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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feline caudofemoralis muscle Muscle fibre properties, architecture, and motor innervation (1998)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 121 (1998), S. 76-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Key words Motor nucleus ; EMG ; Muscle architecture ; Muscle fiber ; Caudofemoralis ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Feline caudofemoralis (CF) is a promising preparation in which to study the properties of mammalian fast-twitch skeletal muscle, but little is known about its muscle fiber properties, architecture, and motor innervation. We used histochemical techniques to confirm that it contained predominantly type IIB fibers (95±2%, n=8, with six of eight muscles composed exclusively of type IIA and IIB fibers), but physiological experiments showed less fatiguability than for the type IIB component of medial gastrocnemius. This may be related to the surprisingly strong and regular recruitment of CF during repetitive tasks such as walking and trotting, which we demonstrated electromyographically. We measured muscle length over the anatomical range of motion for CF (∼0.6–1.2 L 0) and estimated working length during walking and trotting (∼0.95–1.15 L 0). The specific tension was similar to that of the exclusively slow-twitch soleus muscle (31.2±4.7 N/cm2 compared with 31.8±4.1 N/cm2; P〉0.8). Single fiber dissections of CF revealed a series-fibered architecture with a mean of 2.3 fibers, each 2.5 cm long, required to span the fascicle length. We identified two neuromuscular compartments in CF by cutting one of the two nerve branches innervating CF and depleting the glycogen stores in the intact motor units. These compartments were in parallel and extended the length of the muscle; their electromyographic activity was similar during various natural behaviors. CF and gluteus maximus motoneurons were labeled concurrently with a combination of fluorescent, retrograde tracers including Fluororuby, Fluorogold and Fast Blue. The CF motor nucleus was located in L7-S1, overlapping and intermingling extensively with the nucleus of the adjacent gluteus maximus muscle. Distributions of CF motoneuron diameter revealed one large peak around 50–55 µm, with relatively few small-diameter (less than 35 µm) cells. Using estimates of the total number of fibers in three muscles and the estimated number of α-motoneurons for those same muscles, we calculated a mean innervation ratio of ∼270, which is at the low end of the innervation ratios for type IIB motor units from other feline muscles and more similar to type IIA motor units. In general, CF appears to be a useful preparation in which to study the properties of fast-twitch muscle, but these properties may vary somewhat from type IIB fibers from different muscles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002210050439
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UK interpretation and implementation of the EEC Shellfish directive (1987)
    Springer
    Environmental management 11 (1987), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Shellfish ; Water quality ; Water pollution ; EEC shellfish directive ; Wales
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The EEC Shellfish Directive is a policy designed to protect and, where necessary, improve the quality of designated shellfish waters. Its implementation within the UK, however, has had no effect upon water quality for two reasons. First, the policy has important defects, having ambiguities concerning public health provisions and lacking designation criteria. Second, UK government has sought to achieve formal compliance, while at the same time ensuring that its full financial impact on public expenditure has been contained. Consequently, only those fisheries which already comply with water quality standards have been designated. Within Wales, one fishery has been designated, while other, commercially more important, but grossly contaminated shellfisheries have not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01867173
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    211At-αDose Dependence of Poly-ADP-Ribosylation of Human Glioblastoma Cells in Vitro Suitability in Cancer Therapy? (1999)
    Springer
    Strahlentherapie und Onkologie 175 (1999), S. 458-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-099X
    Keywords: Key Words:211At-a-radiation ; Glioblastoma cells in vitro ; Poly-ADP-ribosylation ; Radiotherapy ; Schlüsselwörter:211At-a-Strahlung ; Glioblastomzellen in vitro ; Poly-ADP-Ribosylierung ; Strahlentherapie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Ziel: Es war die Absicht, die biologische Reaktion (Poly-ADP-Ribosylierung zellulärer Proteine) menschlicher Glioblastomzellen in vitro auf verstärkte Schadensbildung durch a-Teilchen von extrazellulärem 211At zu testen und deren Berücksichtigung für eine potentielle Anwendung in der Therapie von malignen Glioblastomen zu diskutieren. Material und Methode: Konfluente Kulturen menschlicher Glioblastomzellen wurden unterschiedlichen a-Dosen von homogen verteiltem extrazellulärem 211At ausgesetzt. Die zelluläre Poly-ADP-Ribosylierung aller Proteine, einschließlich die der Histone, wurde bestimmt, da sie ein indirekter, aber empfindlicher Indikator für Chromatinschäden und mutmaßlich für die Reparatur in normalen und entarteten Zellen ist. Ergebnisse: Eine signifikante Verringerung (durchschnittlich 85,6%) der Poly-ADP-Ribosylierung aller zellulären Proteine, relativ zu der der nichtbestrahlten Glioblastomzellen, wurde nach 0,025 bis 1,0 Gy a-Bestrahlung beobachtet. Im Dosisbereich von 0,0025 bis 0,01 Gy gab es einen Anstieg mit einem maximalen Wert von angenähert 119% bei 0,0025 Gy. Unterhalb von 0,0025 Gy wurde keine Änderung der Poly-ADP-Ribosylierung beobachtet. Schlußfolgerung: Das Niveau poly-ADP-ribosylierter Proteine im 211At-a-Dosisbereich von 0,025 bis 1,0 Gy scheint eine erhöhte Schädigung dadurch zu bewirken, daß molekulare Bedingungen geschaffen werden, die der Reparatur von DNA-Schäden in menschlichen Glioblastomzellen in vitro nicht förderlich sind. Daher wird angenommen, daß die klinische Anwendung von 211AT – zumindest in diesem Dosisbereich – die Wirksamkeit der Radiotherapie von Krebs steigern könnte.
    Notes: Aim: It was intended to test the biological response (poly-ADP-ribosylation of cellular proteins) of a-particles from extracellular 211At for enhanced damage to human glioblastoma cells in vitro and to discuss its suitability for potential application in therapy of high-grade gliomas. Materials and Methods: Confluent cultures of human glioblastoma cells were exposed to different doses of a-radiations from homogeneously distributed extracellular 211At. Cellular poly-ADP-ribosylation of all proteins including histones was monitored since it is an indirect but sensitive indicator of chromatin damage and putative repair in both normal and malignant mammalian cells. Results: A significant diminution (average 85.6%) in poly-ADP-ribosylation of total cellular proteins relative to that for non-irradiated glioblastoma cells was observed following 0.025 to 1.0 Gy a-radiations. In the dose range of 0.0025 to 0.01 Gy there was an increase with a maximum value of approximately 119.0% at 0.0025 Gy. Below 0.0025 Gy no change in poly-ADP-ribosylation was observed. Conclusions: Level of cellular poly-ADP-ribosylation of proteins at 0.025 to 1.0 Gy of a-radiation dose from 211At appears to cause enhanced damage by creating molecular conditions which are not conducive to repair of DNA damages in human glioblastoma cells in vitro. Therefore, it is assumed that clinical application of 211At at least in this dose range might enhance clinical efficacy in radiotherapy of cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000660050036
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    6-125I-iodo-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinol bis (diammonium phosphate) as a potential radio-halogenated anti-cancer agent: In vitro investigations and possible clinical implications (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 7 (1982), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract 6-125I-iodo-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinol bis (diammonium phosphate) (6-125I-iodo-MNDP) has been synthesised and studied as the prototype of a class of potential radio-halogenated anti-cancer agents. The incorporated 125I provides Auger electron radiations which behave like high LET radiations in the treatment of tumours, though the accompanying X- and γ-radiations make an undersirable contribution to the total body dose. The in vitro experiments reported show that 6-125I-iodo-MNDP is selectively concentrated in the cells of some human malignant tumours by factor of about 15 to 20 or more in relation to the cells of normal origin studied. On the basis of dosimetric considerations and comparison with clinical treatment with tritiated methylnaphthoquinol diphosphate, practical dosage of 6-125I-iodo-MNDP is suggested and clinical indications and safety of use are discussed. The types of tumour of particular interest are inoperable cases of carcinoma of the colon, carcinoma of the pancreas, malignant melanoma and osteosarcoma. Further investigations are in progress.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256398
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genes expressed in cortical neurons-chromatin conformation and DNase I hypersensitive sites (1989)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 14 (1989), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Cortical neurons ; chromatin conformation ; DNase I hypersensitive sites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract DNase I sensitivity experiments were performed utilizing DNA probes to genes which are either transcribed in rat cortical neurons (the 68 kDa neurofilament gene and the neuron-specific enolass gene) or are transcriptionally silent (albumin). Results suggest that unlike liver, in which a hierarchy in chromatin conformation exists between transcribed and nontranscribed genes, the majority of protein coding sequences in cortical neurons may be relatively sensitive to nuclease digestion. This supports our previous observation of an increased DNase I sensitivity of total chromatin in cortical neurons. Nuclease sensitivity experiments also revealed the presence of brain-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites associated with the two neuron-specific genes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00969627
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellular localization of heat shock gene expression in rabbit cerebellum by in situ hybridization with plastic-embedded tissue (1989)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 14 (1989), S. 725-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Heat shock protein ; hsp 70 ; in situ hybridization ; cerebellum ; cellular localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The major cell types in rabbit cerebellum which engage in the expression of a heat shock gene (hsp 70) after hyperthermia were identified. This required in situ hybridization on thin sections derived from plastic-embedded tissue. All classes of cerebellar neurons which were examined (Purkinje, granule, and stellate cells) responded by induction of hsp 70 mRNA within 1 hr after hyperthermia. Prominent induction of hsp 70 mRNA was also observed in oligodendroglia in the deep white matter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964949
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disaggregation of brain polysomes after LSD in vivo (1979)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 4 (1979), S. 763-776 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract LSD-induced hyperthermia is implicated in the brain-specific disaggregation of polysomes which is induced following intravenous administration of the drug to rabbits. Both LSD-induced hyperthermia and brain polysome disaggregation were found to increase in parallel under conditions which accentuated the effect of the drug on brain protein synthesis. Pretreatment with neurotransmitter receptor blockers or placing the animal at an ambient temperature of 4°C after LSD administration prevented both hyperthermia and brain polysome disaggregation. The administration of apomorphine, which causes hyperthermia in rabbits also caused disaggregation of brain polysomes. Direct elevation of the body temperature to levels similar to that found after LSD was achieved by placing animals at an ambient temperature of 37°C. Under these conditions a brain-specific disaggregation of polysomes resulted which was not due to RNAase activation. After either LSD or direct heating, the brain polysome shift was associated with a relocalization of polyadenylated mRNA from polysomes to monosomes as determined by [3H]polyuridylate hybridization. Since polysome disaggregation was found only in brain, it appears that the brain may be more sensitive to elevations in body temperature compared to other organs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00964473
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental changes in the synthesis of nonhistone nuclear proteins relative to the appearance of a short nucleosomal DNA repeat length in cerebral hemisphere neurons (1984)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 9 (1984), S. 1323-1337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Fluctuations in the pattern of synthesis of nonhistone nuclear proteins were noted in cerebral hemisphere neurons during early postnatal development of the rat. Noteworthy changes included the synthesis of an acidic nuclear protein of relative molecular weight 41,000 (41 K), two chromatin-associated basic proteins (37 K and 38 K) and several high molecular weight chromatin acidic proteins. These changes in the synthesis of nonhistone nuclear proteins occur at a developmental stage when a short nucleosomal DNA repeat length has appeared in cerebral hemisphere neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973043
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Altered expression of a heat shock protein in the mammalian nervous system in the presence of agents which affect microtubule stability (1987)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 12 (1987), S. 819-823 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Heat shock protein ; microtubule stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In vitro incubation of the isolated rabbit retina at elevated temperature results in the synthesis of a heat shock protein of M.W. 74,000 (hsp74). Recently we have demonstrated that this protein is associated with preparations of purified retinal microtubules and intermediate filaments. In order to examine the possibility that hsp74 synthesis is related to cytoskeletal stability, the effects of agents known to specifically affect microtubules were examined using an in vitro retinal system. Taxol, an antimitotic agent which stabilizes microtubules, was found to reduce the level of hsp74 synthesized in response to elevated temperature. Colchicine, a potent microtubule de-stabilizing agent, did not induce hsp74 synthesis in the absence of elevated temperature, however, under heat shock conditions, hsp74 synthesis was elevated in the presence of colchicine. Kinetics of microtubule assembly were similar in preparations isolated from cerebral hemispheres of control and hyperthermic animals however, microtubules from the latter were altered in appearance and exhibited a higher degree of crosslinking.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00971521
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time course of induction of a heat shock gene (hsp70) in the rabbit cerebellum after LSD in vivo: Involvement of drug-induced hyperthermia (1990)
    Springer
    Neurochemical research 15 (1990), S. 53-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6903
    Keywords: Heat shock protein ; hsp70 ; in situ hybridization ; LSD ; hyperthermia ; rabbit brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In situ hybridization studies were carried out to determine whether induction of hsp70 mRNA in various cellular layers of the rabbit cerebellum was due to hyperthermic effects of the psychotropic drug LSD. Results indicated that induction was not present when LSD-induced hyperthermia was blocked. The pattern of induction of hsp70 mRNA in various cell types of the cerebellum was similar when hyperthermia was induced by either drug (LSD) or nondrug means (placement of animals in a warm incubator). A time course analysis of the induction of hsp70 mRNA following LSD-induced hyperthermia revealed maximal levels of mRNA at 1 hr in all cerebellar cell layers except the Purkinje layer where highest levels were attained at 5 hr. By 10 hr hsp70 mRNA had returned to constitutive levels in all cellular layers of the cerebellum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00969184
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