 to T. M. C., and OCE-0241310 to D. J. M.), the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NAG5-11265 to D. J. M.), the Australian Research Council (DP0342826 to A. R. B.), the Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Center, and the H. Unger Vetlesen Foundation.
    Keywords: Atmospheric deposition ; Iron ; Sargasso Sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: text/plain
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 5
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    Iron supply and demand in an Antarctic shelf ecosystem (2015)
    John Wiley & Sons
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 42 (2015): 8088–8097, doi:10.1002/2015GL065727.
    Description: The Ross Sea sustains a rich ecosystem and is the most productive sector of the Southern Ocean. Most of this production occurs within a polynya during the November–February period, when the availability of dissolved iron (dFe) is thought to exert the major control on phytoplankton growth. Here we combine new data on the distribution of dFe, high-resolution model simulations of ice melt and regional circulation, and satellite-based estimates of primary production to quantify iron supply and demand over the Ross Sea continental shelf. Our analysis suggests that the largest sources of dFe to the euphotic zone are wintertime mixing and melting sea ice, with a lesser input from intrusions of Circumpolar Deep Water and a small amount from melting glacial ice. Together these sources are in approximate balance with the annual biological dFe demand inferred from satellite-based productivity algorithms, although both the supply and demand estimates have large uncertainties.
    Keywords: Iron ; Ross Sea ; Biogeochemical cycling
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: application/msword
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 6
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    Early season depletion of dissolved iron in the Ross Sea polynya : implications for iron dynamics on the Antarctic continental shelf (2012)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research 116 (2011): C12019, doi:10.1029/2010JC006553.
    Description: The Ross Sea polynya is among the most productive regions in the Southern Ocean and may constitute a significant oceanic CO2 sink. Based on results from several field studies, this region has been considered seasonally iron limited, whereby a “winter reserve” of dissolved iron (dFe) is progressively depleted during the growing season to low concentrations (~0.1 nM) that limit phytoplankton growth in the austral summer (December–February). Here we report new iron data for the Ross Sea polynya during austral summer 2005–2006 (27 December–22 January) and the following austral spring 2006 (16 November–3 December). The summer 2005–2006 data show generally low dFe concentrations in polynya surface waters (0.10 ± 0.05 nM in upper 40 m, n = 175), consistent with previous observations. Surprisingly, our spring 2006 data reveal similar low surface dFe concentrations in the polynya (0.06 ± 0.04 nM in upper 40 m, n = 69), in association with relatively high rates of primary production (~170–260 mmol C m−2 d−1). These results indicate that the winter reserve dFe may be consumed relatively early in the growing season, such that polynya surface waters can become “iron limited” as early as November; i.e., the seasonal depletion of dFe is not necessarily gradual. Satellite observations reveal significant biomass accumulation in the polynya during summer 2006–2007, implying significant sources of “new” dFe to surface waters during this period. Possible sources of this new dFe include episodic vertical exchange, lateral advection, aerosol input, and reductive dissolution of particulate iron.
    Description: This research was supported by U.S. National Science Foundation awards OPP-0338164 to PNS, OPP- 0338350 to RBD, OPP-0440840 to MAS, OPP-0338157 to WOS, and OPP-0338097 to GRD.
    Description: 2012-06-15
    Keywords: Ross Sea ; Iron ; Phytoplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
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