Note: Front Cover -- Functional Metagenomics -- Functional Metagenomics: Microbial Diversity, Interaction, and Application in Bioremediation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Overcoming industrial challenges in microbial bioremediation: Leveraging modern technologies and sustainable pr ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioremediation processes -- 3. Advantages of bioremediation -- 4. Factors affecting the bioremediation process -- 5. Challenges in the bioremediation process -- 6. Addressing the challenges using modern technologies -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Metagenomics: A new horizon for bioremediation in 21st century -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental systems biology -- 3. Metagenomics -- 4. Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics -- 5. Techniques to study metagenomics -- 5.1 Culture-dependent enrichment -- 6. Community profiling -- 7. Identifying genes and genomes mediating biodegradations -- 8. Industrial enzyme discovery using microbial metagenomics -- 9. Applications of metagenomics in bioremediation -- 10. Metagenomic bioremediation of different contaminations -- 11. Microbial metagenomics in agriculture -- 12. Environmental monitoring and bioremediation using microbial metagenomics -- 13. Recent advancements in technologies associated with metagenomics -- 14. Conclusions -- References -- 3 - Application of metagenomics in the field of biotechnological conversion of lignocellulosic residues -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lignocellulosic biomass -- 2.1 Composition -- 2.2 Biotechnological potential of lignocellulosic residues -- 2.3 Microbial diversity in lignocellulosic residues -- 3. Metagenomic approach -- 3.1 Pretreatment of environmental samples -- 3.2 DNA extraction -- 3.3 Construction of metagenomic library -- 3.3.1 Vector selection -- 3.3.2 Host selection -- 3.4 Metagenomic library screening. , 3.4.1 Functional-based screening -- 3.4.2 Compound configuration screening -- 3.4.3 DNA sequence-based screening -- 4. Industrial property on new technologies involving metagenomic approaches -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 4 - Metagenomics to unravel the microbial biodiversity and biotechnological potential of extreme high salinity envi ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Extreme environments and extremophiles -- 2.1 Extremophile (micro)organisms -- 3. Culture-independent approaches in the metagenomics era -- 3.1 Sequence-based metagenomics -- 3.2 Function-based metagenomics -- 3.3 Some challenges of metagenomics -- 4. Metagenomics as a tool to mine the biodiversity and biotechnological potential of extremophile communities -- 4.1 Novel extremophiles -- 4.2 New bioactive molecules -- 4.3 Novel genes -- 5. Metagenomics in hypersaline environments -- 5.1 High salinity environments -- 5.2 Metagenomics and biodiversity in high salinity environments -- 5.2.1 Novel phylogenetic groups -- 5.2.2 Novel taxa -- 5.2.3 Insight into halophilic viruses -- 5.3 Bioactive molecules of high salinity environments unveiled by metagenomics -- 5.3.1 Enzymes -- 5.3.2 Antimicrobial compounds -- 5.3.3 Biosurfactants -- 6. Concluding remarks -- References -- 5 - Analysis of complex microbial communities in soil and wastewater treatment processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Soil treatment with microbes -- 2.1 Microbial degradation of toxins in soil -- 2.2 Genetically modified bacteria for treatment of soil -- 2.3 Bioventing -- 2.4 Biosparging -- 2.5 Biostimulation -- 2.6 Bioaugmentation -- 3. Microbes in wastewater treatment -- 3.1 Wastewater microbial diversity -- 3.2 Bioremediation -- 3.3 Biofilm technology -- 3.4 Microbial fuel cell technology -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 6 - Response of microbial communities to environmental changes -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Role of microbes in biogeochemicial cycle -- 2.1 Microbes in carbon cycle -- 2.2 Microbial role in nitrogen cycle -- 2.3 Methane cycle and microbial communities -- 3. Climate change and impact on microorganisms -- 3.1 Causes of climate change -- 3.2 Climate change's impact on microorganisms -- 3.3 Microbes adapting to environmental challenges -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 7 - Gene prediction through metagenomics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Overview of metagenomics -- 3. Sequencing the microbiome genome -- 3.1 Metagenomic data analysis -- 4. Gene prediction -- 4.1 Gene prediction methods -- 4.1.1 Sequence similarity-based searches -- 4.1.2 Ab initio method -- 5. Future prospects -- References -- Further reading -- 8 - Role of microbes in climate change and its impact: A critical review -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microbiome in marine environment -- 2.1 Marine archaea -- 2.2 Extremophilic marine bacteria -- 2.3 Marine virus -- 2.4 Marine phytoplanktons -- 2.5 Marine mixoplanktons -- 2.6 Marine diatoms -- 2.7 Marine fungi -- 3. Effect of climate change on marine microbiota -- 4. Permafrost microbiome -- 4.1 Microbes and archaea -- 4.2 Virus -- 4.3 Algae -- 4.4 Fungi -- 5. Impact of climate change on permafrost microbiome -- 6. Terrestrial microbiome -- 6.1 Role of bacteria in biogeochemical cycle -- 7. Impact of climate change on terrestrial microbiome -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- 9 - Metagenomics approaches for microbiome analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diversity of gut microbiome -- 3. Functional metagenomics -- 4. Bioinformatics tools -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 10 - Study of microbial communities in degrading toxic pollutants in the wastewater and solid waste treatment indus ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Waste generation -- 3. Types of toxic compounds -- 3.1 Organic pollutants. , 4. Inorganic pollutants -- 5. Microbial interaction with organic pollutant -- 6. Microbial communities with respect to degradation of organic compound -- 7. Structure and methods -- 7.1 Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis -- 7.2 Terminal restriction length polymorphism: T-RFLP -- 7.3 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis -- 7.4 Ion torrent sequencing -- 7.5 Illumina sequencing -- 7.6 Quorum sensing system -- 8. Future perspectives -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- V -- W -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Fungi Bio-Prospects in Sustainable Agriculture, Environment and Nano-Technology: Volume 1: Fungal Diversity of Sustainable Agriculture -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- 1 Endophytic fungi: A review of survival strategies that influence the biodiversity studies associated with biopotential pr... -- Introduction -- Importance to study the endophytic fungal diversity -- Fungal endophytes from subtropics and tropical regions -- Endophytes will be modern microbial technology to fulfill our societal needs -- Significance on understanding the modern era challenges -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Evaluation of phylloplane fungal flora and host plants in the Southern Western Ghats -- Scope of the study -- References -- 3 Fungal endophytes from seaweeds and bio-potential applications in agriculture -- Introduction -- Seaweeds -- Endophytic fungi -- Diversity of molecules produced by seaweed endophytic fungi -- Role of endophytic fungi in plant growth -- Seaweed endophytic fungi as phosphate solubilizers -- Seaweed endophytic fungi as potassium solubilizers -- Bioactive compounds -- Future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Fungal endophytes: Entry, establishment, diversity, future prospects in agriculture -- Introduction -- What are endophytes? -- How do these endophytes enter and establish inside the plants? -- How diverse these endophytes are? -- How these fungal endophytes can contribute to sustainable agriculture? -- Phosphate solubilization -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Fungal endophytes, biodiversity and biopotential applications -- Introduction -- History and evolution of endophytic fungi -- Endophytic fungi -- Biodiversity of fungal endophytes in India -- Unique features of marine environment and their relevance to marine fungi -- Classification of endophytes. , Sponge associated fungal endophytes -- Bioactive compounds and their biopotential applications -- Primary and secondary metabolites -- Factors affecting the production of metabolites -- Future prospects -- References -- 6 The role of fungi in abiotic stress tolerance of plants -- Introduction -- Fungal symbiosis -- Types of fungal symbionts -- Role of fungus in various abiotic stress tolerance -- Salinity stress -- Endophytes -- Mycorrhiza -- Drought stress -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Heavy metal stress -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Temperature (heat and cold stress) -- Endophyte -- Mycorrhiza -- Conclusion -- References -- 7 Phytopathogenic fungi and their biocontrol applications -- Introduction -- Plant pathology -- Definition of plant pathology -- Plant pathologist -- Definition of disease -- The disease triangle -- Factors affecting disease development -- Pathogen factors -- Introduction of new pathogen -- Presence of aggressive strain of the pathogen -- High birth rate of the pathogen -- Low death rate -- Easy and rapid dispersal of the pathogen -- Adaptability of the pathogen -- Host factors -- Susceptibility of the host -- Aggregation and distribution of susceptible hosts -- Introduction of new host(s) -- Introduction of new collateral or alternate hosts -- Environmental factors -- Simple interest diseases -- Compound interest diseases -- The edaphic environment -- Interactions among factors -- Plant pathogens -- Classification of plant disease -- Fungi -- Phenomenon of infection - pre-penetration, penetration and post penetration -- Pre entry (pre-penetration) -- Entry (penetration) -- Colonization (post penetration) -- Pathogenesis - role of enzymes, toxins, growth regulators and polysaccharides -- Enzymes -- Cellulases -- Hemicellulases -- Ligninases -- Toxins as chemical weapons of pathogens -- Tabtoxin -- Phaseolotoxin -- Tentoxin. , Host-specific toxins -- T-toxin -- HC-toxin -- Growth regulators as weapons -- Auxins -- Gibberellins -- Ethylene -- General principles of plant diseases management - importance, general principles: avoidance, exclusion, eradication, protec... -- Biocontrol of plant disease -- Interactions between plants and beneficial microbes -- Biological control and PGPR -- Parasitism and lysis -- Antibiosis -- Competition -- Trichoderma viride -- Bacillus subtilis -- Pseudomonas fluorescens -- Plant products and antiviral principles in plant disease management -- Neem products -- Neem seed Kernel extract (NSKE) -- Neem oil solution -- Neem cake extract -- Neem cake -- Other plant products -- PGPR -- Disease control -- Ways that PGPR promote plant growth -- Anti-viral principle (AVP) -- Biotechnological developments -- Disease management by biotechnological methods -- Genetic engineering -- Vectors for transfer of genes -- DNA construction -- Coat-protein expression in transgenic plants -- Satellite RNA expression in transgenic plants -- MIC RNA expression in transgenic plants -- Use of RFLP markers for cloning resistance genes -- Disease resistance genes mapped using RFLP markers detoxification of pathotoxin -- Activation of plant defense mechanism - phytoalexins -- Defense related genes -- a. Single gene defense mechanism -- Chitinases and glucanases -- b. Multigenic defense mechanism -- Peroxidases -- Activation of defense genes by chemicals -- Cell and tissue culture -- Somaclonal variation -- Disease resistant plants from tissue culture -- Anther culture -- Protoplasmic fusion -- Reference -- 8 Impact of fungal inoculants on sustainable agriculture -- Introduction -- Soil and soil organisms and nutrients -- Use of microbes -- Microbial inoculants -- Fungal inoculants -- Future prospects and limitations -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading. , 9 Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi: Potential role in sustainable agriculture -- Introduction -- Role of AMF for improving agricultural yield and quality -- Role of AMF in biotic stress management -- Viral diseases -- Nematodes -- Role of AMF against abiotic stress management -- Drought stress -- Salinity stress -- Heavy metal stress -- AMF mediated defense mechanisms -- Factors affecting AMF potential -- Commercial potential of AMF -- Future challenges and strategies in AMF mediated disease management -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 Endophytic fungal diversity of selected medicinal plants and their bio-potential applications -- Diversity of fungal endophytes -- The plant -- Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex Hook F & -- Thoms -- Systematic position -- Adhatoda vasica Nees -- Systematic position -- Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng -- Systematic position -- Endophytes in laboratory culture -- Gateway of fungi in host plant -- Histological studies -- Isolation and identification of endophytic fungi -- Metabolites from endophytic fungi -- Biological roles of fungal endophytes -- Nutrient pedaling and phyto-stimulation -- Anticancer activity -- Antimicrobial properties -- Antidiabetic activity -- Immunosuppressive activity -- Antiviral activity -- Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 11 Prospect of biofuel production by fungus -- Introduction -- Bioethanol production -- Status of bioethanol production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for bioethanol production -- Fungus as microorganism for pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates for bioethanol production -- Bioreactors for bioethanol production by fungus -- Biodiesel production -- Status of biodiesel production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for biodiesel production -- Fungus as microorganism for oil production. , Production of biodiesel from fungal oil after transesterification process -- Nano catalyzed biodiesel production -- Alumina based catalysts -- Silica-based catalysts -- Calcium oxide-based catalysts -- Zirconia based catalysts -- Magnesium oxide-based catalysts -- Titanium dioxide-based catalysts -- Heteropolyacid based catalysts -- Carbon-based catalysts -- Biogas production -- Status of biogas production in the world and in India -- Feedstocks and biomass used for biogas production -- Production of biogas by anaerobic digestion of organic feedstocks by microorganisms -- Fungus as microorganism for anaerobic digestion -- Microbial fuel cell -- Current scenario of MFC's in the world and in India -- Mechanism of electricity production in MFC -- Mechanisms of electron transfer in MFC -- Direct electron transfer -- Indirect electron transfer (exogenous or endogenous) -- Why fungus is superior to bacteria or algae? -- Fungus as anode and cathode -- Fungi/yeasts as biocatalyst in cathode -- Fungi/yeasts as biocatalyst in anode -- Applications of MFC -- Production of bio electricity -- Biohydrogen production -- Waste water treatment containing organic matter and heavy metals -- Carbon sequestration -- Biosensor -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 12 Fungal endophytes and their applications as growth promoters and biological control agents -- Introduction -- Plant-endophyte interaction -- Fungal endophytes and their plant host -- Importance/functional significance of fungal endophytes -- Role of fungal endophytes in plant growth promotion -- Mode of action for growth promotion -- Fungal endophytes as biocontrol agents -- Mechanism for biocontrol activities -- Synthesis of bioactive compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- 13 Rhizosphere fungi and their plant association: Current and future prospects -- Introduction. , Plant-microbe communication.

Note: Front Cover -- Application of Biofilms in Applied Microbiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation and function -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Exopolysaccharides associated with the matrix of biofilm -- 1.2.1 Various types of architectural polysaccharides associated with the biofilm -- 1.2.1.1 Bacterial alginates -- 1.2.1.2 Cellulose -- 1.2.1.3 Poly-N-acetyl glucose amine -- 1.2.1.4 Capsular polysaccharides -- 1.2.1.5 Levan -- 1.2.1.6 Colonic acid -- 1.2.1.7 Vibrio polysaccharide -- 1.3 Variation in structural components of bacterial EPS -- 1.4 EPS variation in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria -- 1.4.1 Gram-positive bacteria -- 1.4.2 Gram-negative bacteria -- 1.5 Various methods of exopolysaccharide extraction from the matrix of biofilm -- 1.6 Functional attributes of EPS -- 1.6.1 Adhesion/cohesion/genetic material transfer -- 1.6.2 Symbiosis -- 1.6.3 Development of pathogenicity -- 1.6.4 Source of nutrition -- 1.6.5 Protection from antimicrobials -- 1.7 Mechanism of formation of microbial aggregates by Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) -- 1.7.1 Intracellular adhesion by EPS -- 1.7.2 Conditions influencing EPS formation and action -- 1.8 Applications of EPS in biotechnology -- 1.9 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Pseudomonas putida biofilm: development and dynamics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biofilm formation -- 2.3 Factors affecting Pseudomonas putida biofilm -- 2.3.1 Dynamic nature -- 2.3.2 Flagella -- 2.3.3 Starvation stress -- 2.4 Genetics of Pseudomonas putida biofilm -- 2.5 Biofilm control strategies -- 2.5.1 Physical methods -- 2.5.1.1 Radiation -- 2.5.1.2 Temperature -- 2.5.1.3 Other approaches -- 2.5.2 Chemical methods -- 2.5.2.1 Aggressive chemicals -- 2.5.2.2 Quaternary ammonium compounds -- 2.5.2.3 Surfactants -- 2.5.2.4 Natural products. , 2.5.2.5 Antimicrobial peptides -- 2.5.2.6 Quorum sensing inhibitors -- 2.5.2.7 Metals -- 2.5.2.8 Nanoparticles -- 2.5.2.9 Surface coatings -- 2.5.2.10 Tolerance to chemical approaches -- 2.5.3 Biological methods -- 2.5.3.1 Bacteriophages -- 2.5.3.2 Enzyme-mediated disruption -- 2.5.3.3 Combination strategy -- 2.6 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 3 Biofilm matrix proteins -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biofilm matrix -- 3.3 Biofilm matrix proteins -- 3.4 Accumulation-associated protein -- 3.5 Rugosity and biofilm structure modulator A -- 3.6 Biofilm-associated protein -- 3.7 Biofilm-surface layer protein -- 3.8 GlcNAc-Binding protein A -- 3.9 Techniques to extract extracellular matrix from bacterial biofilms -- 3.10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of interest statement -- References -- 4 Microbial Biofilm-a modern sustainable approach for bioremediation in 21st century -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 The nature of natural biofilms -- 4.1.2 Properties of biofilms -- 4.1.3 Types of biofilm -- 4.1.3.1 Single-species biofilm -- 4.1.3.2 Bacterial biofilm -- 4.1.3.3 Fungal biofilm -- 4.1.3.4 Algal biofilms -- 4.1.3.5 Protozoa biofilms -- 4.1.3.6 Multiple-species biofilm -- 4.2 Biofilm formation -- 4.2.1 Supports in biofilm-based processes -- 4.2.2 Reversible attachment -- 4.2.3 Irreversible attachment -- 4.2.4 Biofilm maturation -- 4.2.5 Detachment -- 4.2.6 Factors affecting biofilm development -- 4.2.6.1 Biofilm resistance -- 4.3 Application -- 4.3.1 Wastewater treatment -- 4.3.1.1 Removal of organic pollutants -- 4.3.1.2 Removal of inorganic pollutants -- 4.3.1.3 Removal of micropollutants -- 4.3.2 Biofilms for the production of industrial chemicals -- 4.3.3 Other uses of biofilms -- 4.4 Processes based on biofilm technology for wastewater treatment -- 4.4.1 Trickling filter -- 4.4.2 Rotating biological contactor microbiology. , 4.4.3 Constructed wetland system -- 4.4.4 Membrane biofilm reactors -- 4.4.5 Fluidized-bed biofilm reactors -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Bacillus subtilis-based biofilms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Bacillus subtilis as a model organism for studying biofilm formation -- 5.1.2 Global regulators determining the physiology of subpopulations of biofilm cells -- 5.2 General model for biofilm development on substrate -- 5.3 Environmental influences on biofilm development -- 5.3.1 The genetic circuitry of Bacillus subtilis biofilm formation -- 5.4 Biofilm's research in laboratory -- 5.5 Quorum sensing and microbial biofilms -- 5.5.1 Different systems for sensing a quorum -- 5.6 Engineered Bacillus subtilis biofilms -- 5.7 The future of biofilm development research -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 6 A review on the contamination caused by bacterial biofilms and its remediation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Steps associated in biofilm formation -- 6.3 Infections associated with biofilm formation -- 6.3.1 Device related biofilm infections -- 6.3.1.1 Dental biofilm formation -- 6.3.1.2 Contact lens -- 6.3.1.3 Central venous catheter -- 6.3.1.4 Urinary tract -- 6.3.2 Nondevice related biofilm formation -- 6.3.2.1 Periodontitis -- 6.3.2.2 Osteomyelitis -- 6.4 Few bacterial biofilm models -- 6.4.1 Escherichia coli -- 6.4.2 Bacillus subtilis -- 6.4.3 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 6.5 Various ways to combat bacterial biofilm formation -- 6.5.1 Usage of sorties as an antiadhesion -- 6.5.2 Removal of infected foreign bodies -- 6.5.3 Treatment of infected central venous catheter -- 6.5.4 Early detection of biofilm formation -- 6.5.5 Usage of nanoparticles for the removal of bacterial biofilm -- 6.5.6 Bactericidal surfaces -- 6.5.7 Usage of microorganism responsive magnetic nanoparticles based on silver/gentamicin for biofilm disruption. , 6.5.8 Usage of Superparamagnetic iron oxide encapsulating polymerase nanocarriers for the biofilms removal -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Pseudomonas putida biofilms -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biofilm formation by Pseudomonas putida -- 7.2.1 Mechanism -- 7.3 Development and dispersal of mature biofilm -- 7.4 Properties of biofilms -- 7.4.1 Extracellular matrix -- 7.4.2 Quorum sensing -- 7.4.3 Biofilms are less susceptible to antimicrobial agents -- 7.5 Factors affecting biofilm formation -- 7.6 Benefits of biofilm -- 7.7 Possible eradication strategies -- 7.8 Challenges in the eradication of biofilms -- References -- 8 Mechanisms of competition in biofilm communities -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Exploitative competition -- 8.3 Interference competition -- 8.3.1 Interference mediated by the help of antimicrobial elements -- 8.3.2 Competition sensing hypothesis and quorum sensing mechanisms -- 8.3.3 Biofilm and matrix-associated changes -- 8.3.4 Fruiting bodies and microbial competition -- 8.3.5 Interference mediated by the help of contact-dependent interference -- 8.3.6 Outer membrane exchanges -- 8.3.7 Type VI secretion systems -- 8.4 Studying single and multi-species populations -- 8.5 Genetic aspects of competition -- 8.6 Models for defining different means of competition -- 8.7 Techniques for assessment of biofilm -- 8.8 Quantification and qualification for screening biofilm competition formation of biofilms for study -- 8.9 Microfluidics -- 8.10 Microscopic imaging techniques for biofilm study -- 8.11 Transcriptomics and genomics in biofilm study -- 8.12 Concluding remarks -- References -- 9 Escherichia coli biofilms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Seeing the surface -- 9.2.1 Contacting the surface -- 9.2.2 Temporary attachments to surfaces: reversible binding. , 9.2.3 Robust adhesion to surfaces: fimbriae-mediated irreversible attachment -- 9.2.3.1 Type I fimbriae -- 9.2.3.2 Curli fimbriae -- 9.2.3.3 Conjugative pili -- 9.3 Constructing the mature biofilm -- 9.3.1 Surface biomolecules contributing to biofilm structures -- 9.3.2 Biofilm matrix components -- 9.4 Regulated formation of biofilm -- 9.4.1 Coordinated tendency to adhere to a surface -- 9.4.2 Regulatory network for primary interplay with surfaces -- 9.4.2.1 CpxAR system -- 9.4.2.2 RcsCDB system -- 9.4.2.3 EnvZ/OmpR system -- 9.4.2.4 Role of small molecules in biofilm formation -- 9.4.3 Regulation within E. coli biofilms -- 9.4.3.1 Role of central carbon flux in biofilm regulation -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Role of microbial biofilms in bioremediation of organic pollutants in aquatic bodies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Quorum sensing-dependent biofilm -- 10.3 Organic pollutants: origin and implications in aquatic bodies -- 10.3.1 Synthetic chemicals -- 10.3.1.1 Antibacterial agents -- 10.3.1.2 Parasiticides -- 10.3.1.3 Pesticides -- 10.3.2 Industrial effluents -- 10.3.2.1 Pharmaceutical industries -- 10.3.2.2 Paper mill industries -- 10.3.2.3 Pesticide industries -- 10.4 Impact of synthetic chemicals and pesticides on aquatic ecosystem -- 10.5 Microbial diversity in aquatic biofilm -- 10.6 Role of biofilm in bioaugmentation of pollutants -- 10.6.1 Assimilation of nutrients -- 10.6.2 Adsorption of contaminants -- 10.6.3 Biodegradation of contaminants -- 10.7 Mechanism of pollutant removal via use of microbial consortia -- 10.8 Constraints of biofilm-based bioremediation -- 10.9 Conclusion and future perspective -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of interest statement -- References -- 11 Bacterial extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm matrix -- 11.1 Introduction. , 11.2 Extracellular polysaccharides as an integral part of bacterial biofilms.

Note: IFC -- Half title -- Half title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Pathogens control using mangrove endophytic fungi -- 1.1 An introduction of mangrove and endophytic fungi and natural compounds studies -- 1.2 Mangrove endophytic fungi and pathogen control -- 1.3 Bacteria control -- 1.4 Viruses control -- 1.5 Parasites control -- 1.6 Final considerations -- References -- 2 Endophytic fungi-mediated synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Gold nanoparticles -- 1.3 Silver nanoparticles -- 1.4 Conclusion and future prospect -- References -- 3 Endophytes: A novel tool for sustainable agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Biodiversity of endophytes -- 3.2.1 Fungal endophytes -- 3.2.2 Bacterial endophytes -- 3.2.3 Algal endophytes -- 3.3 Interaction between the endophytes and their host plants -- 3.4 Transmission of endophytes -- 3.4.1 Vertical transmission -- 3.4.2 Horizontal transmission -- 3.4.3 Transmission of fungal endophytes -- 3.4.4 Transmission of bacterial endophytes -- 3.5 Endophytes for environment and agriculture sustainablility -- 3.6 Applications of endophytes -- 3.6.1 Nutrient cycling -- 3.6.2 Plant growth promotion by endophytes -- 3.6.3 Bioremediation/biodegradation -- 3.6.4 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation -- 3.6.5 Future perspective -- 3.6.6 Phytostimulation -- 3.6.7 Phytoimmobilization -- 3.6.8 Phyto-transformation -- 3.6.9 Phytovolatilization -- 3.6.10 Biofertilization -- 3.6.11 Biocontrol -- 3.7 Impact of endophytes on bioactive compounds of host plant -- 3.8 Extracellular enzymes from endophytes -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 The role of bioactive metabolites synthesized by endophytes against MDR human pathogens -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mechanism of MDR development -- 4.2.1 Target protein mutation -- 4.2.2 MDR produced by biofilm formation. , 4.2.3 Enzyme-based inactivation of drugs -- 4.2.4 Efflux pumping mechanism -- 4.2.5 Alteration of porin structures -- 4.3 Types of endophytes and their associations -- 4.3.1 Endophytic fungi -- 4.3.2 Endophytic bacteria -- 4.3.3 Actinomycetes -- 4.3.4 Mycoplasma -- 4.4 Types of bioactive compounds -- 4.4.1 Secondary metabolites -- 4.4.2 Defense enzymes and phytohormones -- 4.4.3 Antimicrobial agents -- 4.4.4 Anticancer compounds -- 4.4.5 Antibiotics -- 4.5 Mechanism of screening and isolation -- 4.5.1 Extraction -- 4.5.2 Identification followed by characterization -- 4.6 Mode of action of the bioactive compounds -- 4.6.1 Disruption of cell wall biosynthesis and cell lysis -- 4.6.2 Blocking of biofilm synthesis -- 4.6.3 Cell wall biosynthesis inhibition -- 4.6.4 Prokaryotic DNA replication blockage -- 4.6.5 Energy synthesis inhibition -- 4.6.6 Bacterial toxin inhibition -- 4.6.7 Inhibition of bacterial resistance against antibiotics -- 4.6.8 ROS generation -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Endophyte-induced bioremediation of toxic metals/metalloids -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Endophytes -- 5.2.1 Role of endophytes to improve phytoremediation -- 5.2.2 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation of toxic metals and metalloids -- 5.2.3 Endophytic bacteria role in remediation of toxic metals and metalloids -- 5.2.4 Endophytic fungi role in remediation of toxic metal and metalloids -- 5.3 Endophyte-assisted phytoremediation in mixed pollutant scenarios -- 5.4 Plant growth promoting endophytic bacteria-assisted phytoremediation -- 5.4.1 Mechanism of plant growth promotion -- 5.4.2 Mechanism of altering plant metal uptake -- Conclusion and future perspectives -- References -- 6 Biological control of plant diseases by endophytes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Recent approaches used to control plant diseases in agriculture. , 6.1.2 Biocontrol as an environmentally sound approach for plant disease control -- 6.2 Endophytes -- 6.2.1 Biocontrol mechanism of endophytes-mediated disease control -- 6.2.2 Current position of endophytes as biocontrol agents -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflict of interest statement -- References -- 7 Endophytes and their bioactive metabolite's role against various MDR microbes causing diseases in humans -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Endophytes: what are they? -- 7.3 Types of endophytes -- 7.4 Isolation and identification of endophytes from different sources -- 7.4.1 How to isolate endophytes? -- 7.5 Mode of entry of endophytic bacteria in the plant -- 7.6 Endophytes and their bioactive compounds -- 7.6.1 Synthesis of bioactive compounds by endophytic microbes -- 7.6.2 Secondary metabolites -- 7.6.3 Synthesis of secondary metabolites -- 7.7 Endophytic bacteria-mediated secondary metabolite formation -- 7.8 Microbial endophytes: drug source against various diseases -- 7.9 Endophytes and their biosynthetic potential -- 7.10 Future prospective -- 7.11 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Endophytic bacteria for drug discovery and bioremediation of heavy metals -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mode of entry and establishment of symbiotic relationship with plant-endophytic bacteria -- 8.3 Bioactive compounds isolated from endophytes -- 8.3.1 Secondary metabolites -- 8.3.2 Anticancer compounds -- 8.3.3 Antimicrobial compounds -- 8.3.4 Antibiotics from endophytes -- 8.3.5 Antioxidant compounds from endophytes -- 8.3.6 Products of endophytes with insecticidal activities -- 8.4 Bioremediation of heavy metals by endophytic bacteria -- 8.5 The role of endophytic microorganisms in bioremediation -- 8.6 Characteristics of pollutant-degrading endophytic bacteria -- 8.7 Plant-endophytic bacteria mutualism for the remediation of contaminated soil. , 8.8 Plant-endophyte mutualism for the remediation of contaminated water -- 8.9 Future prospective and conclusion -- References -- 9 Mechanism of biological control of plant diseases by endophytes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Endophytes -- 9.3 Biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.3.1 Bacterial biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.3.2 Fungal endophytes -- 9.4 Mechanisms of biocontrol-endophytes to controlling phytopathogens -- 9.4.1 Siderophore production -- 9.4.2 Lytic enzyme production -- 9.4.3 ACC deaminase production -- 9.4.4 Bioactive metabolites production -- 9.4.5 Induced systematic resistance -- 9.4.6 Molecular approaches to control phytopathogens -- 9.5 Advantages of biocontrol-endophytes -- 9.6 Challenges -- 9.7 Future prospects -- 9.9 Conclusion -- References -- 10 The role of endophytes to boost the plant immunity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Origin of symbiosis -- 10.3 Bacterial endophytes -- 10.4 Fungal endophytes -- 10.5 The molecular mechanism behind the host endophytic association -- 10.6 Pathogen-symbiont trade-off -- 10.7 Modulation of plant immune system by endophytes -- 10.8 Endophytes and host's genetic expression -- 10.9 Role of endophytes in plant defense -- 10.10 Concluding remark -- References -- 11 Endophytes based nanoparticles: A novel source of biological activities -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Endophytic microbes (bacteria or fungi) -- 11.1.2 Significance of endophytic fungi -- 11.1.3 Endophytes and nanoparticles -- 11.2 Nanotechnology -- 11.3 Methodology for nanoparticles synthesis through endophytes -- 11.4 Applications of endophyte-mediated NPs -- 11.4.1 Antimicrobial mechanisms of nanometal toxicity -- 11.4.2 Pharmacological applications -- 11.4.3 Antiviral agents -- 11.4.4 Wound healing activity -- Conclusions and future prospects -- References -- 12 Nanoparticles: Characters, applications, and synthesis by endophytes. , 12.1 Introduction to bionanotechnology -- 12.2 Historical perspectives -- 12.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.3.1 Chemical and physical methods of nanoparticles synthesis -- 12.3.2 Biological synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.4 Introduction to endophytes -- 12.4.1 Types of endophytes -- 12.5 Applications of endophytes -- 12.5.1 Therapeutics -- 12.5.2 Plant growth enhancement -- 12.5.3 Bioremediation -- 12.5.4 Phytoremediation -- 12.5.5 Novel products -- 12.6 Methods for the isolation of endophytic micro-organism -- 12.7 Nanoparticles synthesis by endophytic micro-organisms -- 12.7.1 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic bacteria -- 12.7.2 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic actinomycetes -- 12.7.3 Nanoparticles synthesized by endophytic fungi -- 12.8 Mechanistic insights involved in the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles -- 12.9 Properties of nanoparticles -- 12.9.1 Electronic and optical properties -- 12.9.2 Magnetic properties -- 12.9.3 Mechanical properties -- 12.9.4 Thermal properties -- 12.10 Characterization methods for nanoparticle analysis -- 12.10.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy -- 12.10.2 Dynamic light scattering -- 12.10.3 Atomic force microscopy -- 12.10.4 Transmission electron microscopy -- 12.10.5 Scanning electron microscopy -- 12.10.6 X-ray-based techniques -- 12.10.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 12.11 Applications of nanoparticles -- 12.11.1 Diagnostics -- 12.11.2 Cancer therapy -- 12.11.3 Antimicrobial activity -- 12.11.4 Catalytic activity -- 12.11.5 Antioxidant activity -- 12.11.6 Environmental remediation -- 12.11.7 Agricultural application -- 12.11.8 Drug delivery system -- References -- 13 Endophytes and their secondary metabolites against human pathogenic MDR microbes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Untapped bioactive potential of endophytic bacteria -- 13.2.1 Ecomycins -- 13.2.2 Pseudomycins -- 13.2.3 Munumbicins. , 13.2.4 Kakudumycins.