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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Seasonal food webs with migrations: multi-season models reveal indirect species interactions in the Canadian Arctic tundra
    The Royal Society ; 2020
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 378, No. 2181 ( 2020-10-02), p. 20190354-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 378, No. 2181 ( 2020-10-02), p. 20190354-
    Abstract: Models incorporating seasonality are necessary to fully assess the impact of global warming on Arctic communities. Seasonal migrations are a key component of Arctic food webs that still elude current theories predicting a single community equilibrium. We develop a multi-season model of predator–prey dynamics using a hybrid dynamical systems framework applied to a simplified tundra food web (lemming–fox–goose–owl). Hybrid systems models can accommodate multiple equilibria, which is a basic requirement for modelling food webs whose topology changes with season. We demonstrate that our model can generate multi-annual cycling in lemming dynamics, solely from a combined effect of seasonality and state-dependent behaviour. We compare our multi-season model to a static model of the predator–prey community dynamics and study the interactions between species. Interestingly, including seasonality reveals indirect interactions between migrants and residents not captured by the static model. Further, we find that the direction and magnitude of interactions between two species are not necessarily accurate using only summer time-series. Our study demonstrates the need for the development of multi-season models and provides the tools to analyse them. Integrating seasonality in food web modelling is a vital step to improve predictions about the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0354
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208381-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462626-3
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 5,1
    SSG: 5,21
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time)
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20210063-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20210063-
    Abstract: Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these interactions is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, and given the number of species that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two species never interact) from a false negative (where two species have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing the likelihood of interactions between species is an imperative for several fields of ecology. This means that to predict interactions between species—and to describe the structure, variation, and change of the ecological networks they form—we need to rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept, where we show how a simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about species interactions given limited data. We then assess the challenges and opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, and provide a conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models of ecological networks that is explicitly spatial and temporal. We conclude with a brief primer on the relevant methods and tools needed to start building these models, which we hope will guide this research programme forward. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0063
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Predator-mediated interactions through changes in predator home range size can lead to local prey exclusion
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 290, No. 2004 ( 2023-08-09)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 290, No. 2004 ( 2023-08-09)
    Abstract: The strength of indirect biotic interactions is difficult to quantify in the wild and can alter community composition. To investigate whether the presence of a prey species affects the population growth rate of another prey species, we quantified predator-mediated interaction strength using a multi-prey mechanistic model of predation and a population matrix model. Models were parametrized using behavioural, demographic and experimental data from a vertebrate community that includes the arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), a predator feeding on lemmings and eggs of various species such as sandpipers and geese. We show that the positive effects of the goose colony on sandpiper nesting success (due to reduction of search time for sandpiper nests) were outweighed by the negative effect of an increase in fox density. The fox numerical response was driven by changes in home range size. As a result, the net interaction from the presence of geese was negative and could lead to local exclusion of sandpipers. Our study provides a rare empirically based model that integrates mechanistic multi-species functional responses and behavioural processes underlying the predator numerical response. This is an important step forward in our ability to quantify the consequences of predation for community structure and dynamics.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1154
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Springtail community structure is influenced by functional traits but not biogeographic origin of leaf litter in soils of novel forest ecosystems
    The Royal Society ; 2018
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 285, No. 1879 ( 2018-05-30), p. 20180647-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 285, No. 1879 ( 2018-05-30), p. 20180647-
    Abstract: With ongoing global change, shifts in the ranges of non-native species and resulting novel communities can modify biotic interactions and ecosystem processes. We hypothesized that traits and not biogeographic origin of novel plant communities will determine community structure of organisms that depend on plants for habitat or as a food resource. We tested the functional redundancy of novel tree communities by verifying if six pairs of congeneric European and North American tree species bearing similar leaf litter traits resulted in similar ecological filters influencing the assembly of springtail (Collembola) communities at two sites. Litter biogeographic origin (native versus non-native) did not influence springtail community structure, but litter genus, which generally reflected trait differences, did. Our empirical evidence suggests that a functional trait approach may be indeed as relevant as, and complementary to, studying biogeographic origin to understand the ecological consequences of non-native tree species in soils of novel forest ecosystems.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0647
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Forecasting parasite sharing under climate change
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20200360-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20200360-
    Abstract: Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change. This geographic reshuffling may result in novel co-occurrences among species, which could lead to unseen biotic interactions, including the exchange of parasites between previously isolated hosts. Identifying potential new host–parasite interactions would improve forecasting of disease emergence and inform proactive disease surveillance. However, accurate predictions of future cross-species disease transmission have been hampered by the lack of a generalized approach and data availability. Here, we propose a framework to predict novel host–parasite interactions based on a combination of niche modelling of future host distributions and parasite sharing models. Using the North American ungulates as a proof of concept, we show this approach has high cross-validation accuracy in over 85% of modelled parasites and find that more than 34% of the host–parasite associations forecasted by our models have already been recorded in the literature. We discuss potential sources of uncertainty and bias that may affect our results and similar forecasting approaches, and propose pathways to generate increasingly accurate predictions. Our results indicate that forecasting parasite sharing in response to shifts in host geographic distributions allow for the identification of regions and taxa most susceptible to emergent pathogens under climate change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0360
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for ecosystem functioning
    The Royal Society ; 2016
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 371, No. 1694 ( 2016-05-19), p. 20150268-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 371, No. 1694 ( 2016-05-19), p. 20150268-
    Abstract: There is a growing interest in using trait-based approaches to characterize the functional structure of animal communities. Quantitative methods have been derived mostly for plant ecology, but it is now common to characterize the functional composition of various systems such as soils, coral reefs, pelagic food webs or terrestrial vertebrate communities. With the ever-increasing availability of distribution and trait data, a quantitative method to represent the different roles of animals in a community promise to find generalities that will facilitate cross-system comparisons. There is, however, currently no theory relating the functional composition of food webs to their dynamics and properties. The intuitive interpretation that more functional diversity leads to higher resource exploitation and better ecosystem functioning was brought from plant ecology and does not apply readily to food webs. Here we appraise whether there are interpretable metrics to describe the functional composition of food webs that could foster a better understanding of their structure and functioning. We first distinguish the various roles that traits have on food web topology, resource extraction (bottom-up effects), trophic regulation (top-down effects), and the ability to keep energy and materials within the community. We then discuss positive effects of functional trait diversity on food webs, such as niche construction and bottom-up effects. We follow with a discussion on the negative effects of functional diversity, such as enhanced competition (both exploitation and apparent) and top-down control. Our review reveals that most of our current understanding of the impact of functional trait diversity on food web properties and functioning comes from an over-simplistic representation of network structure with well-defined levels. We, therefore, conclude with propositions for new research avenues for both theoreticians and empiricists.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0268
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Long-term satellite tracking reveals patterns of long-distance dispersal in juvenile and adult Arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus )
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Royal Society Open Science Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2023-02)
    Details
    In: Royal Society Open Science, The Royal Society, Vol. 10, No. 2 ( 2023-02)
    Abstract: Long-distance dispersal plays a key role in species distribution and persistence. However, its movement metrics and ecological implications may differ whether it is undertaken by juveniles (natal dispersal) or adults (breeding dispersal). We investigated the influence of life stage on long-distance dispersal in the Arctic fox, an important tundra predator. We fitted 170 individuals with satellite collars during a 13-year study on Bylot Island (Nunavut, Canada), and analysed the tracks of 10 juveniles and 27 adults engaging in long-distance dispersal across the Canadian High Arctic. This behaviour was much more common than expected, especially in juveniles (62.5%, adults: 19.4%). Emigration of juveniles occurred mainly at the end of summer while departure of adults was not synchronized. Juveniles travelled for longer periods and over longer cumulative distances than adults, but spent similar proportions of their time travelling on sea ice versus land. Successful immigration occurred mostly in late spring and was similar for juveniles and adults (30% versus 37%). Our results reveal how life stage influences key aspects of long-distance dispersal in a highly mobile canid. This new knowledge is critical to understand the circumpolar genetic structure of the species, and how Arctic foxes can spread zoonoses across vast geographical areas.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2054-5703
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220729
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2787755-3
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis
    The Royal Society ; 2016
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 283, No. 1845 ( 2016-12-28), p. 20162272-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 283, No. 1845 ( 2016-12-28), p. 20162272-
    Abstract: Adaptation to local resource availability depends on responses in growth rate and nutrient acquisition. The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) suggests that growing fast should impair competitive abilities for phosphorus and nitrogen due to high demand for biosynthesis. However, in microorganisms, size influences both growth and uptake rates, which may mask trade-offs and instead generate a positive relationship between these traits (size hypothesis, SH). Here, we evolved a gradient of maximum growth rate ( μ max ) from a single bacterium ancestor to test the relationship among μ max , competitive ability for nutrients and cell size, while controlling for evolutionary history. We found a strong positive correlation between μ max and competitive ability for phosphorus, associated with a trade-off between μ max and cell size: strains selected for high μ max were smaller and better competitors for phosphorus. Our results strongly support the SH, while the trade-offs expected under GRH were not apparent. Beyond plasticity, unicellular populations can respond rapidly to selection pressure through joint evolution of their size and maximum growth rate. Our study stresses that physiological links between these traits tightly shape the evolution of competitive strategies.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2272
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
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