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  • 1
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    Gene expression in American lobster (Homarus americanus) with epizootic shell disease (2012)
    National Shellfisheries Association
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © National Shellfisheries Association, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of National Shellfisheries Association for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Shellfish Research 31 (2012): 505-513, doi:10.2983/035.031.0210.
    Description: Epizootic shell disease (ESD) has been reported widely in American lobster (Homarus americanus, Milne Edwards) in southern New England. The appearance of irregular, deep lesions—characteristic of ESD—has been associated previously with elevated levels of ecdysteroids and premature molting, but the underlying molecular and physiological changes associated with ESD remain poorly understood. Previously, we identified several genes, including arginine kinase and hemocyanin, that were expressed differentially in lobsters exhibiting signs of ESD (diseased) versus those lobsters exhibiting no signs of ESD (assumed healthy), and quantified their expression. In this study, we extend these findings and measure expression of a suite of 12 genes in tissues from 36 female lobsters of varying disease condition. In addition, molt stage is evaluated as a possible confounding factor in the expression of the selected genes. The expression of several genes changed significantly with disease stage. Arginine kinase expression decreased significantly in thoracic muscle of lobsters with signs of ESD. Ecdysteroid receptor expression was elevated significantly in both muscle and hepatopancreas of lobsters with signs of ESD. CYP45, a cytochrome P450 form that was shown previously to covary with ecdysteroid levels and to be inducible by some xenobiotics, showed significantly increased expression in hepatopancreas of lobsters with signs of ESD. Together, these results demonstrate that the expression of several genes is altered in lobsters showing signs of ESD, even when accounting for variation in molt stage. Given the observed changes in ecdysteroid receptor, arginine kinase, and CYP45 expression, further investigations of the association, if any, between molting, muscular function and xenobiotic metabolism and ESD are warranted.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Marine Fisheries Service as the New England Lobster Research Initiative: Lobster Shell Disease under NOAA grant NA06NMF4720100 to the University of Rhode Island Fisheries Center.
    Keywords: Arginine kinase ; 100 lobsters ; Cytochrome P450 ; Ecdysteroid ; Endocrine ; Hepatopancreas ; Heat shock protein ; Epizootic shell disease ; American lobster ; Shade
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Lipid metabolism in Calanus finmarchicus is sensitive to variations in predation risk and food availability (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2020. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Skottene, E., Tarrant, A. M., Altin, D., Olsen, R. E., Choquet, M., & Kvile, K. O. Lipid metabolism in Calanus finmarchicus is sensitive to variations in predation risk and food availability. Scientific Reports, 10(1),(2020): 22322, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-79165-6.
    Description: Late developmental stages of the marine copepods in the genus Calanus can spend extended periods in a dormant stage (diapause) that is preceded by the accumulation of large lipid stores. We assessed how lipid metabolism during development from the C4 stage to adult is altered in response to predation risk and varying food availability, to ultimately understand more of the metabolic processes during development in Calanus copepods. We used RNA sequencing to assess if perceived predation risk in combination with varied food availability affects expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism and diapause preparation in C. finmarchicus. The lipid metabolism response to predation risk differed depending on food availability, time and life stage. Predation risk caused upregulation of lipid catabolism with high food, and downregulation with low food. Under low food conditions, predation risk disrupted lipid accumulation. The copepods showed no clear signs of diapause preparation, supporting earlier observations of the importance of multiple environmental cues in inducing diapause in C. finmarchicus. This study demonstrates that lipid metabolism is a sensitive endpoint for the interacting environmental effects of predation pressure and food availability. As diapause may be controlled by lipid accumulation, our findings may contribute towards understanding processes that can ultimately influence diapause timing.
    Description: ES was funded by the Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Support for AMT was provided by the National Science Foundation (NSF) OPP-1746087. KØK was funded by VISTA—a basic research program in collaboration between The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters, and Equinor. The RNA seq work was provided by the Genomics Core Facility (GCF). GCF is funded by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU and Central Norway Regional Health Authority. The authors thank Lotte Thommesen for help conducting the experiment, Mari-Ann Østensen for performing RNA extraction with ES and preparing cDNA libraries for Illumina RNAseq, and the EMBRC-ERIC Laboratory for Low Level Trophic Interactions at NTNU SeaLab for access to the Calanus finmarchicus culture.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Diapause vs. reproductive programs: transcriptional phenotypes in a keystone copepod (2021)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lenz, P. H., Roncalli, V., Cieslak, M. C., Tarrant, A. M., Castelfranco, A. M., & Hartline, D. K. Diapause vs. reproductive programs: transcriptional phenotypes in a keystone copepod. Communications Biology, 4(1), (2021): 426, https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01946-0.
    Description: Many arthropods undergo a seasonal dormancy termed “diapause” to optimize timing of reproduction in highly seasonal environments. In the North Atlantic, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus completes one to three generations annually with some individuals maturing into adults, while others interrupt their development to enter diapause. It is unknown which, why and when individuals enter the diapause program. Transcriptomic data from copepods on known programs were analyzed using dimensionality reduction of gene expression and functional analyses to identify program-specific genes and biological processes. These analyses elucidated physiological differences and established protocols that distinguish between programs. Differences in gene expression were associated with maturation of individuals on the reproductive program, while those on the diapause program showed little change over time. Only two of six filters effectively separated copepods by developmental program. The first one included all genes annotated to RNA metabolism and this was confirmed using differential gene expression analysis. The second filter identified 54 differentially expressed genes that were consistently up-regulated in individuals on the diapause program in comparison with those on the reproductive program. Annotated to oogenesis, RNA metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis, these genes are both indicators for diapause preparation and good candidates for functional studies.
    Description: This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants (NSF) OCE-1459235 and OCE-1756767 to P.H.L., D.K.H. and AE Christie and OPP-1746087 to A.M.T.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    The beta-oxidation pathway is downregulated during diapause termination in Calanus copepods (2020)
    Nature Research
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Skottene, E., Tarrant, A. M., Olsen, A. J., Altin, D., Ostensen, M., Hansen, B. H., Choquet, M., Jenssen, B. M., & Olsen, R. E. R. The beta-oxidation pathway is downregulated during diapause termination in Calanus copepods. Scientific Reports, 9, (2019): 16686, doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53032-5.
    Description: Calanus copepods are keystone species in marine ecosystems, mainly due to their high lipid content, which is a nutritious food source for e.g. juvenile fish. Accumulated lipids are catabolized to meet energy requirements during dormancy (diapause), which occurs during the last copepodite stage (C5). The current knowledge of lipid degradation pathways during diapause termination is limited. We characterized changes in lipid fullness and generated transcriptional profiles in C5s during termination of diapause and progression towards adulthood. Lipid fullness of C5s declined linearly during developmental progression, but more β-oxidation genes were upregulated in early C5s compared to late C5s and adults. We identified four possible master regulators of energy metabolism, which all were generally upregulated in early C5s, compared to late C5s and adults. We discovered that one of two enzymes in the carnitine shuttle is absent from the calanoid copepod lineage. Based on the geographical location of the sampling site, the field-samples were initially presumed to consist of C. finmarchicus. However, the identification of C. glacialis in some samples underlines the need for performing molecular analyses to reliably identify Calanus species. Our findings contributes to a better understanding of molecular events occurring during diapause and diapause termination in calanoid copepods.
    Description: The authors wish to thank Dept. of Biology at Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) for additional funding for Elise Skottene´s stay at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Christoffer H. Hilde for help in the field and in the lab, Siv Anina Etter, Øystein Leiknes, Sofia Soloperto and Clara Igisch for help with the field work, Justyna Świeżak and Signe D. Løvmo for experimental assistance, Hanny Rivera for help with bioinformatic analyses at WHOI. The RNA seq work was provided by the Genomics Core Facility (GCF). GCF is funded by the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences at NTNU and Central Norway Regional Health Authority. Ann M. Tarrant was funded by the National Science Foundation (Award Number OPP-1746087).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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