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  • 1
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    Online Resource
    TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 26, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 119-188
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 1 ( 2020-01), p. 119-188
    Abstract: Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v26.1
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14904
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 2
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    Extractability of Elements in Sugar Maple Xylem along a Gradient of Soil Acidity
    Wiley ; 2008
    In:  Journal of Environmental Quality Vol. 37, No. 3 ( 2008-05), p. 871-879
    Details
    In: Journal of Environmental Quality, Wiley, Vol. 37, No. 3 ( 2008-05), p. 871-879
    Abstract: Dendrochemistry has been used for the historical dating of pollution. Its reliability is questionable due primarily to the radial mobility of elements in sapwood. In the present study, the extractability of seven elements was characterized to assess their suitability for the monitoring of environmental conditions. Nine mature sugar maple trees ( Acer saccharum Marsh.), a wide‐ranging species in eastern North America that has suffered decline in past decades, were sampled in three Quebec watersheds along a soil acidity gradient. Five‐year groups of annual tree rings were treated by sequential chemical extractions using extractants of varying strength (deionized H 2 O, 0.05 M HCl, and concentrated HNO 3 ) to selectively solubilize the elements into three fractions (water‐soluble, acid‐soluble, and residual). Monovalent K; divalent Ba, Ca, Cd, Mg, Mn; and trivalent Al cations were found mostly in the water‐soluble, acid‐soluble, and residual fractions, respectively. Forms more likely to be mobile within the tree (water‐soluble and acid‐soluble) do not seem to be suitable for temporal monitoring because of potential lateral redistribution in sapwood rings. However, certain elements (Cd, Mn) were responsive to current soil acidity and could be used in spatial variation monitoring. Extractability of Al varied according to soil acidity; at less acidic sites, up to 90% of Al was contained in the residual form, whereas on very acidic soils, as much as 45% was found in the water‐soluble and acid‐soluble fractions. Sequential extractions can be useful for determining specific forms of metals as key indicators of soil acidification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0047-2425 , 1537-2537
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/jeq2007.0203
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 120525-0
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2050469-X
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  • 3
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    Producing wood at least cost to biodiversity: integrating T riad and sharing–sparing approaches to inform forest landscape management
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Biological Reviews Vol. 96, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 1301-1317
    Details
    In: Biological Reviews, Wiley, Vol. 96, No. 4 ( 2021-08), p. 1301-1317
    Abstract: Forest loss and degradation are the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide. Rising global wood demand threatens further damage to remaining native forests. Contrasting solutions across a continuum of options have been proposed, yet which of these offers most promise remains unresolved. Expansion of high‐yielding tree plantations could free up forest land for conservation provided this is implemented in tandem with stronger policies for conserving native forests. Because plantations and other intensively managed forests often support far less biodiversity than native forests, a second approach argues for widespread adoption of extensive management, or ‘ecological forestry’, which better simulates natural forest structure and disturbance regimes – albeit with compromised wood yields and hence a need to harvest over a larger area. A third, hybrid suggestion involves ‘Triad’ zoning where the landscape is divided into three sorts of management (reserve, ecological/extensive management, and intensive plantation). Progress towards resolving which of these approaches holds the most promise has been hampered by the absence of a conceptual framework and of sufficient empirical data formally to identify the most appropriate landscape‐scale proportions of reserves, extensive, and intensive management to minimize biodiversity impacts while meeting a given level of demand for wood. In this review, we argue that this central challenge for sustainable forestry is analogous to that facing food‐production systems, and that the land sharing–sparing framework devised to establish which approach to farming could meet food demand at least cost to wild species can be readily adapted to assess contrasting forest management regimes. We develop this argument in four ways: ( i ) we set out the relevance of the sharing–sparing framework for forestry and explore the degree to which concepts from agriculture can translate to a forest management context; ( ii ) we make design recommendations for empirical research on sustainable forestry to enable application of the sharing–sparing framework; ( iii ) we present overarching hypotheses which such studies could test; and ( iv ) we discuss potential pitfalls and opportunities in conceptualizing landscape management through a sharing–sparing lens. The framework we propose will enable forest managers worldwide to assess trade‐offs directly between conservation and wood production and to determine the mix of management approaches that best balances these (and other) competing objectives. The results will inform ecologically sustainable forest policy and management, reduce risks of local and global extinctions from forestry, and potentially improve a valuable sector's social license to operate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1464-7931 , 1469-185X
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.v96.4
    DOI: 10.1111/brv.12703
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1423558-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1476789-2
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  • 4
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    Evaluation of Fine Root Length and Diameter Measurements Obtained Using RHIZO Image Analysis
    Wiley ; 1999
    In:  Agronomy Journal Vol. 91, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 142-147
    Details
    In: Agronomy Journal, Wiley, Vol. 91, No. 1 ( 1999-01), p. 142-147
    Abstract: Image analysis systems facilitate rapid measurement of root length and diameter, but their accuracy is not easily determined. The objective of this study was to develop a set of simple experiments for evaluating the accuracy of fine root measurements obtained using image analysis. Using the system RHIZO (trademark of Régent Instruments, Québec), we tested the accuracy of (i) length measurements made over a range of root lengths per unit area, (ii) average diameter measurements and length per diameter distributions in string, wire, and fine root samples of varying diameter, and (iii) diameter measurements on short segments of diagonally oriented objects. Our results suggest that preliminary testing of image analysis systems is absolutely necessary for producing reliable root measurements. Total length was accurately determined for typically encountered length per unit areas of 〈 1.5 cm cm −2 . For samples with higher values, however, the method underestimated total length by 〉 5%. It is therefore recommended that users of image analysis systems determine this maximum length per unit area for accurate delerminations of total root length. In samples that contained different string diameters, the total sample length and average string diameter could accurately be measured. However, the length per diameter class was underestimated by 〉 20% when the string diameter was less than one pixel smaller than the upper limit of the diameter class. Adjustment of diameter intervals and increasing the scanner resolution are required to reduce this underestimation. Both the length and the angle of the short segments analyzed were found to influence diameter measurements. Similar sets of experiments are proposed for a rigorous evaluation of the performance of other image analysis systems on root measurements.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0002-1962 , 1435-0645
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2134/agronj1999.00021962009100010022x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1999
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1471598-3
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  • 5
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    Priority effects will impede range shifts of temperate tree species into the boreal forest
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Ecology Vol. 108, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 1155-1173
    Details
    In: Journal of Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 108, No. 3 ( 2020-05), p. 1155-1173
    Abstract: Temperate tree species are expected to expand their distribution into the boreal forest in response to climate change. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that many species will experience significant setbacks in capacity to migrate due to a series of unfavourable conditions impacting their recruitment success, and thus their ability to colonize new locations. We quantify the relative influence of a series of factors important for tree seedling recruitment at range margins: propagule dispersal, substrate favourability and the influence of the local hetero‐specific species canopy composition. We hypothesized that boreal trees are responsible for priority effects that influence the establishment of temperate tree species seedlings. To do so, we analysed two recruitment stages (first‐year seedlings and older seedlings) for seven tree species: Abies balsamea ( ABBA ), Acer rubrum ( ACRU ), Acer saccharum ( ACSA ), Betula papyrifera ( BEPA ), Betula alleghaniensis ( BEAL ), Populus tremuloides ( POTR ) and Fagus grandifolia ( FAGR ) commonly found within the temperate‐boreal ecotone forests of northeastern North America. Overall, we found that boreal canopy trees influence the distribution of substrates, more specifically the occurrence of needle cover and decayed wood in recruitment plots. Interestingly, decayed wood was a poor substrate in almost all cases. This association between canopy and substrate led to highly unfavourable substrates that affected the seedling densities of all temperate tree species. In addition, we found that seedling dispersion was highly localized, where the mean dispersal distance of all trees occurred in close proximity of parent trees. Synthesis . Unfavourable substrates and limited mean dispersal distance of trees due to resident boreal trees generate (strong) priority effects within the temperate‐boreal ecotone. Together, these conditions promise to cause significant lags in temperate tree species migration into the boreal forest in the future.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0477 , 1365-2745
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jec.v108.3
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2745.13311
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3023-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2004136-6
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  • 6
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    Mutually inclusive mechanisms of drought‐induced tree mortality
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 28, No. 10 ( 2022-05), p. 3365-3378
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 28, No. 10 ( 2022-05), p. 3365-3378
    Abstract: Unprecedented tree dieback across Central Europe caused by recent global change‐type drought events highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding of drought‐induced tree mortality. Although numerous physiological risk factors have been identified, the importance of two principal mechanisms, hydraulic failure and carbon starvation, is still debated. It further remains largely unresolved how the local neighborhood composition affects individual mortality risk. We studied 9435 young trees of 12 temperate species planted in a diversity experiment in 2013 to assess how hydraulic traits, carbon dynamics, pest infestation, tree height and neighborhood competition influence individual mortality risk. Following the most extreme global change‐type drought since record in 2018, one third of these trees died. Across species, hydraulic safety margins (HSMs) were negatively and a shift towards a higher sugar fraction in the non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) pool positively associated with mortality risk. Moreover, trees infested by bark beetles had a higher mortality risk, and taller trees a lower mortality risk. Most neighborhood interactions were beneficial, although neighborhood effects were highly species‐specific. Species that suffered more from drought, especially Larix spp. and Betula spp., tended to increase the survival probability of their neighbors and vice versa. While severe tissue dehydration marks the final stage of drought‐induced tree mortality, we show that hydraulic failure is interrelated with a series of other, mutually inclusive processes. These include shifts in NSC pools driven by osmotic adjustment and/or starch depletion as well as pest infestation and are modulated by the size and species identity of a tree and its neighbors. A more holistic view that accounts for multiple causes of drought‐induced tree mortality is required to improve predictions of trends in global forest dynamics and to identify mutually beneficial species combinations.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.v28.10
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16146
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
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  • 7
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    Exotics are more complementary over time in tree biodiversity–ecosystem functioning experiments
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Functional Ecology Vol. 35, No. 11 ( 2021-11), p. 2550-2561
    Details
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 35, No. 11 ( 2021-11), p. 2550-2561
    Abstract: The Biodiversity–Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) literature proposes that ecosystem functioning increases with biodiversity because of complementarity in resource‐use among species, associated with functional diversity. In this study, we challenge the trait‐based ecology framework by comparing congeneric exotic (European) and native (North American) tree species showing similar resource‐use functional trait values. The trait‐based framework suggests that two functionally equivalent species should play similar roles in a community, resulting in similar interactions and performances. However, several studies showed that when growing in mixtures, exotic species that are functionally equivalent to native species benefitted from enemy release, resulting in a reduced apparent competition. We hypothesize that exotic species should be more productive than native species because the exotic species benefit from reduced apparent competition due to enemy release rather than from possessing more competitive resource‐use functional traits. We study a diversity experiments, part of the International Diversity Experiment Network with Trees (IDENT), composed of two identical sites, each with two orthogonal diversity gradients: species richness and functional diversity. The functional gradient consists of species combinations of equal richness but increasing functional diversity, using different combinations of species provenance to assess the relationship between productivity, functional diversity and species provenance, independently of species richness. We grew a total of 12 species (six native and six exotic) in different combinations of one‐, two‐ and six‐species mixtures. The exotic species were selected based on their functional equivalence to their native congeneric species. Eight years after planting, we found that exotic species were more productive than native species, but only at high functional diversity. Results indicate that exotic species overall benefit from a reduced apparent competition, and that exotic‐increased productivity at high functional diversity is consistent with the enemy release hypothesis. After 8 years, exotic species were more productive overall than their native counterparts, but only in the most functionally diverse communities. This study represents a first step in understanding the relative importance of complementarity in resource‐use and apparent competition in a context of an exotic tree species invasion. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/fec.v35.11
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13900
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020307-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
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  • 8
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    Tree community overyielding during early stand development is explained by asymmetric species‐specific responses to diversity
    Wiley ; 2023
    In:  Functional Ecology Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 2023-10), p. 2621-2633
    Details
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 37, No. 10 ( 2023-10), p. 2621-2633
    Abstract: Recent long‐term tree biodiversity experiments have shown that diversity effects on productivity tend to strengthen over time, as complementarity among constituent species increases over the course of forest development. However, these community‐level metrics only account for the net outcome of multiple interactions among species and, thus, do not inform about the individual species' responses to diversity. In this study, using 11 years of growth records from a large diversity experiment, we explored how species respond to diversity based on their functional traits and those of their heterospecific neighbours over time and analysed their contribution to the community‐level overyielding. We show species‐specific responses to diversity, with fast‐growing deciduous species rapidly performing better in mixtures relative to monocultures, than slow‐growing evergreen species. Moreover, we find that species productivity in mixtures enhances over time as the proportion of slow‐growing evergreen species in the heterospecific neighbourhood increases. These patterns of response of species scale up and explain community overyielding, which occurs primarily in deciduous‐evergreen mixtures and is explained by the overyielding of deciduous species overcompensating the poor performance of evergreen species. This study sheds light on the temporal dynamics of species responses to diversity, which together help improve our understanding of community‐level overyielding over the course of stand development. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/fec.v37.10
    DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14414
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020307-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
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  • 9
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    Tree diversity effects on soil microbial biomass and respiration are context dependent across forest diversity experiments
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 31, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. 872-885
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 31, No. 5 ( 2022-05), p. 872-885
    Abstract: Soil microorganisms are essential for the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Although soil microbial communities and functions are linked to tree species composition and diversity, there has been no comprehensive study of the generality or context dependence of these relationships. Here, we examine tree diversity–soil microbial biomass and respiration relationships across environmental gradients using a global network of tree diversity experiments. Location Boreal, temperate, subtropical and tropical forests. Time period 2013. Major taxa studied Soil microorganisms. Methods Soil samples collected from 11 tree diversity experiments were used to measure microbial respiration, biomass and respiratory quotient using the substrate‐induced respiration method. All samples were measured using the same analytical device, method and procedure to reduce measurement bias. We used linear mixed‐effects models and principal components analysis (PCA) to examine the effects of tree diversity (taxonomic and phylogenetic), environmental conditions and interactions on soil microbial properties. Results Abiotic drivers, mainly soil water content, but also soil carbon and soil pH, significantly increased soil microbial biomass and respiration. High soil water content reduced the importance of other abiotic drivers. Tree diversity had no effect on the soil microbial properties, but interactions with phylogenetic diversity indicated that the effects of diversity were context dependent and stronger in drier soils. Similar results were found for soil carbon and soil pH. Main conclusions Our results indicate the importance of abiotic variables, especially soil water content, for maintaining high levels of soil microbial functions and modulating the effects of other environmental drivers. Planting tree species with diverse water‐use strategies and structurally complex canopies and high leaf area might be crucial for maintaining high soil microbial biomass and respiration. Given that greater phylogenetic distance alleviated unfavourable soil water conditions, reforestation efforts that account for traits improving soil water content or select more phylogenetically distant species might assist in increasing soil microbial functions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.v31.5
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.13461
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479787-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2021283-5
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  • 10
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    Measuring Protected-Area Isolation and Correlations of Isolation with Land-Use Intensity and Protection Status : Protected-Area Isolation
    Wiley ; 2012
    In:  Conservation Biology Vol. 26, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 610-618
    Details
    In: Conservation Biology, Wiley, Vol. 26, No. 4 ( 2012-08), p. 610-618
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0888-8892
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/cobi.2012.26.issue-4
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2011.01674.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2012
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020041-9
    SSG: 12
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