Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Comparing the Properties of Neuronal Culture Systems: A Shopping Guide for the Cell Biologist -- I. Introduction -- II. Approaching Experimental Questions Using Neurons -- III. Choosing a Neuronal Culture System -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Growing and Working with Peripheral Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods -- III. Cultures -- References -- Chapter 3. Dissection and Culturing of Chick Ciliary Ganglion Neurons: A System Well Suited to Synaptic Study -- I. General Introduction -- II. Materials -- III. Methods -- IV. Variations on Dissection, Dissociation, and Culturing Themes -- V. Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 4. The Culture of Chick Forebrain Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth and Development Characteristics -- III. Isolation of Single Chick Forebrain Neurons -- IV. Culture Conditions for Chick Forebrain Neurons -- References -- Chapter 5. Growing and Working with Spinal Motor Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Incubation of Fertilized Chicken Eggs -- III. Preparation of Chick Embryo -- IV. Dissection of Intact Spinal Cords and Isolation of Ventral Halves -- V. Enzymatic and Mechanical Dissociation of Intact Spinal Cords or Ventral Halves -- VI. Plating Motor Neurons Spinal Cord Neurons -- VII. Motor Neuron Enrichment by Density Gradient Centrifugation -- VIII. Experimental Use of Motor Neuron Cultures and Spinal Cord Cultures -- IX. Preparation of Solutions, Culture Dishes, Media, and Media Supplements -- References -- Chapter 6. Avian Purkinje Neuronal Cultures: Extrinsic Control of Morphology by Cell Type and Glutamate -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods and Systems -- III. Applications -- References -- Chapter 7. Culturing Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Acquisition of Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons. , III. Short-Term Culture Methods -- IV. Long-Term Culture Methods -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Working with Xenopus Spinal Neurons in Live Cell Culture -- I. Introduction -- II. Neuronal Labeling -- III. Culturing Xenopus Spinal Neurons -- IV. Live Cell Imaging and Manipulations -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 9. Culturing Neurons from the Snail Helisoma -- I. Introduction -- II. Maintaining Animals -- III. Initial Dissection -- IV. Culturing Nerve Cells -- References -- Chapter 10. The Tibial-1 Pioneer Pathway. An in Vivo Model for Neuronal Outgrowth and Guidance -- I. Introduction -- II. Development of the Tibial-1 (Ti1) Pathway -- III. Guidance of Ti1 Axons -- IV. Analysis of Axon Guidance Mechanisms in Grasshopper Procedures -- V. Laboratory Protocols -- References -- Chapter 11. Techniques to Dissect Cellular and Subcellular Function in the Drosophila Nervous System -- I. Introduction -- II. Background Sources of Information -- III. Drosophila as a Genetic Model System for Molecular Neurobiology -- IV. Biochemistry of the Drosophila Nervous System -- V. Cell Biology Techniques in the Drosophila Nervous System -- VI. Functional Analysis Techniques in the Drosophila Nervous System -- VII. Drosophila Electrophysiology -- References -- Chapter 12. PC12 Cells as a Model for Studies of Regulated Secretion in Neuronal and Endocrine Cells -- I. Introduction -- II. Propagation and Culture of PC12 Cells -- III. Studying Secretion Using PC12 Cells -- IV. Immunocytochemical Detection of Proteins in Intact and Permeable PC12 Cells -- References -- Chapter 13. B35 Neuroblastoma Cells: An Easily Transfected, Cultured Cell Model of Central Nervous System Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Applications Utilizing B35 and B50 Cells -- III. Protocols -- References -- Chapter 14. Live-Cell Imaging of Slow Axonal Transport in Cultured Neurons. , I. Introduction -- II. Culturing Neurons from Superior Cervical Ganglia -- III. Transfecting Neurons by Nuclear Injection -- IV. Injecting Neurons with Fluorescent Proteins -- V. Observing Movement -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15. Making Proteins into Drugs: Assisted Delivery of Proteins and Peptides into Living Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Principles -- III. Materials -- IV. Methods -- V. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 16. Tranfection of Primary Central and Peripheral Nervous System Neurons by Electroporation -- I. Introduction -- II. Electroporation Theory and Principles -- III. Electroporation Protocol for Chick Primary Neurons -- IV. Rationale for Setting Electroporation Parameters -- V. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 17. Biolistic Transfection -- I. Introduction -- II. Parameters that Affect Success of the Method -- III. Factors that May Affect Performance but Have Not Been Tested -- IV. Future Developments or Improvements -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18. Expression of Transgenes in Primary Neurons from Chick Peripheral and Central Nervous Systems by Retroviral Infection of Early Embryos -- I. Introduction -- II. Building Retroviral Vectors and Growing Functional Virus -- III. Infecting Early Chick Embryos by Injection -- IV. Dissecting Embryos and Culturing Neurons -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 19. Production and Use of Replication-Deficient Adenovirus for Transgene Expression in Neurons -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparing Adenoviral Expression Vectors -- III. Production of Adenovirus in HEK293 Cells -- IV. Purification and Storage of Adenovirus Stocks -- V. Titer Assays -- VI. Safety Issues -- VII. Infection of Primary Neurons -- VIII. Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Index -- Volume in Series.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- Symbols -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Scope of Micrometeorology -- 1.2 Micrometeorology versus Microclimatology -- 1.3 Importance and Applications of Micrometeorology -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 2. Energy Budget Near the Surface -- 2.1 Energy Fluxes at an Ideal Surface -- 2.2 Energy Balance Equations -- 2.3 Energy Budgets of Bare Surfaces -- 2.4 Energy Budgets of Canopies -- 2.5 Energy Budgets of Water Surfaces -- 2.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 3. Radiation Balance Near the Surface -- 3.1 Radiation Laws and Definitions -- 3.2 Shortwave Radiation -- 3.3 Longwave Radiation -- 3.4 Radiation Balance near the Surface -- 3.5 Observations of Radiation Balance -- 3.6 Radiative Flux Divergence -- 3.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 4. Soil Temperatures and Heat Transfer -- 4.1 Surface Temperature -- 4.2 Subsurface Temperatures -- 4.3 Thermal Properties of Soils -- 4.4 Theory of Soil Heat Transfer -- 4.5 Thermal Wave Propagation in Soils -- 4.6 Measurement and Parameterization of Ground Heat Flux -- 4.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 5. Air Temperature and Humidity in the PBL -- 5.1 Factors Influencing Air Temperature and Humidity -- 5.2 Basic Thermodynamic Relations and the Energy Equation -- 5.3 Local and Nonlocal Concepts of Static Stability -- 5.4 Mixed Layers, Mixing Layers and Inversions -- 5.5 Vertical Temperature and Humidity Profiles -- 5.6 Diurnal Variations -- 5.7 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 6. Wind Distribution in the PBL -- 6.1 Factors Influencing Wind Distribution -- 6.2 Geostrophic and Thermal Winds -- 6.3 Friction Effects on the Balance of Forces -- 6.4 Stability Effects on the PBL Winds -- 6.5 Observed Wind Profiles -- 6.6 Diurnal Variations -- 6.7 Applications. , Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 7 An Introduction to Viscous Flows -- 7.1 Inviscid and Viscous Flows -- 7.2 Laminar and Turbulent Flows -- 7.3 Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion -- 7.4 Laminar Plane-Parallel Flows -- 7.5 Laminar Ekman Layers -- 7.6 Developing Laminar Boundary Layers -- 7.7 Heat Transfer in Laminar Flows -- 7.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 8. Fundamentals of Turbulence -- 8.1 Instability of Flow and Transition to Turbulence -- 8.2 The Generation and Maintenance of Turbulence -- 8.3 General Characteristics of Turbulence -- 8.4 Mean and Fluctuating Variables -- 8.5 Variances and Turbulent Fluxes -- 8.6 Eddies and Scales of Motion -- 8.7 Fundamental Concepts, Hypotheses, and Theories -- 8.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 9. Models and Theories of Turbulence -- 9.1 Mathematical Models of Turbulent Flows -- 9.2 Gradient-transport Theories -- 9.3 Dimensional Analysis and Similarity Theories -- 9.4 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 10. Near-neutral Boundary Layers -- 10.1 Velocity-profile Laws -- 10.2 Surface Roughness Parameters -- 10.3 Surface Drag and Resistance Laws -- 10.4 Turbulence -- 10.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 11. Thermally Stratified Surface Layer -- 11.1 The Monin-Obukhov Similarity Theory -- 11.2 Empirical Forms of Similarity Functions -- 11.3 Wind and Temperature Profiles -- 11.4 Drag and Heat Transfer Relations -- 11.5 Methods of Determining Momentum and Heat Fluxes -- 11.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 12. Evaporation from Homogeneous Surfaces -- 12.1 The Process of Evaporation -- 12.2 Potential Evaporation and Evapotranspiration -- 12.3 Modified Monin-Obukhov Similarity Relations -- 12.4 Micrometeorological Methods of Determining Evaporation -- 12.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises. , Chapter 13. Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.1 Types of Atmospheric Boundary Layers -- 13.2 Similarity Theories of the PBL -- 13.3 Mathematical Models of the PBL -- 13.4 Parameterization of the PBL -- 13.5 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 14. Nonhomogeneous Boundary Layers -- 14.1 Types of Surface Inhomogeneities -- 14.2 Step Changes in Surface Roughness -- 14.3 Step Changes in Surface Temperature -- 14.4 Air Modifications over Water Surfaces -- 14.5 Air Modifications over Urban Areas -- 14.6 Building Wakes and Street Canyon Effects -- 14.7 Other Topographical Effects -- 14.8 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- Chapter 15. Agricultural and Forest Micrometeorology -- 15.1 Flux-profile Relations above Plant Canopies -- 15.2 Radiation Balance within Plant Canopies -- 15.3 Wind Distribution in Plant Canopies -- 15.4 Temperature and Moisture Fields -- 15.5 Turbulence in and above Plant Canopies -- 15.6 Applications -- Problems and Exercises -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Avian Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- NOTE ON TAXONOMY -- Chapter 1. Classification of Birds -- I. Introduction -- II. Practical Systematics -- III. Some Problems in the Arrangement of Major Groups -- IV. A Classification of Birds -- V. Some Fossils of Uncertain Taxonomic Position -- References -- Chapter 2. Origin and Evolution of Birds -- I. Introduction -- II. Some Reptilian Predecessors of Birds -- III. The Origin of Birds -- IV. Evolution during the Cretaceous -- V. The Tertiary Expansion of Birds -- VI. Evolution in the Quaternary -- VII. Rate of Evolution -- References -- Chapter 3. Systematics and Speciation in Birds -- I. Introduction and Analytic Methods -- II. Intraspecific Variation -- III. Species and Speciation -- IV. Generic Level -- V. The Future of Avian Systematics -- References -- Chapter 4. Adaptive Radiation of Birds -- I. Introduction -- II. Problems in Size: The Surface-Volume Ratio -- III. Locomotor Adaptations -- IV. Adaptation for Feeding -- V. Adaptive Radiation within Families and Orders of Birds -- References -- Chapter 5. Patterns of Terrestrial Bird Communities -- I. Introduction -- II. Spatial and Temporal Organization -- III. Interspecies Associations -- IV. Birds as Part of α Larger Community. Energy and Density of Individuals -- V. Prospect -- References -- Chapter 6. Sea Bird Ecology and the Marine Environment -- I. Introduction -- II. Feeding -- III. The Marine Environment -- IV. Breeding Seasons, Movements, and Molt -- V. Breeding Ecology -- VI. Life and Death of Seα Birds -- VII. Regulation of Seα Bird Numbers -- VIII. Interspecific Relations and Some Evolutionαry Considerations -- References -- Chapter 7. Biology of Desert Birds -- I. Introduction -- II. The Nature of Desert Areαs -- III. The Occurrence of Deserts. , IV. The Desert Avifaunα -- V. Reproduction -- VI. Nomadism -- VII. Physiological Adaptations -- References -- Chapter 8. Ecological Aspects of Periodic Reproduction -- I. Introduction -- II. The Breeding Seasons of Birds -- III. Ultimate Control of Reproduction -- IV. Proximate Control of Reproduction -- V. The Social Factor in Reproduction -- VI. Phylogenetic Aspects of Breeding Seasons -- VII. Migration in Relation to Reproduction -- References -- Chapter 9. Population Dynamics -- I. Definition -- II. Bird Numbers -- III. Population Fluctuations -- IV. Clutch Size -- V. Territory -- VI. Mortality -- References -- Chapter 10. Ecological Aspects of Reproduction -- Symbols -- I. Introduction -- II. Demographic Considerations -- II. Variations in Reproductive Parameters -- IV. Reproductive Strategy -- V. Breeding Success -- VI. Adult Survivorship -- VII. Geographic Variation in Reproductive Strategies -- References -- Chapter 11. Ecological Aspects of Behavior -- I. Introduction -- II. Foraging Behavior -- III. Habitat Selection and Spacing -- IV. Mating Systems -- V. Flocking Behavior -- References -- AUTHOR INDEX -- INDEX TO BIRD NAMES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 THE ATMOSPHERIC CONTINUUM -- 1.2 PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS AND UNITS -- 1.3 SCALE ANALYSIS -- 1.4 FUNDAMENTAL FORCES -- 1.4.1 Pressure Gradient Force -- 1.4.2 Gravitational Force -- 1.4.3 Viscous Force -- 1.5 NONINERTIALREFERENCEFRAMESANDAPPARENTŽ FORCES -- 1.5.1 Centripetal Acceleration and Centrifugal Force -- 1.5.2 Gravity Force -- 1.5.3 The Coriolis Force and the Curvature Effect -- 1.5.4 Constant Angular Momentum Oscillations -- 1.6 STRUCTURE OF THE STATIC ATMOSPHERE -- 1.6.1 The Hydrostatic Equation -- 1.6.2 Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate -- 1.6.3 A Generalized Vertical Coordinate -- PROBLEMS 1 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 1 -- Suggested References 1 -- 2. Basic Conservation Laws -- 2.1 TOTAL DIFFERENTIATION -- 2.1.1 Total Differentiation of a Vector in a Rotating System -- 2.2 THE VECTORIAL FORM OF THE MOMENTUM EQUATION IN ROTATING COORDINATES -- 2.3 COMPONENT EQUATIONS IN SPHERICAL COORDINATES -- 2.4 SCALE ANALYSIS OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION -- 2.4.1 Geostrophic Approximation and GeostrophicWind -- 2.4.2 Approximate Prognostic Equations -- the Rossby Number -- 2.4.3 The Hydrostatic Approximation -- 2.5 THE CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 2.5.1 An Eulerian Derivation -- 2.5.2 A Lagrangian Derivation -- 2.5.3 Scale Analysis of the Continuity Equation -- 2.6 THE THERMODYNAMIC ENERGY EQUATION -- 2.7 THERMODYNAMICS OF THE DRY ATMOSPHERE -- 2.7.1 Potential Temperature -- 2.7.2 The Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 2.7.3 Static Stability -- 2.7.4 Scale Analysis of the Thermodynamic Energy Equation -- PROBLEMS 2 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 2 -- Suggested References 2 -- 3. Elementary Applications of the Basic Equations -- 3.1 BASIC EQUATIONS IN ISOBARIC COORDINATES -- 3.1.1 The Horizontal Momentum Equation -- 3.1.2 The Continuity Equation -- 3.1.3 The Thermodynamic Energy Equation -- 3.2 BALANCED FLOW -- 3.2.1 Natural Coordinates. , 3.2.2 Geostrophic Flow -- 3.2.3 Inertial Flow -- 3.2.4 Cyclostrophic Flow -- 3.2.5 The GradientWind Approximation -- 3.3 TRAJECTORIES AND STREAMLINES -- 3.4 THE THERMAL WIND -- 3.4.1 Barotropic and Baroclinic Atmospheres -- 3.5 VERTICAL MOTION -- 3.5.1 The Kinematic Method -- 3.5.2 The Adiabatic Method -- 3.6 SURFACE PRESSURE TENDENCY -- PROBLEMS 3 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 3 -- 4. Circulation and Vorticity -- 4.1 THE CIRCULATION THEOREM -- 4.2 VORTICITY -- 4.2.1 Vorticity in Natural Coordinates -- 4.3 POTENTIAL VORTICITY -- 4.4 THE VORTICITY EQUATION -- 4.4.1 Cartesian Coordinate Form -- 4.4.2 The Vorticity Equation in Isobaric Coordinates -- 4.4.3 Scale Analysis of the Vorticity Equation -- 4.5 VORTICITY IN BAROTROPIC FLUIDS -- 4.5.1 The Barotropic (Rossby) Potential Vorticity Equation -- 4.5.2 The Barotropic Vorticity Equation -- 4.6 THEBAROCLINIC (ERTEL) POTENTIALVORTICITYEQUATION -- 4.6.1 Equations of Motion in Isentropic Coordinates -- 4.6.2 The Potential Vorticity Equation -- 4.6.3 Integral Constraints on Isentropic Vorticity -- PROBLEMS 4 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 4 -- Suggested References 4 -- 5. The Planetary Boundary Layer -- 5.1 ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE -- 5.1.1 The Boussinesq Approximation -- 5.1.2 Reynolds Averaging -- 5.2 TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY -- 5.3 PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER MOMENTUM EQUATIONS -- 5.3.1 Well-Mixed Boundary Layer -- 5.3.2 The Flux-Gradient Theory -- 5.3.3 The Mixing Length Hypothesis -- 5.3.4 The Ekman Layer -- 5.3.5 The Surface Layer -- 5.3.6 The Modified Ekman Layer -- 5.4 SECONDARY CIRCULATIONS AND SPIN DOWN -- PROBLEMS 5 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 5 -- Suggested References 5 -- 6. Synoptic-Scale Motions I: Quasi-Geostrophic Analysis -- 6.1 THE OBSERVED STRUCTURE OF EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATIONS -- 6.2 THE QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC APPROXIMATION -- 6.2.1 Scale Analysis in Isobaric Coordinates -- 6.2.2 The Quasi-Geostrophic Vorticity Equation. , 6.3 QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC PREDICTION -- 6.3.1 Geopotential Tendency -- 6.3.2 The Quasi-Geostrophic Potential Vorticity Equation -- 6.3.3 Potential Vorticity Inversion -- 6.3.4 Vertical Coupling Through Potential Vorticity -- 6.4 DIAGNOSIS OF THE VERTICAL MOTION -- 6.4.1 The Traditional Omega Equation -- 6.4.2 The Q Vector -- 6.4.3 The Ageostrophic Circulation -- 6.5 IDEALIZED MODEL OF A BAROCLINIC DISTURBANCE -- PROBLEMS 6 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 6 -- Suggested References 6 -- 7. Atmospheric Oscillations: Linear Perturbation Theory -- 7.1 THE PERTURBATION METHOD -- 7.2 PROPERTIES OFWAVES -- 7.2.1 Fourier Series -- 7.2.2 Dispersion and Group Velocity -- 7.3 SIMPLEWAVE TYPES -- 7.3.1 Acoustic or SoundWaves -- 7.3.2 ShallowWater GravityWaves -- 7.4 INTERNAL GRAVITY (BUOYANCY) WAVES -- 7.4.1 Pure Internal GravityWaves -- 7.4.2 TopographicWaves -- 7.5 GRAVITYWAVES MODIFIED BY ROTATION -- 7.5.1 Pure Inertial Oscillations -- 7.5.2 Inertia-GravityWaves -- 7.6 ADJUSTMENT TO GEOSTROPHIC BALANCE -- 7.7 ROSSBYWAVES -- 7.7.1 Free Barotropic RossbyWaves -- 7.7.2 Forced Topographic RossbyWaves -- PROBLEMS 7 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 7 -- Suggested References 7 -- 8. Synoptic-Scale Motions II: Baroclinic Instability -- 8.1 HYDRODYNAMIC INSTABILITY -- 8.2 NORMAL MODE BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY: A TWO-LAYER MODEL -- 8.2.1 Linear Perturbation Analysis -- 8.2.2 Vertical Motion in BaroclinicWaves -- 8.3 THE ENERGETICS OF BAROCLINICWAVES -- 8.3.1 Available Potential Energy -- 8.3.2 Energy Equations for the Two-Layer Model -- 8.4 BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY OFA CONTINUOUSLY STRATIFIED ATMOSPHERE -- 8.4.1 Log-Pressure Coordinates -- 8.4.2 Baroclinic Instability: The Rayleigh Theorem -- 8.4.3 The Eady Stability Problem -- 8.5 GROWTHAND PROPAGATION OF NEUTRAL MODES -- 8.5.1 Transient Growth of NeutralWaves -- 8.5.2 Downstream Development -- PROBLEMS 8 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 8 -- Suggested References 8. , 9. Mesoscale Circulations -- 9.1 ENERGY SOURCES FOR MESOSCALE CIRCULATIONS -- 9.2 FRONTS AND FRONTOGENESIS -- 9.2.1 The Kinematics of Frontogenesis -- 9.2.2 Semigeostrophic Theory -- 9.2.3 Cross-Frontal Circulation -- 9.3 SYMMETRIC BAROCLINIC INSTABILITY -- 9.4 MOUNTAINWAVES -- 9.4.1 Flow over Isolated Ridges -- 9.4.2 LeeWaves -- 9.4.3 DownslopeWindstorms -- 9.5 CUMULUS CONVECTION -- 9.5.1 Equivalent Potential Temperature -- 9.5.2 The Pseudoadiabatic Lapse Rate -- 9.5.3 Conditional Instability -- 9.5.4 Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) -- 9.5.5 Entrainment -- 9.6 CONVECTIVE STORMS -- 9.6.1 Development of Rotation in Supercell Thunderstorms -- 9.6.2 The Right-Moving Storm -- 9.7 HURRICANES -- 9.7.1 Dynamics of Mature Hurricanes -- 9.7.2 Hurricane Development -- PROBLEMS 9 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 9 -- Suggested References 9 -- 10. The General Circulation -- 10.1 THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM -- 10.2 THE ZONALLY AVERAGED CIRCULATION -- 10.2.1 The Conventional Eulerian Mean -- 10.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean (TEM) -- 10.2.3 The Zonal-Mean Potential Vorticity Equation -- 10.3 THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM BUDGET -- 10.3.1 Sigma Coordinates -- 10.3.2 The Zonal-Mean Angular Momentum -- 10.4 THE LORENZ ENERGY CYCLE -- 10.5 LONGITUDINALLY DEPENDENT TIME-AVERAGED FLOW -- 10.5.1 Stationary RossbyWaves -- 10.5.2 Jetstream and Storm Tracks -- 10.6 LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY -- 10.6.1 Climate Regimes -- 10.6.2 Annular Modes -- 10.6.3 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies -- 10.7 LABORATORYSIMULATIONOFTHEGENERALCIRCULATION -- 10.8 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE GENERAL CIRCULATION -- 10.8.1 The Development of AGCMs -- 10.8.2 Dynamical Formulation -- 10.8.3 Physical Processes and Parameterizations -- 10.8.4 The NCAR Climate System Model -- PROBLEMS 10 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 10 -- Suggested References 10 -- 11. Tropical Dynamics. , 11.1 THE OBSERVED STRUCTURE OF LARGE-SCALE TROPICAL CIRCULATIONS -- 11.1.1 The Intertropical Convergence Zone -- 11.1.2 EquatorialWave Disturbances -- 11.1.3 AfricanWave Disturbances -- 11.1.4 Tropical Monsoons -- 11.1.5 TheWalker Circulation -- 11.1.6 El Ni ˜ no and the Southern Oscillation -- 11.1.7 Equatorial Intraseasonal Oscillation -- 11.2 SCALE ANALYSIS OF LARGE-SCALE TROPICAL MOTIONS -- 11.3 CONDENSATION HEATING -- 11.4 EQUATORIALWAVE THEORY -- 11.4.1 Equatorial Rossby and Rossby-Gravity Modes -- 11.4.2 Equatorial KelvinWaves -- 11.5 STEADY FORCED EQUATORIAL MOTIONS -- PROBLEMS 11 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 11 -- Suggested References 11 -- 12. Middle Atmosphere Dynamics -- 12.1 STRUCTURE AND CIRCULATION OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE -- 12.2 THE ZONAL-MEAN CIRCULATION OF THE MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE -- 12.2.1 Lagrangian Motion of Air Parcels -- 12.2.2 The Transformed Eulerian Mean -- 12.2.3 Zonal-Mean Transport -- 12.3 VERTICALLY PROPAGATING PLANETARYWAVES -- 12.3.1 Linear RossbyWaves -- 12.3.2 RossbyWavebreaking -- 12.4 SUDDEN STRATOSPHERICWARMINGS -- 12.5 WAVES IN THE EQUATORIAL STRATOSPHERE -- 12.5.1 Vertically Propagating KelvinWaves -- 12.5.2 Vertically Propagating Rossby-GravityWaves -- 12.5.3 Observed EquatorialWaves -- 12.6 THE QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION -- 12.7 TRACE CONSTITUENT TRANSPORT -- 12.7.1 Dynamical Tracers -- 12.7.2 Chemical Tracers -- 12.7.3 Transport in the Stratosphere -- PROBLEMS 12 -- MATLAB EXERCISES 12 -- Suggested References 12 -- 13. Numerical Modeling and Prediction -- 13.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND -- 13.2 FILTERING METEOROLOGICAL NOISE -- 13.3 NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION OF THE EQUATIONS OF MOTION -- 13.3.1 Finite Differences -- 13.3.2 Centered Differences: Explicit Time Differencing -- 13.3.3 Computational Stability -- 13.3.4 Implicit Time Differencing -- 13.3.5 The Semi-Lagrangian Integration Method -- 13.3.6 Truncation Error. , 13.4 THE BAROTROPIC VORTICITY EQUATION IN FINITE DIFFERENCES.

Note: Front Cover -- Avian Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- NOTE ON TAXONOMY -- CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES -- Chapter 1. REPRODUCTION IN BIRDS -- I. Introduction -- II. The Testis -- III. The Ovary -- IV. Accessory Sexual Organs -- V. Breeding Behavior (Endocrinological Basis) -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS -- I. Introduction -- II. Anatomy and Embryology -- III. Morphological Identification of Cell Types -- IV. Cytological Localization of the Pituitary Hormones -- V. Chemistry and Physiology of the Hormones -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. THE PERIPHERAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS -- I. Adrenal Glands -- II. Thyroid Gland -- III. Endocrine Pancreas -- IV. Parathyroid Glands -- V. Ultimobranchial Bodies -- VI. Thymus -- VII. Bursa of Fabricius -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY IN BIRDS -- I. Introduction -- II. Anatomy of the Avian Neurosecretory System -- III. Hypothalamohypophyseal Neurovascular Link -- IV. Biologically Active Substances in the Neurohypophysis -- V. Functional Aspects of the Gomori-Positive Neurosecretory System -- VI. Ependymal Function in the Median Eminence -- VII. Functional Aspects of the Gomori-Negative Hypophysiotropic Neurosecretory System -- IX. General Summary -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. AVIAN VISION -- I. Introduction -- II. Aspects of Structure and Refraction -- III. Aspects of the Retina and Visual Perception -- IV. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6. CHEMORECEPTION -- I. Introduction -- II. Anatomy -- III. Functional Capacity -- IV. Functional Significance -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. MECHANORECEPTION -- I. Introduction -- II. Sensitivity of the Skin and Proprioception -- III. Labyrinth (Organ of Equilibrium) -- IV. Labyrinth (Auditory Organ) -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. BEHAVIOR -- I. Introduction. , II. Analysis of Bird Behavior -- III. Bird Behavior Illustrated by Functional Groups of Activities -- REFERENCES -- AUTHOR INDEX -- INDEX TO BIRD NAMES -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Microsomes and Drug Oxidations -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Participants -- Preface -- PART I: MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MICROSOMES -- CHAPTER 1. MICROSOMES, ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND INTERACTIONS OF CYTOPLASMIC MEMBRANES -- Introduction -- Properties of Lipid and Biological Membranes -- Endoplasmic Reticulum -- Peroxisomes and Smooth E.R. -- Synthesis and Transport of Lipoprotein Granules -- Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Apparatus -- References -- CHAPTER 2. SUBFRACTIONATION OF RAT LIVER MICROSOMES -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 3. A POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN THE REGULATION OF GENETIC EXPRESSION THE MEMBRON CONCEPT -- References -- CHAPTER 4. THE METABOLISM OF DRUGS BY SUBFRACTIONS OF HEPATIC MICROSOMES: THE CASE FOR MICROSOMAL HETEROGENEITY -- Conclusion -- References -- PART II: ELECTRON TRANSFER COMPONENTS -- CHAPTER 5. ORGANIZATION OF THE MICROSOMAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM -- Discussion -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 6. CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO HEMOPROTEINS OF LIVER MICROSOMES -- Spectral Properties of P-450 -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 7. CYTOCHROME P-450 REDUCTION IN LIVER MICROSOMES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO DRUG METABOLISM -- Reduction of azo- and nitro- and tetrazolium compounds -- Distribution of NADPH-dependent enzyme activities in microsomal subfractions -- Role of Various Components of the Electron Transfer Systemin Species Variation in Hepatic Microsomal Drug Metabolism -- Effect of Drug Substrates on Hepatic Microsomal Cytochrome P-450 Reduction by NADPH -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 8. FATTY ACID ω - OXIDATION IN A SOLUBLE MICROSOMAL ENZYME SYSTEM CONTAINING P-450 -- Hemoprotein P-450 -- References -- Discussion. , CHAPTER 9. ENZYMATIC ω -OXIDATION: STOICHIOMETRY OF THE REACTION CATALYZED BY THE INDUCIBLE ENZYME SYSTEM OF PSEUDOMONAS OLEOVORANS -- References -- CHAPTER 10. THE PROPERTIES OF A PURIFIED HEPATIC MICROSOMAL MIXED FUNCTION AMINE OXIDASE -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Discussion -- References -- CHAPTER 11. A COMPARISON OF NADPH DEPENDENT REDUCTIVE CLEAVAGE AND N-DEMETHYLATION OF AMINOAZOBENZENE, MONOMETHYLAMINOAZO-BENZENE AND DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE BY CELL FREE PREPARATIONS FROM RAT LIVER -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- CHAPTER 12. OXYGEN REACTIONS IN MODEL SYSTEMS -- References -- CHAPTER 13. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NIH SHIFT WITH RESPECT TO LIVER MICROSOME HYDROXYLATIONS -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 14. THE MICROSOMAL HYDROXYLATION OF ETHYLBENZENE STEREOCHEMICAL, INDUCTION AND ISOTOPIC STUDIES -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- PART III: ALTERATIONS OF MICROSOMAL ENZYMES -- CHAPTER 15. OVERALL BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF DRUG INDUCTION ON LIVER MICROSOMES -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 16. SPECIFICITY IN THE REGULATION OF THE 6β- , 7α AND 16α-HYDROXYLATION OF TESTOSTERONE BY RAT LIVER MICROSOMES -- Results -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 17. FORMATION OF A NEW P-450 HEMOPROTEIN AFTER TREATMENT OF RATS WITH POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS -- SKF 525-A Studies -- Two-Substrate Kinetic Studies -- Spectral Studies -- Binding Studies -- Thioacetamide Studies -- Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 18. SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF CYTOCHROME P-450 OF LIVER MICROSOMES AFTER INDUCTION WITH PHENOBARBITAL AND 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 19. THE EFFECTS OF 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE AND PHENOBARBITAL ON LIVER MICROSOMAL HEMOPROTEINS AND ON THE HYDROXYLATION OF BENZPYRENE -- Discussion -- References -- Discussion. , CHAPTER 20. SPECTRAL INVESTIGATIONS ON CYTOCHROME-P-450 -- References -- Discussion -- PART IV: DRUGS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -- CHAPTER 21. DRUGS AND MICROSOMAL ENZYME FORMATION IN VIVO AND IN MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURE -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 22. ACTIVATION OF CHROMATIN BY 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE -- Introduction -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 23. INDUCTION, STABILIZATION AND TURNOVER OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM PROTEINS -- Summary -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 24. EFFECT OF PHENOBARBITAL ON THE TURNOVER OF MICROSOMAL ENZYMES -- Methods -- Results and Discussions -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 25. THE ROLE OF HEME IN THE SYNTHESIS AND REPRESSION OF MICROSOMAL PROTEIN -- Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 26. INSECT MICROSOMES AND INSECTICIDE CHEMICAL OXIDATIONS -- Introduction -- Resistance -- Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Discussion -- CHAPTER 27. STIMULATORY EFFECT OF ACETONE ON THE ACTIVITY OF MICROSOMAL ANILINE PARA-HYDROXYLASE -- Summary -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- SUBJECT INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Introduction -- The Acoustic Wave Equation -- Sound Pressure Levels and Decibels -- The Speed of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Absorption of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Refraction of Sound in the Atmosphere -- Diffraction of Acoustic Waves in the Atmosphere -- Acoustic Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere -- See also -- Introduction -- Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Particle Properties -- Lower Troposphere -- Particle Mass -- Particle Number -- Upper Troposphere (> -- 5 km) -- See also -- Introduction -- Sampling -- Sample Collection and Analysis: Filters and Impactors -- Real-Time, -- Analysis of Aerosol Chemical Properties -- Measurement of Physical Properties -- Summary -- See also -- Introduction -- Nomenclature -- Distribution and Physical Properties -- Chemical Composition -- State of Mixture -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Particulate Matter -- Water Content of Aerosols -- Aerosol Interactions with Liquid-Phase Clouds -- Aerosol Interactions with Cold Clouds -- Effects of Anthropogenic Activities -- see also -- Introduction -- Scattering and Absorption of Light -- Effects of Surface Reflection -- Interactions with Thermal Radiation -- See also -- Introduction -- Fundamental Principles -- Instrumentation, Measurements, and Networks -- Modeling and Theory -- Manipulating Microclimates to Enhance Productivity and Reduce Risk -- Agriculture Meteorology Forecasts -- Climate Data -- Education and Training -- Future Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Methods for Determining -- and -- River Inflow -- Climatology of -- Derived from Satellite Data -- Discussion and Conclusion -- See also -- Introduction -- The Two-Film Model of Gas Exchange -- Chemical Enhancement -- Laboratory Experiments with Wind/Wave Tanks -- Measurements of Gas Transfer Rates -- Parameterizations of Transfer Velocity -- Air-Sea Fluxes of Carbon Dioxide. , Air-Sea Fluxes of Other Gases -- see also -- Introduction -- Definition of the Fluxes -- Measuring the Fluxes -- Sources of Flux Data -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Momentum Flux -- The Regional and Seasonal Variation of the Heat Fluxes -- Discussion: Accuracy of Flux Estimates and Future Trends -- See also -- Introduction -- History of SST Measurements and Applications -- Satellite SST -- SST Climatology -- Skin SST -- Measurement of Skin SST -- Summary and Conclusions -- See also -- Introduction and Definitions -- Storm Surge Equations -- Generation and Dynamics of Storm Surges -- Areas Affected by Storm Surges -- Storm Surge Prediction -- Interactions with Wind Waves -- Data Assimilation -- Related Issues -- Climate Changes Effects -- See also -- Introduction -- Wave Dynamics -- Wave Prediction -- Marine and Oceanic Surface Layers -- Air-Sea Fluxes and Surface Waves -- Air-Wave-Sea Coupled Modeling -- Turbulence Closure -- Wind-Wave-Turbulence-Current Relations -- See also -- Introduction -- Aircraft Exhaust Products -- Impacts on Carbon Dioxide and Water -- Impacts on Ozone and Methane -- Impacts on Clouds -- Impact Summary: Present and Future -- Acknowledgements -- See also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Effects on an Aircraft -- Severity and Intensity of Icing -- Types of Icing -- Location and Frequency of Icing Conditions -- Relation of Icing to Weather Features -- Microphysical Characteristics -- Supercooled Large Droplet Icing -- Detection of Icing Conditions -- Forecasting Icing Conditions -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Axial Angular Momentum in Regions -- Global Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Stratospheric Winds -- ENSO Influence on Angular Momentum -- Torques Across Atmosphere's Lower Boundary. , Concurrent Changes in Atmospheric Angular Momentum and Length of Day -- Models and Historical Series of Atmospheric Angular Momentum -- Atmospheric Angular Momentum in the Equatorial Plane and Polar Motion -- see also -- Introduction -- The Antarctic Continent -- Weather Systems in the Antarctic -- The Role of Sea Ice -- The Temperature Field -- The Wind Field -- Clouds and Precipitation -- Climate Variability and Change -- Introduction -- Structure -- Dynamics -- Climatology -- Blocking -- Impact -- See also -- Introduction -- Key Physical Features -- Atmospheric Circulation -- Surface Energy Budget -- Air Temperature and Boundary Layer -- Hydrologic Budget -- Variability and Change in Arctic Climate -- Introduction -- Seasonal and Geographic Variations of the Arctic Haze and Meteorological Transport -- Chemistry of the Arctic Haze -- Optical Transparency and Climatic Effects -- Ecological Implications -- Introduction -- Migrating Solar Tides -- Nonmigrating Tides -- Lunar Tides -- See also -- Introduction -- Atmospheric Gravity Currents -- Microbursts -- Vertical Wind Shear and Gravity/Shear Waves -- Icing -- Terrain-induced Turbulence -- Thunderstorms -- Aircraft Wake Vortices -- Altimeter Errors -- Concluding Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- An Illustrative Model -- Classical View -- Potential Vorticity View -- Normal Modes -- Nonmodal Growth -- Other Issues -- See also -- Introduction -- Relation between Beaufort Force and Wind Velocity: A Problem of Physics and Regression Interpretation -- One-Sided Regressions -- Two-Sided Regressions -- An Optimized Beaufort Equivalent Scale -- Discussion of Heights for Equivalent Wind Velocities -- Discussion of Other Scales -- Time Dependence of Beaufort Estimates -- Unresolved Issues -- Geological Sources of Carbon -- Reservoirs and Fluxes of Carbon in the Ocean-Atmosphere-Biosphere System. , Global Carbon Cycles -- Global Distribution of Carbon Dioxide -- Methane and Carbon Monoxide -- Introduction -- Sources -- Transport and Transformation -- Deposition -- Mercury -- Biogeochemical Significance of Atmospheric Transport of Trace Metals -- see also -- Introduction -- Key Atmospheric Nitrogen Compounds -- The Role of Nitrogen in Today's Atmosphere -- see also -- Glossary -- Introduction -- Sulfur -- Evolution of the Sulfur Cycle -- Volcanic Sources of Sulfur -- Marine Sulfur Sources -- Terrestrial Sulfur Sources -- Biological Sinks for Sulfur -- Anthropogenic Sulfur Sources -- Atmospheric Sulfur Chemistry -- Chemistry of Sulfur in Rain and Cloud Water -- Acidification -- Aersosol Sulfur and Climate -- Introduction -- The Stationary, Horizontally Homogeneous Atmospheric Boundary Layer Over Flat Terrain -- Eddy Structure in Boundary Layers Over Very Rough and Inhomogeneous Terrain -- Coherent Structures at the Small Scales -- Significance of Coherent Structures for Practical Problems -- See also -- Introduction -- Notation -- Changing Surface Cover -- Topography -- Summary -- see also -- Introduction -- Mean Vertical Structure -- Vertical Fluxes in the CBL -- Turbulence Structure in the CBL -- Large Eddy Structure in the CBL -- Departures from the Idealized CBL -- See also -- Introduction -- Background -- Atmospheric Boundary-Layer Structure -- Modeling -- A Diagnostic Local Mixing Parameterization -- Prognostic Mixing Parameterizations -- Non-Local Mixing Parameterizations -- Final Remarks -- See also -- Introduction -- Simplified Equations of Motion for the PBL -- Wind-Profile Laws - Scaling of the Momentum Equations -- Observations -- The Momentum Equations and the Ekman Spiral - Simple Solutions -- Introduction -- Active Remote Sensing Techniques -- Passive Remote Sensing Techniques -- See also -- Introduction. , The Atmospheric Surface Layer -- Atmospheric Sensors -- Radiation Sensors -- Types of Field Site -- Experimental Procedures -- See also -- Introduction -- Characteristics -- Solar Heating -- Air-sea Fluxes -- Langmuir Cells -- Deep Convection -- Numerical Models -- See also -- Introduction -- Theoretical Framework -- Types of Boundary Layer -- Practical Boundary Layer Models -- Summary and Challenges -- see also -- Introduction -- Basics -- Weak Stability -- Strong Stability -- Low-level Jet and Elevated Turbulence -- Mesoscale Variations -- Vegetation Canopy -- Enhanced Influence of Surface Heterogeneity -- See also -- Introduction -- Surface Layer Turbulence -- Similarity Theory and Bulk Aerodynamic Relations -- Applications of MOS Theory to Sampling of the Surface Layer -- Trace Gas Exchange -- Flux Profile Relations for Quasi-inhomogeneous Conditions -- Challenges and New Directions -- See also -- Introduction -- Bow Echoes -- Derechoes -- Bow Echo and Derecho Environments and Climatology -- Numerical and Dynamical Studies -- See also -- Introduction -- Optical Observations -- Lidar Measurements -- Image Measurements -- Interferometry, Photometry, and Spectrometry Measurements -- See also -- Introduction -- Buoyancy -- Buoyancy Waves -- see also -- Introduction -- Geological History of Atmospheric CO2 -- Controls of Modern Atmospheric CO2 -- CO2 in the Industrial Era -- Future CO2 Concentrations -- Summary -- See also -- Reaction Kinetics and Atmospheric Chemistry -- Rate Laws -- Order, Molecularity and Rate Constant -- The Arrhenius Equation -- The Theories of Elementary Gas-Phase Bimolecular Reaction Steps -- Multistep Reactions and the Stationary State Hypothesis -- Theories of Unimolecular and Termolecular Reactions -- Condensed-Phase, Surface, and Heterogeneous Reactions -- See also -- Introduction. , Hydroxyl Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Methane and Carbon Monoxide, and Ozone Chemistry in the Remote Troposphere.

Note: Front Cover -- El Niño, La Niña, and the Southern Oscillation -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. The Southern Oscillation: Variability of the Tropical Atmosphere -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Seasonal Cycle -- 1.3 Interannual Variability -- 1.4 A "Composite" El Niño -- 1.5 El Niño of 1982-1983 -- 1.6 Interannual Variability in the Atlantic Sector -- 1.7 Teleconnections -- 1.8 Intraseasonal Fluctuations -- Notes -- Chapter 2. Oceanic Variability in the Tropics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Mean Conditions -- 2.3 The Seasonal Cycle -- 2.4 Interannual Variability -- 2.5 The Atlantic Ocean -- 2.6 The Indian Ocean -- 2.7 Instabilities -- 2.8 Mixing Processes -- Notes -- Chapter 3. Oceanic Adjustment: I -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Shallow-Water Model -- 3.3 The Equatorial Jet -- 3.4 Waves -- 3.5 Generation of Sverdrup Flow -- 3.6 Equatorial Adjustment -- 3.7 Response to Remote Forcing -- 3.8 The Effects of Dissipation -- 3.9 The Effects of Mean Currents -- 3.10 Instabilities -- 3.11 Discussion -- Notes -- Chapter 4. Oceanic Adjustment: II -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Continuously Stratified Model -- 4.3 Vertically Standing Modes -- 4.4 Vertically Propagating Waves -- 4.5 Equatorial Surface Jets -- 4.6 The Equatorial Undercurrent -- 4.7 Response to Time-Dependent Forcing -- 4.8 The Response to Cross-Equatorial Winds -- 4.9 General Circulation Models of the Ocean -- Notes -- Chapter 5. Models of the Tropical Atmosphere -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Waves -- 5.3 The Response to Steady Heating -- 5.4 Convection in the Tropics -- 5.5 The Atmospheric Response to Sea Surface Temperature Variations -- 5.6 General Circulation Models of the Atmosphere -- Notes -- Chapter 6. Interactions between the Ocean and Atmosphere -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Unstable Interactions -- 6.3 The Irregularity of the Southern Oscillation. , 6.4 Statistical Predictions -- 6.5 Dynamical Predictions -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- International Geophysics Series.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism -- 1.1 Geomagnetism -- 1.2 Paleomagnetism -- Chapter 2. Rock Magnetism -- 2.1 Basic Principles of Magnetism -- 2.2 Magnetic Minerals in Rocks -- 2.3 Physical Theory of Rock Magnetism -- Chapter 3. Methods and Techniques -- 3.1 Sampling and Measurement -- 3.2 Statistical Methods -- 3.3 Field Tests for Stability -- 3.4 Laboratory Methods and Applications -- 3.5 Identification of Magnetic Minerals and Grain Sizes -- Chapter 4. Magnetic Field Reversals -- 4.1 Evidence for Field Reversal -- 4.2 The Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale -- 4.3 Magnetostratigraphy -- 4.4 Polarity Transitions -- 4.5 Analysis of Reversal Sequences -- Chapter 5. Oceanic Paleomagnetism -- 5.1 Marine Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.2 Modeling Marine Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.3 Analyzing Older Magnetic Anomalies -- 5.4 Paleomagnetic Poles for Oceanic Plates -- 5.5 Evolution of Oceanic Plates -- Chapter 6. Continental Paleomagnetism -- 6.1 Analyzing Continental Data -- 6.2 Data Selection and Reliability Criteria -- 6.3 Testing the Geocentric Axial Dipole Model -- 6.4 Apparent Polar Wander -- 6.5 Phanerozoic APWPs for the Major Blocks -- Chapter 7. Paleomagnetism and Plate Tectonics -- 7.1 Plate Motions and Paleomagnetic Poles -- 7.2 Phanerozoic Supercontinents -- 7.3 Displaced Terranes -- 7.4 Rodinia and the Precambrian -- 7.5 Non-Plate Tectonic Hypotheses -- References -- Index -- International Geophysics Series -- Color Plate Section.

Note: Cover -- Copyright Page -- Contributors -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Introduction: The State of the Art -- Chapter 2. Characterization of Ectomycorrhiza -- Chapter 3. Techniques in Synthesizing Ectomycorrhiza -- Chapter 4. Histochemistry of Ectornycorrhiza -- Chapter 5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in Ectomycorrhizal Fungi -- Chapter 6. Carbon Metabolism in Mycorrhiza -- Chapter 7. Enzymology of Nitrogen Assimilation in Mycorrhiza -- Chapter 8. Techniques for the Study of Nitrogen Metabolism in Ectomycorhiza -- Chapter 9. Ectomycorrhizal DNA: Isolation, RFLPs and Probe Hybridization -- Chapter 10. Procedures and Prospects for DNA-Mediated Transformation of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi -- Chapter 11. Principles of Use of Radioisotopes in Mycorrhizal Studies -- Chapter 12. Techniques for Studying the Functional Aspects of Rhizomorphs of Wood-rotting Fungi: Some Possible Applications -- Chapter 13. Structural and Ontogenic Study of Ectomycorrhizal Rhizomorphs -- Chapter 14. Fine-structural Analysis of Mycorrhizal Fungi and Root Systems: Negative Staining and Cryoelectron Microscopic -- Chapter 15. Epifluorescent Microscopy for Identification of Ectomycorrhiza -- Chapter 16. Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Imaging Techniques for Subcellular Localization of Elements in Mycorrhiza -- Chapter 17. Methods for Studying Nursery and Field Response of Trees to Specific Ectomycorrhiza -- Chapter 18. Maintenance of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi -- Chapter 19. Root Window Technique for in vivo Observation of Ectomycorrhiza on Forest Trees -- Chapter 20. Experiments with Ericoid Mycorrhiza -- Index.