Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences: Progress and Challenges -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The 2015 Volume -- 1.2.1 Part I: Submarine Mass Movement in Margin Construction and Economic Significance -- 1.2.2 Part II: Failure Dynamics from Landslide Geomorphology -- 1.2.3 Part III: Geotechnical Aspects of Mass Movement -- 1.2.4 Part IV: Multidisciplinary Case Studies -- 1.2.5 Part V: Tectonics and Mass Movement Processes -- 1.2.6 Part VI: Fluid Flow and Gas Hydrates -- 1.2.7 Part VII: Mass Transport Deposits in Modern and Outcrop Sedimentology -- 1.2.8 Part VIII: Numerical and Statistical Analysis -- 1.2.9 Part IX: Tsunami Generation from Slope Failure -- 1.3 Looking to the Future -- References -- Part I: Submarine Mass Movement in Margin Construction and Economic Significance -- Chapter 2: The Role of Submarine Landslides in the Law of the Sea -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Case Studies -- 2.2.1 Rift Margins -- 2.2.1.1 Ireland, Porcupine Bank -- 2.2.1.2 Norway, Bear Island (Bjørnøya) and Franz-Victoria Trough Mouth Fans (TMF) -- 2.2.2 Transform Margins -- 2.2.2.1 France: French Guiana -- 2.2.3 Active Margins -- 2.2.3.1 Indonesia: Northwest Sumatra -- 2.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Fabric Development and Pore-Throat Reduction in a Mass-Transport Deposit in the Jubilee Gas Field, Eastern Gulf of ... -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geologic Setting -- 3.3 Available Data and Methodology -- 3.4 Subsurface Expression of the Top-Seal MTD -- 3.5 Clay Fabric of the Top-Seal MTD: XRD, MICP, and XRTG Results -- 3.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Seismic Geomorphology of the Israel Slump Complex in the Levant Basin (SE Mediterranean) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geological Setting -- 4.3 Dataset and Methodology -- 4.4 Geomorphology of the MTDs -- 4.5 Discussion and Conclusions. , References -- Chapter 5: Multiple Megaslide Complexes and Their Significance for the Miocene Stratigraphic Evolution of the Offshore Amazon ... -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Database and Methods -- 5.2 Results -- 5.2.1 The Amap Megaslide Complex (AMC) -- 5.2.2 The Central Amazon Fan Megaslide Complex (CAFMC) -- 5.2.3 The Par-Maranhão Megaslide Complex (PMMC) -- 5.3 Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Kinematics of Submarine Slope Failures in the Deepwater Taranaki Basin, New Zealand -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data and Methods -- 6.3 Geological Framework -- 6.4 Results and Interpretations -- 6.4.1 MTD 1 -- 6.4.2 MTD 2 -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Failure Dynamics from Landslide Geomorphology -- Chapter 7: Postglacial Mass Failures in the Inner Hardangerfjorden System, Western Norway -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Site and Geological Setting -- 7.3 Data and Methods -- 7.4 Main Observations and Interpretations -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8: Onshore and Offshore Geomorphological Features of the El Golfo Debris Avalanche (El Hierro, Canary Islands) -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Geological and Geomorphological Setting -- 8.1.2 Methods -- 8.2 Results -- 8.2.1 Morphology and Backscatter Mapping -- 8.2.2 Seismic Mapping -- 8.3 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: New Insights on Failure and Post-failure Dynamics of Submarine Landslides on the Intra-slope Palmarola Ridge (Centr... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geological Setting -- 9.3 Data and Methods -- 9.4 Results -- 9.4.1 General Morphology of Palmarola Ridge -- 9.4.2 Landslide Scars and Deposits -- 9.5 Discussions and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Assessment of Canyon Wall Failure Process from Multibeam Bathymetry and Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) Observatio... -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Data -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Canyon Morphology and Exposed Lithologies -- 10.3.2 Benthic Communities -- 10.3.3 Failure Processes and Erosion -- 10.3.3.1 Cohesive Failure Processes -- 10.3.3.2 Erosion -- 10.4 ``Biomarkers´´ as Failure Timing and Magnitude Indicators -- 10.5 Future Work -- References -- Chapter 11: The Chuí Megaslide Complex: Regional-Scale Submarine Landslides on the Southern Brazilian Margin -- 11.1 Introduction and Backgrounds -- 11.2 Data and Methods -- 11.3 Results and Discussions -- 11.3.1 Geomorphological Characterization -- 11.3.2 Seismic Architecture and Depositional Features -- 11.3.3 Possible Preconditioning Parameters and Triggering Mechanisms -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Submarine Landslides and Incised Canyons of the Southeast Queensland Continental Margin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area Location and Bathymetric Features -- 12.3 Sediment Sample Characteristics and Ages -- 12.3.1 Dredge Sample Ages -- 12.3.2 Core Sample Ages -- 12.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Novel Method to Map the Morphology of Submarine Landslide Headwall Scarps Using Remotely Operated Vehicles -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Rockall Bank -- 13.3 Method -- 13.3.1 Data Collection -- 13.3.2 Data Processing -- 13.4 Results -- 13.5 Interpretation and Discussion -- 13.6 Conclusions and Further Work -- References -- Chapter 14: Flow Behaviour of a Giant Landslide and Debris Flow Entering Agadir Canyon, NW Africa -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Results -- 14.3.1 The Headwall Area and the Slide Fairway -- 14.3.2 Slide Fairway into Lower Agadir Canyon -- 14.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Fine-Scale Morphology of Tubeworm Slump, Monterey Canyon -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Surface of Smooth Ridge Surrounding Tubeworm Slump. , 15.3.2 Main Headwall Scarp -- 15.3.3 Sole of Slide Scar -- 15.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Submarine Slide Topography and the Distribution of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems: A Case Study in the Ionian Sea (E... -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Submarine Slide Topography on the Ionian Margin -- 16.3 Deep-Sea Habitats of the Ionian Margin and Relationships with Landslide Morphologies -- 16.4 Economic Significance of Submarine Landslide Areas -- References -- Part III: Geotechnical Aspects of Mass Movement -- Chapter 17: Shear Strength of Siliciclastic Sediments from Passive and Active Margins (0-100m Below Seafloor): Insights into S... -- 17.1 Background and Significance -- 17.2 Global Shear Strength Trends -- 17.3 Ideal Type Sites -- 17.4 Hydrostatic Pore Pressure Conditions at Type Sites -- 17.5 Continental Margin Sediment Shear Strength -- References -- Chapter 18: A Small Volume Calibration Chamber for Cone Penetration Testing (CPT) on Submarine Soils -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 New MARCC Calibration Chamber Design -- 18.2.2 Sensors, Control and Measurement Devices -- 18.3 Results -- 18.3.1 Specimen Preparation and Cuxhaven Test Sand -- 18.3.2 Laboratory CPT Experiments -- 18.4 Discussion -- 18.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 19: Underwater Mass Movements in Lake Mjøsa, Norway -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.2.1 Morphology -- 19.2.2 Slope Stability -- 19.2.3 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 20: In Situ Cyclic Softening of Marine Silts by Vibratory CPTU at Orkdalsfjord Test Site, Mid Norway -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Geological Setting -- 20.3 Material and Methods -- 20.3.1 CPTU -- 20.3.2 Triaxial Laboratory Testing -- 20.4 Results -- 20.4.1 Geotechnical Characterization of Silt Layers -- 20.4.2 Cyclic Triaxial Response of Silt Layers -- 20.5 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 21: First Results of the Geotechnical In Situ Investigation for Soil Characterisation Along the Upper Slope Off Vester... -- 21.1 Landslides Along the Slope Off Vesterålen -- 21.2 Methods -- 21.2.1 Sub-bottom Mapping -- 21.2.2 CPTU Investigation of Slope Sediments -- 21.2.3 Pseudo-static Factor of Safety (FoS) -- 21.3 Results -- 21.3.1 Sedimentological and Geotechnical Characterisation of Slope Sediments -- 21.3.2 Pseudo-static Slope Stability Analysis -- 21.4 Discussion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 22: A Novel Micro-shear Tester for Failure Analysis of Fine and Cohesive Granular Matter -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Characterization of the Calcium Carbonate Sample -- 22.3 Micro Shear Tester and X-ray Computed Tomography -- 22.3.1 Micro Shear Tester -- 22.3.2 X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) -- 22.3.3 Combination of muST and XCT -- 22.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23: Knickpoint Migration Induced by Landslide: Evidence from Laboratory to Field Observations in Wabush Lake -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Wabush Lake -- 23.3 Methodology -- 23.3.1 Geotechnical Properties -- 23.3.2 Excess Pore Pressure and Stability Analysis -- 23.4 Results -- 23.4.1 Geotechnical Tests -- 23.4.2 Excess Pore Water Pressure and Stability Analysis -- 23.5 Discussion -- 23.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 24: Multiple Flow Slide Experiment in the Westerschelde Estuary, The Netherlands -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Field Test Set-Up -- 24.3 Applied Instrumentation -- 24.4 Results and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Multidisciplinary Case Studies -- Chapter 25: Submarine Mass Wasting on Hovgaard Ridge, Fram Strait, European Arctic -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Study Area -- 25.3 Material and Methods -- 25.4 Results -- 25.4.1 Western Slope -- 25.4.2 Eastern Slope -- 25.5 Discussion -- 25.6 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 26: 3D Seismic Investigations of Pleistocene Mass Transport Deposits and Glacigenic Debris Flows on the North Sea Fan,.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Physical Properties of Sediments -- Chapter 1: Weak Layers: Their Definition and Classification from a Geotechnical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Weak Layer Definition -- 1.3 Weak Layer Observations -- 1.4 Classification System from a Geotechnical Approach -- 1.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Field Measurements to Investigate Submerged Slope Failures -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Interpretation Methods of Field Measurements -- 2.2.1 Relative Density -- 2.2.2 State Parameter -- 2.3 Application on Test Locations -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 3: Elemental Distribution and Microfabric Characterization Across a Buried Slump Scar: New Insights on the Long-Term Development and Reactivation of Scar Surfaces from a Microscopic Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological Setting -- 3.3 Investigation of Remineralization at the Unconformity -- 3.3.1 X-ray Computed Tomography (X-CT) -- 3.3.2 X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) -- 3.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX) -- 3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Evidence for Mass Transport Deposits at the IODP JFAST-Site in the Japan Trench -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Background and Geological Setting -- 4.3 Material and Methods -- 4.3.1 Bathymetric Mapping -- 4.3.2 Sediment Core -- 4.3.2.1 Physical Properties -- 4.3.2.2 Pore-Water Analyses -- 4.4 Results -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Evidencing Mass Transport Deposits at the JFAST-Site -- 4.5.2 Estimating the Age of the MTD Formation -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Preliminary Investigations of Rheological Properties of Busan Clays and Possible Implications for DebrisFlow Modelling -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.3 Results. , 5.3.1 Rheological Behaviour of the Busan Clays -- 5.4 Discussion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Utilizing Cone Penetration Tests for Landslide Evaluation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Site Characterization -- 6.3 Methods -- 6.3.1 In-Situ CPT Measurements -- 6.3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Static CPT -- 6.4.2 Vibratory CPT -- 6.4.3 Dissipation Test -- 6.4.4 Liquefaction Analysis with CLiq Software -- 6.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Geomechanical Characterization of Submarine Volcano-Flank Sediments, Martinique, Lesser Antilles Arc -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geomechanical Characterization -- 7.3 Results -- 7.3.1 Summary of Hole Stratigraphy -- 7.3.2 Consolidation State -- 7.3.3 Hydraulic Conductivity -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Part II Gas Hydrates and Role of Interstitial Fluids in Submarine Slope Failure -- Chapter 8: Interrelationship Between Sediment Fabric, Pore Volume Variations as Indicator for Pore Pressure Changes, and Sediment Shear Strength -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Method -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Discussion -- 8.4.1 Interplay: Sediment Strength and Pore Volume Changes -- 8.4.1.1 Effect of Grain Shape Complexity -- 8.4.2 Local Pore Volume Changes -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Slope Instability of Glaciated Continental Margins: Constraints from Permeability-Compressibility Tests and Hydrogeological Modeling Off Storfjorden, NW Barents Sea -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methods -- 9.3 Results -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Baiyun Slide and Its Relation to Fluid Migration in the Northern Slope of Southern China Sea -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geological Setting -- 10.3 Data and Methods -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 Morphology and Distribution of Baiyun Slide. , 10.4.2 Seismic Indications of Gas and Fluid Migration -- 10.4.2.1 Active Faults Related to Gas and Fluid Migration -- 10.4.2.2 Gas Chimneys -- 10.5 Discussion -- 10.5.1 Relationship Between Fluid Migration and Slope Stability -- 10.5.2 Possible Trigger Mechanisms -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Post-failure Processes on the Continental Slope of the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan: Interactions Between Fluid Seepage, Sediment Deformation and Sediment-Wave Construction -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Architecture and Age of MTDs and Slope Deposits -- 11.3.2 Seabed Sediment Undulations -- 11.3.3 Sediment Pathways -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 End-Members: Sediment Waves Versus Deformation Structures -- 11.4.2 Post-failure Slope Evolution -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Fluid Seepage in Relation to Seabed Deformation on the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan, Part 1: Evidence from Sidescan Sonar Data -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Erosional Furrows -- 12.3.2 Sediment Cracks -- 12.3.3 Carbonate Pavements -- 12.3.4 Hydroacoustic Flares -- 12.4 Discussion -- 12.4.1 Mid-slope Domain: Focused Fluid Flow Through MTDs -- 12.4.2 Western Undulations: Fluid Flow Along Faults Rooted in MTDs -- 12.4.3 Eastern Undulations: Exhumation of Fossil Carbonates -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Fluid Seepage in Relation to Seabed Deformation on the Central Nile Deep-Sea Fan, Part 2: Evidence from Multibeam and Sidescan Imagery -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methods -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Faults and Fluid Indicators on Sub-bottom Profiles -- 13.3.2 Seabed Backscatter Anomalies at Differing Frequencies -- 13.3.3 Water Column Gas Flares -- 13.4 Discussion -- 13.4.1 Growth and Burial of Carbonate Pavements -- 13.4.2 Fluid Migration Along Fault Planes -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References. , Part III Slope Stability and Risk Assessment -- Chapter 14: Advances in Offshore Seismic Slope Stability: A Case History -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geomorphological and Geotechnical Data -- 14.2.1 Site Investigations -- 14.2.2 Geomorphological Setting -- 14.2.3 Geotechnical and Geophysical Data Integration -- 14.2.4 Soil Sampling -- 14.2.5 Advanced Laboratory Testing -- 14.3 Stability Analyses -- 14.3.1 Conventional Approach -- 14.3.2 Dynamic Approach -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15: Size-Frequency Relationship of Submarine Landslides at Convergent Plate Margins: Implications for Hazard and Risk Assessment -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Tectonic Setting of the MA and CC Convergent Margins -- 15.3 MA and CC Slumps and Slides: Observations and Data -- 15.4 Size-Frequency Relationships -- 15.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16: A Numerical Investigation of Sediment Destructuring as a Potential Globally Widespread Trigger for Large Submarine Landslides on Low Gradients -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Destructuring of Cemented Hemipelagic Clay as a Source of Overpressure -- 16.1.2 Aims and Approach -- 16.2 Methodology -- 16.2.1 Material Model -- 16.2.2 Model Description -- 16.2.3 Assumptions and Limitations -- 16.3 Results -- 16.4 Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17: How Stable Is the Nice Slope? - An Analysis Based on Strength and Cohesion from Ring Shear Experiments -- 17.1 Introduction and Geological Setting -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Coring and Sedimentological Analysis -- 17.2.2 Shear Experiments with the Ring Shear Apparatus -- 17.2.3 Stability Assessment of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.3 Results -- 17.3.1 Sedimentological Analysis and Physical Properties -- 17.3.2 Frictional Behavior of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.3.3 Stability Assessment of the Nice Slope Sediments -- 17.4 Discussion. , References -- Chapter 18: Regional Slope Stability Assessment Along the Caucasian Shelf of the Black Sea -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Geological Engineering Conditions Along the Caucasian Shelf of the Black Sea -- 18.3 Methods -- 18.4 Regional Submarine Slope Stability Assessment Based on 1D Modelling -- 18.5 Local Submarine Slope Stability Assessment Based on 1D Modelling -- 18.5.1 Dzhubga -- 18.5.2 Novomikhailovsky -- 18.5.3 Tuapse -- 18.5.4 Ashe -- 18.5.5 Shahe -- 18.5.6 Dagomis -- 18.5.7 Kudepsta -- 18.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19: A Semi-empirical Method to Assess Flow-Slide Probability -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Failure Mechanisms -- 19.2.1 Static Liquefaction -- 19.2.2 Breach Flow-Slide -- 19.3 Physical-Based Models -- 19.3.1 Static Liquefaction -- 19.3.2 Breach Flow-Slide -- 19.3.3 Applicability of Physical-Based Models -- 19.4 Empirical Method -- 19.4.1 Basic Information and Mean Flow-Slide Frequency -- 19.4.2 General Applicability to Other Regions in the Netherlands -- 19.4.3 Influence of Local Soil Characteristics and Slope Geometry -- 19.5 Semi-empirical Method -- 19.5.1 Determination of P(ZVliquefaction) -- 19.5.2 Determination of P(ZVbreachflow) -- 19.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 20: Submarine Slope Stability Assessment of the Central Mediterranean Continental Margin: The Gela Basin -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Geological Setting -- 20.3 Material and Methods -- 20.3.1 Shipboard and Laboratory Analysis -- 20.3.2 Overpressure Estimation -- 20.3.3 Slope Stability Analysis -- 20.4 Results -- 20.4.1 Physical and Geotechnical Properties -- 20.4.2 Slope Stability Analysis -- 20.5 Discussion -- 20.5.1 Preconditioning Factors -- 20.5.2 Triggering Factors -- 20.6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Monitoring, Observation and Repeated Surveys of Active Slope Failure Processes. , Chapter 21: The 1930 Landslide in Orkdalsfjorden: Morphology and Failure Mechanism.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1 Our Blue Planet -- 2 Submarine Geomorphology -- 3 History of Submarine Geomorphology -- References -- Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology -- 2 Sidescan Sonar -- Abstract -- 1 History of Sonar -- 2 Principles of Sidescan Sonar -- 3 State of the Art -- 4 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 5 Future Developments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Multibeam Echosounders -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Review and History -- 1.2 Current Uses in Submarine Geomorphology -- 2 Physical/Technical Principles of the Method -- 2.1 Imaging Geometry -- 2.2 Range Performance -- 2.3 Range Resolution -- 2.4 Angular Resolution -- 2.5 Bottom Detection -- 2.6 Sounding Density -- 3 Integrated Sensors -- 3.1 Vessel Reference Frame -- 3.2 Orientation -- 3.3 Horizontal Positioning -- 3.4 Vertical Positioning -- 3.5 Sound Speed -- 4 State of the Art Tools -- 5 Strength and Weaknesses of the Method for Investigating Submarine Geomorphology -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods -- Abstract -- 1 History of Seismic Methods -- 2 Physical Principles -- 2.1 Basic Principles of the Seismic Reflection Method -- 2.2 Basic Principles of the Seismic Refraction Method -- 3 Survey Design and Processing -- 3.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys -- 3.1.1 Types of Marine Seismic Reflection Surveys -- 3.1.2 The Seismic Source -- 3.1.3 Receiver Arrays -- 3.1.4 Recording Parameters -- 3.1.5 Basic Processing Steps -- 3.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys -- 3.2.1 Acquisition Geometries -- 3.2.2 Receiver Types -- 3.2.3 Basic Processing Scheme -- 3.2.4 Forward and Inverse Modeling -- 4 State of the Art Tools and Methods -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Parametric Single-Beam Echo-Sounding -- 4.3 Deep-Towed Seismic Acquisition -- 4.4 High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging -- 4.5 Broadband Imaging. , 4.6 Mirror Imaging of OBS Data -- 4.7 Joint Inversion of Refraction and Reflection Data -- 4.8 3D Full-Waveform Inversion of Wide-Angle, Multi-azimuth Data -- 5 Strengths and Weaknesses -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data -- Abstract -- 1 Mapping Submarine Morphologies -- 2 Quantitative Structures, Shapes and Their Variations -- 3 Geostatistics to Geographical Information Systems -- 3.1 Basic Measurements -- 3.2 Variations with Spatial Scales -- 3.3 Finding Trends and Patterns -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Sediment Sampling -- 2.1 Dredging -- 2.2 Box Corer -- 2.3 Grab Sampler -- 2.4 ROV Push Cores -- 3 Shallow Sediment Coring -- 3.1 Gravity Corer -- 3.2 Piston Corer -- 3.3 Kasten Corer -- 3.4 Vibrocorer -- 3.5 Multi-corer and Mega Corer -- 3.6 Giant Piston Corer and the CALYPSO Corer -- 4 Seafloor Drilling -- 4.1 Oil and Gas Industry Operations -- 4.2 International Ocean Discovery Program -- 4.3 Seafloor Drill Rigs -- 5 Core Handling -- References -- 7 ROVs and AUVs -- Abstract -- 1 Method Descriptions -- 1.1 Remotely Operated Vehicles -- 1.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles -- 1.3 Using Robotic Vehicles to Study Seafloor Geomorphology -- 2 Different Applications of ROVs and AUVs for Geomorphological Studies -- 2.1 High-Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry -- 2.2 True 3-Dimensional Morphology -- 2.3 Sidescan and Synthetic Aperture Sonar -- 2.4 Photomosaicking and Photogrammetry -- 2.5 Laser Line Scan -- 3 Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Submarine Landforms and Processes -- 8 Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of Terms-Ocean Basins and Bathymetric Basins -- 1.2 Tectonic Origin of Ocean Basins. , 1.3 Multiple Origins of Bathymetric Ocean Basins -- 1.4 Aims of This Study -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Key Drivers of Basin Evolution -- 4.2 Seamount Frequency of Occurrence and Sediment Thickness -- 4.3 Geomorphology and Global Bottom Water Circulation -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plate Tectonics-Continental Break-up and Fate of the Oceanic Lithosphere at Convergent Plate Boundaries -- 2.1 Oceanic Spreading Centres -- 2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones -- 2.3 Subduction Zones -- 2.4 Volcanic Islands -- 3 Sediment Types -- 3.1 Terrigenous Sediments (Also: Lithogenous) -- 3.2 Biogenic Sediments (Also: Biogenous) -- 3.3 Authigenic Sediments (Also: Hydrogenous) -- 3.4 Volcanogenic Sediments -- 3.5 Cosmogenous Sediments -- 3.6 Plastics -- 4 Gravity-Density Currents, Slope Instability and Mass Transport Deposits -- 4.1 The Ocean as a Sediment Sink -- 4.2 Density Currents, Erosion, Transport and Deposition -- 4.3 Submarine Slope Instability and Mass-Transport Deposits -- 5 Ice-Ice Bull-Dozing Effect from Land to the Sea on Polar Continental Margins -- 5.1 Ice Streams -- 5.2 Ice Grounding at the Continental Shelf Edge -- 5.3 Ice Retreating During Deglaciations -- 6 Compaction Disequilibrium-Pore Fluids Overpressure in Marine Sedimentary Sequences -- 7 Oceanic Circulation, Waves and Tides, and Sea Level Change -- 7.1 Bottom Currents -- 7.2 Waves and Tides -- 7.3 Sea Level Change -- 8 Chemical Precipitation/Dissolution and Bioconstructions -- 8.1 Methane-Derived Carbonate Precipitation -- 8.2 Weathering at Hydrothermal Vents -- 8.3 Salt Deformation -- 8.4 Submarine Karst -- 8.5 Benthic Organisms -- 9 Human Activity -- Suggested Reading -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- Section 4 -- Section 5 -- Section 6 -- Section 7 -- Section 8. , Section 9 -- 10 Shallow Coastal Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Depositional Shallow Coastal Landforms -- 2.1 Ripples, Dunes, Sand Waves and Antidunes -- 2.2 Sand Ribbons, Sand Patches, Sand Banks -- 3 Erosional Shallow Coastal Landforms -- 3.1 Scours Produced by Vortex Flow: Flute Marks, Gutter Marks, and Furrows -- 3.2 Other Erosional Bedforms Produced by Turbulent Flow: Channels and Rills -- 3.3 Erosional Bedforms Caused by Imprints of Objects: Bounce, Brush, Skip, Prod, Groove, Roll and Chevron Marks -- 3.4 Bedforms Produced by Objects Lying on the Seafloor: Obstacle Marks and Current Crescents -- 4 Addressing Key Issues in Shallow Coastal Landform Evolution -- 4.1 Shallow Coastal Landform Changes: Geomorphometric Measurements -- 4.2 Shallow Coastal Landforms and Sediments: A New Approach to Benthic Habitat Mapping -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Continental Shelf Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief History of Research on Continental Shelf Landforms -- 3 Processes -- 4 Continental Shelf Landforms -- 4.1 Consolidated Bottoms -- 4.2 Erosive Morphologies -- 4.3 Prograding Landforms -- 4.4 Bedforms -- 4.5 Gas-Related Features -- 4.6 Anthropogenic Features -- 5 Key Research Questions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Submarine Glacial Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landforms Produced in Different Glacial-Process Environments -- 2.1 Subglacial Landforms -- 2.1.1 Mega-Scale Glacial Lineations and Other Streamlined Subglacial Landforms -- 2.1.2 Hill-Hole Pairs -- 2.1.3 Crevasse-Fill Ridges -- 2.1.4 Subglacial Glacifluvial Landforms -- 2.2 Ice-Marginal Landforms -- 2.2.1 Moraine Ridges -- 2.2.2 Grounding-Zone Wedges -- 2.2.3 Ice-Proximal Fans -- 2.2.4 Lateral Moraines -- 2.2.5 Trough-Mouth Fans -- 2.3 Glacimarine Landforms -- 2.3.1 Iceberg Ploughmarks. , 2.3.2 Smooth Basin Fill from Meltwater Plumes -- 2.4 Marine Landforms -- 3 Glacial Landforms on the Norwegian Margin: A Case Study -- 3.1 Landforms in Cross-Shelf Troughs -- 3.2 Landforms on Inter-Trough Banks -- 3.3 Landsystem Models for Fast- and Slow-Flowing Ice -- 4 Future Research Objectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Submarine Landslides -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphic Expression of Submarine Landslides -- 3 Investigating Submarine Landslides -- 3.1 Geomorphometric Analyses -- 3.2 Landslide Population Statistics -- 3.3 Very High Resolution Imaging and Repeat Surveying -- 3.4 3D Seismic Geomorphology of Submarine Landslides -- 4 Major Challenges and Future Directions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Submarine Canyons and Gullies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definitions and Nomenclature -- 1.2 The Origin of Submarine Canyons -- 2 Submarine Canyon Morphology and Evolution -- 2.1 The Physiography of Submarine Canyons -- 2.2 A Brief Comparison with Fluvial Systems -- 2.3 Global Distribution of Submarine Canyons -- 2.4 Geomorphic Processes in Submarine Canyons -- 2.4.1 Sea Level and Regional Tectonic Forcing -- 2.4.2 Sedimentary and Hydrodynamic Processes -- 2.4.3 The Human Imprint -- 2.4.4 Marine Geohazards -- 3 Towards an Integrated Approach to Submarine Canyon Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Submarine Fans and Their Channels, Levees, and Lobes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Five Decades of Submarine Fan Research-Challenges and Progress -- 3 Processes -- 4 Morphology of Submarine Channels and Their Levees -- 5 Morphology of Submarine Lobes -- 6 Key Research Questions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Contourite Drifts and Associated Bedforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Terminology -- 1.2 Brief History of Study -- 2 Contourite Drifts. , 2.1 Sheeted Drifts.

Note: Literaturangaben , Physical properties of sedimentsGas hydrates and role of interstitial fluids in submarine slope failure -- Slope stability and risk assessment -- Monitoring, observation and repeated surveys of active slope failure processes -- Understanding failure processes from submarine landslide geomorphology -- Interaction between ocean circulation and MTDs -- Landslide generated tsunamis -- Long-term record of submarine landslides and MTD paleoseismology -- Outcrops of ancient submarine landslides.

Note: Includes bibliographical references