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  • Wiley-Blackwell  (5)
  • Munksgaard International Publishers  (2)
  • Macmillian Magazines Ltd.  (1)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Single nucleotide polymorphisms in innate immunity genes: abundant variation and potential role in complex human disease (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Immunological reviews 190 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-065X
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary: Under selective pressure from infectious microorganisms, multicellular organisms have evolved immunological defense mechanisms, broadly categorized as innate or adaptive. Recent insights into the complex mechanisms of human innate immunity suggest that genetic variability in genes encoding its components may play a role in the development of asthma and related diseases. As part of a systematic assessment of genetic variability in innate immunity genes, we have thus far have examined 16 genes by resequencing 93 unrelated subjects from three ethnic samples (European American, African American and Hispanic American) and a sample of European American asthmatics. Approaches to discovering and understanding variation and the subsequent implementation of disease association studies are described and illustrated. Although highly conserved across a wide range of species, the innate immune genes we have sequenced demonstrate substantial interindividual variability predominantly in the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genetic variation in these genes may play a role in determining susceptibility to a range of common, chronic human diseases which have an inflammatory component. Differences in population history have produced distinctive patterns of SNP allele frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes when ethnic groups are compared. These and other factors must be taken into account in the design and analysis of disease association studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-065X.2002.19002.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prenatal factors associated with the development of eczema in the first year of life (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Pediatric allergy and immunology 16 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1399-3038
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Prenatal factors have been implicated in childhood eczema, but the relationship between maternal cytokine production during pregnancy and infant eczema is unknown. Non-selected women in their third trimester were enrolled in the Tucson Infant Immune Study. Data from three sources were used to define MD-eczema: parent-completed illness questionnaires at age 2, 3, 4, 6 and 9 months regarding physician-seen eczema, parent-completed questionnaires at 12 months regarding physician-diagnosed eczema, and medical record reviews. Blood samples were taken from mothers during their third trimester and from the umbilical cord at birth. Maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cord blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with ConA/PMA, and supernatants were assayed for IFN-γ and IL-4, -5, -10, and -13. Of 364 children, 28% were seen by a physician for eczema by 1 yr of age. After adjustment for potential confounders using logistic regression, the odds for development of eczema in infancy were significantly higher when mothers had active eczema in pregnancy (OR, 2.46, CI 1.0–5.8, p 〈 0.042) and when mothers were in the highest tertile of serum IgE production (OR 2.28, CI 1.2–4.4, p 〈 0.013). Colds in the third trimester were associated with lower odds of eczema (OR 0.32, CI 0.16–0.63, p 〈 0.001). Our findings from this cohort study suggest that in utero factors, including maternal IgE, colds, and eczema, may influence the risk of infant eczema.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2005.00233.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metamorphic core complex formation by density inversion and lower-crust extrusion (2001)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 411 (2001), S. 930-934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Metamorphic core complexes are domal uplifts of metamorphic and plutonic rocks bounded by shear zones that separate them from unmetamorphosed cover rocks. Interpretations of how these features form are varied and controversial, and include models involving extension on low-angle normal faults, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35082042
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  • 4
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    Dispersal limitation and spatial scale affect model based projections of Pinus uncinata response to climate change in the Pyrenees (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-15
    Description: Species Distribution Models (SDMs) were employed to assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of Pinus uncinata in the Pyrenees, where it is the dominant tree species in subalpine forest and alpine tree lines. Predicting forest response to climate change is a challenging task in mountain regions but also a conservation priority. We examined the potential impact of spatial scale on SDM projections by conducting all analyses at four spatial resolutions. We further examined the potential effect of dispersal constraints by applying a threshold distance of maximal advancement derived from a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model of tree line dynamics. Under current conditions, SDM s including climatic factors related to stress or growth limitation performed best. These models were then employed to project P. uncinata distribution under two emission scenarios, using data generated from several regional climate models. At the end of this century, P. uncinata is expected to migrate northward and upward, occupying habitat currently inhabited by alpine plant species. However, consideration of dispersal limitation and/or changing the spatial resolution of the analysis modified the assessment of climate change impact on mountain ecosystems, especially in the case of estimates of colonization and extinction at the regional scale. Our study highlights the need to improve the characterization of biological processes within SDMs, as well as to consider simultaneously different scales when assessing potential habitat loss under future climate conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 5
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    Dispersal limitation and spatial scale affect model based projections of Pinus uncinata response to climate change in the Pyrenees (2012)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Species Distribution Models ( SDMs ) were employed to assess the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of Pinus uncinata in the Pyrenees, where it is the dominant tree species in subalpine forest and alpine tree lines. Predicting forest response to climate change is a challenging task in mountain regions, but also a conservation priority. We examined the potential impact of spatial scale on SDM projections by conducting all analyses at four spatial resolutions. We further examined the potential effect of dispersal constraints by applying a threshold distance of maximal advancement derived from a spatially explicit, individual-based simulation model of tree line dynamics. Under current conditions, SDMs including climatic factors related to stress or growth limitation performed best. These models were then employed to project P. uncinata distribution under two emission scenarios, using data generated from several regional climate models. At the end of this century, P. uncinata is expected to migrate northwards and upwards, occupying habitat currently inhabited by alpine plant species. However, consideration of dispersal limitation and/or changing the spatial resolution of the analysis modified the assessment of climate change impact on mountain ecosystems, especially in the case of estimates of colonization and extinction at the regional scale. Our study highlights the need to improve the characterization of biological processes within SDMs , as well as to consider simultaneously different scales when assessing potential habitat loss under future climate conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1354-1013
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2486
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 6
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    On the behaviour of raindrop fall speed due to wind (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-22
    Description: Measurements of raindrop fall speed gathered at the ground over several years are presented and analysed in view of the horizontal wind intensity during sampling. It is confirmed that super-terminal drops occur only for diameters less than about 0.7 mm and that their percentage numbers increase during windy periods. Furthermore, through statistical and post hoc data analyses, it is shown that wind affects the fall speed of individual raindrops. A remarkable feature is the detection of sub-terminal raindrops, i.e. those having slower fall speeds than their calculated terminal velocities, smaller than 2 mm. Evidence that wind affects raindrop behaviour includes observations showing that under windy conditions: (i) super-terminal drops exhibit larger fall speed departures from the expected terminal speeds than under calm wind periods; and (ii) the percentage number of sub-terminal drops with diameters between 1 and 2 millimetres increases. These two findings imply a general broadening of the corresponding velocity distributions. Potential explanations for the occurrence of sub-terminal drops are given based on turbulence (small raindrops respond faster to changes in air conditions), drop oscillations (which produce larger transit times through the instrument sampling volume) and the enhancement of transverse drifts and trajectory deviations with respect to the vertical. However, other possibilities should be also addressed for drops with the largest fall speed anomalies (greater than two times the instrument uncertainty) as well as their implications for microphysical processes.
    Print ISSN: 0035-9009
    Electronic ISSN: 1477-870X
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 7
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    Risk assessment for the Mexican freshwater crayfish: the roles of diversity, endemism and conservation status (2016)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-17
    Description: The freshwater fauna has been judged to be one of the most threatened biotic components in the world. In many tropical-temperate freshwater habitats worldwide the largest invertebrates are crayfish, as is the case with the cambarid crayfish in Mexico. With 98% of endemic species, most of them with reduced distribution ranges, the Mexican crayfish have not been analysed to examine how diversity, endemism and threat are distributed. A data set was analysed containing 1419 locality records for the 56 species of crayfish occurring in Mexico arranged in a 251 cell grid. Spatial autocorrelation analyses using Moran's I and G* were conducted; species richness, endemism and threat indices were calculated and mapped. An integrated risk score was derived from the two indices. Spatial autocorrelation analyses revealed a pattern that significantly departs from a random arrangement. Moran's I showed a positive autocorrelation between cells that are less than 800 km apart; while G* analysis identified one hotspot of diversity. Four areas with high endemism and seven areas with intermediate endemism values were recognized. The western portion of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt, and some areas in the north are of special concern owing to the presence of threatened microendemic species. The areas where more threatened species occur differ from those with high endemism values. This distinction makes evident that for species with low dispersal capabilities the areas with high endemism are the product of historical and geological events, while the areas with high numbers of threatened species are those where human activities have had a major impact. The integrated risk score, however, resulting from the combination of endemism and threat, peaks along the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt and where it joins the Sierra Madre Oriental. The integrated risk score proposed in this study, based on well known and frequently used indices in conservation biology, can be used with existing data to determine areas where crayfish species richness, endemism and threat peak to make conservation efforts more cost-effective. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Print ISSN: 1052-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-0755
    Topics: Biology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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  • 8
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    ARIDITY AND OVERGRAZING HAVE CONVERGENT EFFECTS ON ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONING IN PATAGONIAN RANGELANDS (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-12
    Description: Over 65% of drylands are used for grazing of managed livestock. Understanding what drives grazing effects on the structure and functioning of rangelands is critical for achieving their sustainability. We studied a network of 239 sites across Patagonian rangelands (Argentina), which constitute one of the world´s largest rangeland area. We aimed to: i) evaluate how aridity and grazing affect ecosystem structure and functioning, and ii) test the usefulness of the landscape function analysis (LFA) indices (stability, infiltration and nutrient cycling) as surrogates of soil functioning. Aridity decreased species richness and the cover of palatable grasses, but increased the cover of palatable shrubs. Grazing pressure negatively impacted the cover of palatable grasses and species richness, but did not affect the cover of shrubs. Aridity had a direct and an indirect negative relationship with the LFA indices. Grazing pressure had no direct effects on the LFA indices, but had an indirect negative effect on them by affecting vegetation structure. The LFA indices were positively and negatively correlated with soil organic carbon and sand contents, respectively, suggesting that these indices are useful proxies of soil functional processes in Patagonian rangelands. Our findings indicate that aridity and overgrazing have convergent effects on the structure and functioning of ecosystems, as both promoted reductions in species richness, the cover of palatable grasses and soil functioning. Rangeland management activities should aim to enhance species richness and the cover of palatable grasses, as these actions could contribute to offset adverse effects of ongoing increases in aridity on drylands.
    Print ISSN: 1085-3278
    Electronic ISSN: 1099-145X
    Topics: Geography , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell
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