Note: Cover -- Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- I Foreword and Preface -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- II Summary for Policy makers -- SPM Summary for Policymakers -- Drafting Authors: -- This Summary for Policymakers should be cited as: -- A. Context -- B. Observations of Exposure, Vulnerability, Climate Extremes,Impacts, and Disaster Losses -- Exposure and Vulnerability -- Climate Extremes and Impacts -- Disaster Losses -- C. Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change: Past Experience with Climate Extremes -- D. Future Climate Extremes, Impacts, and Disaster Losses -- Climate Extremes and Impacts -- Human Impacts and Disaster Losses -- E. Managing Changing Risks of Climate Extremes and Disasters -- Implications for Sustainable Development -- III Chapters 1 to 9 -- Chapter 1: Climate Change: New Dimensions in Disaster Risk, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Resilience -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.1.1. Purpose and Scope of the Special Report -- 1.1.2. Key Concepts and Definitions -- 1.1.2.1. Definitions Related to General Concepts -- 1.1.2.2. Concepts and Definitions Relating to Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 1.1.2.3. The Social Construction of Disaster Risk -- 1.1.3. Framing the Relation between Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Management -- 1.1.4. Framing the Processes of Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 1.1.4.1. Exceptionality, Routine, and Everyday Life -- 1.1.4.2. Territorial Scale, Disaster Risk, and Adaptation -- 1.2. Extreme Events, Extreme Impacts, and Disasters. , 1.2.1. Distinguishing Extreme Events, Extreme Impacts, and Disasters -- 1.2.2. Extreme Events Defined in Physical Terms -- 1.2.2.1. Definitions of Extremes -- 1.2.2.2. Extremes in a Changing Climate -- 1.2.2.3. The Diversity and Range of Extremes -- 1.2.3. Extreme Impacts -- 1.2.3.1. Three Classes of Impacts -- 1.2.3.2. Complex Nature of an Extreme 'Event' -- 1.2.3.3. Metrics to Quantify Social Impacts and the Management of Extremes -- 1.2.3.4. Traditional Adjustment to Extremes -- 1.3. Disaster Management, Disaster Risk Reduction, and Risk Transfer -- 1.3.1. Climate Change Will Complicate Management of Some Disaster Risks -- 1.3.1.1. Challenge of Quantitative Estimates of Changing Risks -- 1.3.1.2. Processes that Influence Judgments about Changing Risks -- 1.3.2. Adaptation to Climate Change Contributes to Disaster Risk Management -- 1.3.3. Disaster Risk Management and Adaptation to Climate Change Share Many Concepts, Goals, and Processes -- 1.4. Coping and Adapting -- 1.4.1. Definitions, Distinctions, and Relationships -- 1.4.1.1. Definitions and Distinctions -- 1.4.1.2. Relationships between Coping, Coping Capacity, Adaptive Capacity, and the Coping Range -- 1.4.2. Learning -- 1.4.3. Learning to Overcome Adaptation Barriers -- 1.4.4. 'No Regrets,' Robust Adaptation, and Learning -- References -- Chapter 2: Determinants of Risk: Exposure and Vulnerability -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 2.1. Introduction and Scope -- 2.2. Defining Determinants of Risk: Hazard, Exposure, and Vulnerability -- 2.2.1. Disaster Risk and Disaster -- 2.2.2. The Factors of Risk -- 2.3. The Drivers of Vulnerability -- 2.4. Coping and Adaptive Capacities -- 2.4.1. Capacity and Vulnerability -- 2.4.2. Different Capacity Needs -- 2.4.2.1. Capacity to Anticipate Risk -- 2.4.2.2. Capacity to Respond. , 2.4.2.3. Capacity to Recover and Change -- 2.4.3. Factors of Capacity: Drivers and Barriers -- 2.5. Dimensions and Trends of Vulnerability and Exposure -- 2.5.1. Environmental Dimensions -- 2.5.1.1. Physical Dimensions -- 2.5.1.2. Geography, Location, Place -- 2.5.1.3. Settlement Patterns and Development Trajectories -- 2.5.1.3.1. The urban environment -- 2.5.1.3.2. The rural environment -- 2.5.2. Social Dimensions -- 2.5.2.1. Demography -- 2.5.2.1.1. Migration and displacement -- 2.5.2.1.2. Social groups -- 2.5.2.2. Education -- 2.5.2.3. Health and Well-Being -- 2.5.2.4. Cultural Dimensions -- 2.5.2.5. Institutional and Governance Dimensions -- 2.5.3. Economic Dimensions -- Work and Livelihoods -- 2.5.4. Interactions, Cross-Cutting Themes, and Integrations -- 2.5.4.1. Intersectionality and Other Dimensions -- 2.5.4.2. Timing, Spatial, and Functional Scales -- 2.5.4.2.1. Timing and timescales -- 2.5.4.2.2. Spatial and functional scales -- 2.5.4.3. Science and Technology -- 2.6. Risk Identification and Assessment -- 2.6.1. Risk Identification -- 2.6.2. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment -- 2.6.3. Risk Communication -- 2.7. Risk Accumulation and the Nature of Disasters -- References -- Chapter 3: Changes in Climate Extremes and their Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 3.1. Weather and Climate Events Related to Disasters -- 3.1.1. Categories of Weather and Climate Events Discussed in this Chapter -- 3.1.2. Characteristics of Weather and Climate Events Relevant to Disasters -- 3.1.3. Compound (Multiple) Events -- 3.1.4. Feedbacks -- 3.1.5. Confidence and Likelihood of Assessed Changes in Extremes -- 3.1.6. Changes in Extremes and Their Relationship to Changes in Regional and Global Mean Climate -- 3.1.7. Surprises / Abrupt Climate Change. , 3.2. Requirements and Methods for Analyzing Changes in Extremes -- 3.2.1. Observed Changes -- 3.2.2. The Causes behind the Changes -- 3.2.2.1. Human-Induced Changes in the Mean Climate that Affect Extremes -- 3.2.2.2. How to Attribute a Change in Extremes to Causes -- 3.2.3. Projected Long-Term Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.2.3.1. Information Sources for Climate Change Projections -- 3.2.3.2. Uncertainty Sources in Climate Change Projections -- 3.2.3.3. Ways of Exploring and Quantifying Uncertainties -- 3.3. Observed and Projected Changes in Weather and Climate Extremes -- 3.3.1. Temperature -- Observed Changes -- Causes of Observed Changes -- 3.3.2. Precipitation -- Observed Changes -- Causes of Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.3.3. Wind -- 3.4. Observed and Projected Changes in Phenomena Related to Weather and Climate Extremes -- 3.4.1. Monsoons -- 3.4.2. El Niño-Southern Oscillation -- 3.4.3. Other Modes of Variability -- 3.4.4. Tropical Cyclones -- Observed Changes -- Causes of the Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.4.5. Extratropical Cyclones -- 3.5. Observed and Projected Impacts on the Natural Physical Environment -- 3.5.1. Droughts -- Observed Changes -- Causes of the Observed Changes -- Projected Changes and Uncertainties -- 3.5.2. Floods -- 3.5.3. Extreme Sea Levels -- 3.5.4. Waves -- 3.5.5. Coastal Impacts -- 3.5.6. Glacier, Geomorphological, and Geological Impacts -- 3.5.7. High-latitude Changes Including Permafrost -- 3.5.8. Sand and Dust Storms -- References -- Chapter 4: Changes in Impacts of Climate Extremes: Human Systems and Ecosystems -- This chapter should be cited as: -- Table of Contents -- Executive Summary -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Climatic Extremes in Natural and Socioeconomic Systems -- 4.2.1. How Do Climate Extremes Impact on Humans and Ecosystems?. , 4.2.2. Complex Interactions among Climate Events, Exposure, and Vulnerability -- 4.3. System- and Sector-Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts -- 4.3.1. Introduction -- 4.3.2. Water -- 4.3.3. Ecosystems -- 4.3.3.1. Heat Waves -- 4.3.3.2. Drought -- 4.3.3.3. Floods -- 4.3.3.4. Other Events -- 4.3.4. Food Systems and Food Security -- 4.3.5. Human Settlements, Infrastructure, and Tourism -- 4.3.5.1. Human Settlements -- 4.3.5.2. Infrastructure -- 4.3.5.3. Tourism -- 4.3.6. Human Health, Well-Being, and Security -- 4.4. Regionally Based Aspects of Vulnerability, Exposure, and Impacts -- 4.4.1. Introduction -- 4.4.2. Africa -- 4.4.2.1. Introduction -- 4.4.2.2. Droughts and Heat Waves -- 4.4.2.3. Extreme Rainfall Events and Floods -- 4.4.2.4. Dust Storms -- 4.4.3. Asia -- 4.4.3.1. Tropical Cyclones (Typhoons or Hurricanes) -- 4.4.3.2. Flooding -- 4.4.3.3. Temperature Extremes -- 4.4.3.4. Droughts -- 4.4.3.5. Wildfires -- 4.4.4. Central and South America -- 4.4.4.1. Extreme Rainfalls in South America -- 4.4.4.2. Wildfires -- 4.4.4.3. Regional Costs -- 4.4.5. Europe -- 4.4.5.1. Introduction -- 4.4.5.2. Heat Waves -- 4.4.5.3. Droughts and Wildfires -- 4.4.5.4. Coastal Flooding -- 4.4.5.5. Gale Winds -- 4.4.5.6. Flooding -- 4.4.5.7. Landslides -- 4.4.5.8. Snow -- 4.4.6. North America -- 4.4.6.1. Introduction -- 4.4.6.2. Heat Waves -- 4.4.6.3. Drought and Wildfire -- 4.4.6.4. Inland Flooding -- 4.4.6.5. Coastal Storms and Flooding -- 4.4.7. Oceania -- 4.4.7.1. Introduction -- 4.4.7.2. Temperature Extremes -- 4.4.7.3. Droughts -- 4.4.7.4. Wildfire -- 4.4.7.5. Intense Precipitation and Floods -- 4.4.7.6. Storm Surges -- 4.4.8. Open Oceans -- 4.4.9. Polar Regions -- 4.4.9.1. Introduction -- 4.4.9.2. Warming Cryosphere -- 4.4.9.3. Floods -- 4.4.10. Small Island States -- 4.5. Costs of Climate Extremes and Disasters. , 4.5.1. Framing the Costs of Extremes and Disasters.