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  • 1
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    Exploration of the Northern Guaymas Basin (2018)
    The Oceanography Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 31, no. 1, supplement (2018): 39-41.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 2
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    Biogeochemical exploration of the Pescardero Basin vents (2018)
    The Oceanography Society
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    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: Author Posting. © The Oceanography Society, 2018. This article is posted here by permission of The Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 31, no. 1, supplement (2018): 42-43.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 3
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    Design optimization of a submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO) for improved quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surface waters (2023)
    MDPI
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    Publication Date: 2023-03-08
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Grabb, K., Pardis, W., Kapit, J., Wankel, S., Hayden, E., & Hansel, C. Design optimization of a submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO) for improved quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in surface waters. Sensors, 22(17), (2022): 6683, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176683.
    Description: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are key drivers of biogeochemical cycling while also exhibiting both positive and negative effects on marine ecosystem health. However, quantification of the ROS superoxide (O2−) within environmental systems is hindered by its short half-life. Recently, the development of the diver-operated submersible chemiluminescent sensor (DISCO), a submersible, handheld instrument, enabled in situ superoxide measurements in real time within shallow coral reef ecosystems. Here, we present a redesigned and improved instrument, DISCO II. Similar to the previous DISCO, DISCO II is a self-contained, submersible sensor, deployable to 30 m depth and capable of measuring reactive intermediate species in real time. DISCO II is smaller, lighter, lower cost, and more robust than its predecessor. Laboratory validation of DISCO II demonstrated an average limit of detection in natural seawater of 133.1 pM and a percent variance of 0.7%, with stable photo multiplier tube (PMT) counts, internal temperature, and flow rates. DISCO II can also be optimized for diverse environmental conditions by adjustment of the PMT supply voltage and integration time. Field tests showed no drift in the data with a percent variance of 3.0%. Wand tip adaptations allow for in situ calibrations and decay rates of superoxide using a chemical source of superoxide (SOTS-1). Overall, DISCO II is a versatile, user-friendly sensor that enables measurements in diverse environments, thereby improving our understanding of the cycling of reactive intermediates, such as ROS, across various marine ecosystems.
    Description: The development and verification of DISCO was funded by Schmidt Marine Technology Partners (G-2010-59878 to C.M.H., S.D.W. and J.K.). This research was further supported, in part, by grants from NSF GRFP (2016230168 to K.C.G.), WHOI Ocean Ventures Fund (2020 and 2021 to K.C.G.), and the MIT Wellington and Irene Loh Fund Fellowship (4000111995 to K.C.G.).
    Keywords: Reactive oxygen species ; Superoxide ; Chemiluminescent ; In situ analysis ; Ocean sensor ; Corals
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 4
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    Ebullition of oxygen from seagrasses under supersaturated conditions (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Long, M. H., Sutherland, K., Wankel, S. D., Burdige, D. J., & Zimmerman, R. C. Ebullition of oxygen from seagrasses under supersaturated conditions. Limnology and Oceanography, (2019), doi:10.1002/lno.11299.
    Description: Gas ebullition from aquatic systems to the atmosphere represents a potentially important fraction of primary production that goes unquantified by measurements of dissolved gas concentrations. Although gas ebullition from photosynthetic surfaces has often been observed, it is rarely quantified. The resulting underestimation of photosynthetic activity may significantly bias the determination of ecosystem trophic status and estimated rates of biogeochemical cycling from in situ measures of dissolved oxygen. Here, we quantified gas ebullition rates in Zostera marina meadows in Virginia, U.S.A. using simple funnel traps and analyzed the oxygen concentration and isotopic composition of the captured gas. Maximum hourly rates of oxygen ebullition (3.0 mmol oxygen m−2 h−1) were observed during the coincidence of high irradiance and low tides, particularly in the afternoon when oxygen and temperature maxima occurred. The daily ebullition fluxes (up to 11 mmol oxygen m−2 d−1) were roughly equivalent to net primary production rates determined from dissolved oxygen measurements indicating that bubble ebullition can represent a major component of primary production that is not commonly included in ecosystem‐scale estimates. Oxygen content comprised 20–40% of the captured bubble gas volume and correlated negatively with its δ18O values, consistent with a predominance of mixing between the higher δ18O of atmospheric oxygen in equilibrium with seawater and the lower δ18O of oxygen derived from photosynthesis. Thus, future studies interested in the metabolism of highly productive, shallow water ecosystems, and particularly those measuring in situ oxygen flux, should not ignore the bubble formation and ebullition processes described here.
    Description: Two anonymous reviewers provided thoughtful contributions that improved this manuscript. We thank Miraflor Santos, Victoria Hill, David Ruble, Jeremy Bleakney, and Brian Collister for assistance in the field and the staff of the Anheuser‐Busch Coastal Research Center for logistical support. This work was supported by NSF OCE grants 1633951 (to MHL) and 1635403 (to RCZ and DJB), NASA Fellowship NESSF NNX15AR62H (to KS), and a fellowship from the Hansewissenschaftskolleg (Institute for Advanced Studies; to SDW).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 5
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    Development of a deep-sea submersible chemiluminescent analyzer for sensing short-lived reactive chemicals (2022)
    MDPI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-10-20
    Description: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Taenzer, L., Grabb, K., Kapit, J., Pardis, W., Wankel, S. D., & Hansel, C. M. Development of a deep-sea submersible chemiluminescent analyzer for sensing short-lived reactive chemicals. Sensors, 22(5), (2022): 1709, https://doi.org/10.3390/s22051709.
    Description: Based on knowledge of their production pathways, and limited discrete observations, a variety of short-lived chemical species are inferred to play active roles in chemical cycling in the sea. In some cases, these species may exert a disproportionate impact on marine biogeochemical cycles, affecting the redox state of metal and carbon, and influencing the interaction between organisms and their environment. One such short-lived chemical is superoxide, a reactive oxygen species (ROS), which undergoes a wide range of environmentally important reactions. Yet, due to its fleeting existence which precludes traditional shipboard analyses, superoxide concentrations have never been characterized in the deep sea. To this end, we have developed a submersible oceanic chemiluminescent analyzer of reactive intermediate species (SOLARIS) to enable continuous measurements of superoxide at depth. Fluidic pumps on SOLARIS combine seawater for analysis with reagents in a spiral mixing cell, initiating a chemiluminescent reaction that is monitored by a photomultiplier tube. The superoxide in seawater is then related to the quantity of light produced. Initial field deployments of SOLARIS have revealed high-resolution trends in superoxide throughout the water column. SOLARIS presents the opportunity to constrain the distributions of superoxide, and any number of chemiluminescent species in previously unexplored environments.
    Description: This research was funded by the NSF Oceanographic Technology and Interdisciplinary Coordination (OTIC) program grant number 1736332 and NSF Chemical Oceanography program grant number 1924236. Partial support was provided by the Link Foundation Ocean Engineering and Instrumentation Fellowship (L.T.).
    Keywords: Superoxide ; Chemiluminescence ; Deep-sea
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    Substantial oxygen consumption by aerobic nitrite oxidation in oceanic oxygen minimum zones (2022)
    Nature Research
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Beman, J. M., Vargas, S. M., Wilson, J. M., Perez-Coronel, E., Karolewski, J. S., Vazquez, S., Yu, A., Cairo, A. E., White, M. E., Koester, I., Aluwihare, L. I., & Wankel, S. D. Substantial oxygen consumption by aerobic nitrite oxidation in oceanic oxygen minimum zones. Nature Communications, 12(1), (2021): 7043, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27381-7.
    Description: Oceanic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are globally significant sites of biogeochemical cycling where microorganisms deplete dissolved oxygen (DO) to concentrations 〈20 µM. Amid intense competition for DO in these metabolically challenging environments, aerobic nitrite oxidation may consume significant amounts of DO and help maintain low DO concentrations, but this remains unquantified. Using parallel measurements of oxygen consumption rates and 15N-nitrite oxidation rates applied to both water column profiles and oxygen manipulation experiments, we show that the contribution of nitrite oxidation to overall DO consumption systematically increases as DO declines below 2 µM. Nitrite oxidation can account for all DO consumption only under DO concentrations 〈393 nM found in and below the secondary chlorophyll maximum. These patterns are consistent across sampling stations and experiments, reflecting coupling between nitrate reduction and nitrite-oxidizing Nitrospina with high oxygen affinity (based on isotopic and omic data). Collectively our results demonstrate that nitrite oxidation plays a pivotal role in the maintenance and biogeochemical dynamics of OMZs.
    Description: This work was supported by NSF CAREER Grant OCE-1555375 to J.M.B. Metagenome sequencing was supported by the UCMEXUS-CONACyT Collaborative Grants Program (joint awards to J.M.B. and José García Maldonado).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 7
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    Extracellular superoxide production by key microbes in the global ocean (2019)
    Wiley
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Sutherland, K. M., Coe, A., Gast, R. J., Plummer, S., Suffridge, C. P., Diaz, J. M., Bowman, J. S., Wankel, S. D., & Hansel, C. M. Extracellular superoxide production by key microbes in the global ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, (2019), doi:10.1002/lno.11247.
    Description: Bacteria and eukaryotes produce the reactive oxygen species superoxide both within and outside the cell. Although superoxide is typically associated with the detrimental and sometimes fatal effects of oxidative stress, it has also been shown to be involved in a range of essential biochemical processes, including cell signaling, growth, differentiation, and defense. Light‐independent extracellular superoxide production has been shown to be widespread among many marine heterotrophs and phytoplankton, but the extent to which this trait is relevant to marine microbial physiology and ecology throughout the global ocean is unknown. Here, we investigate the dark extracellular superoxide production of five groups of organisms that are geographically widespread and represent some of the most abundant organisms in the global ocean. These include Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, Pelagibacter, Phaeocystis, and Geminigera. Cell‐normalized net extracellular superoxide production rates ranged seven orders of magnitude, from undetectable to 14,830 amol cell−1 h−1, with the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus being the lowest producer and the cryptophyte Geminigera being the most prolific producer. Extracellular superoxide production exhibited a strong inverse relationship with cell number, pointing to a potential role in cell signaling. We demonstrate that rapid, cell‐number–dependent changes in the net superoxide production rate by Synechococcus and Pelagibacter arose primarily from changes in gross production of extracellular superoxide, not decay. These results expand the relevance of dark extracellular superoxide production to key marine microbes of the global ocean, suggesting that superoxide production in marine waters is regulated by a diverse suite of marine organisms in both dark and sunlit waters.
    Description: The authors would like to acknowledge their funding sources including NASA NESSF NNX15AR62H (K.M.S.), NASA Exobiology grant NNX15AM04G to S.D.W. and C.M.H., NSF‐OCE grant 1355720 to C.M.H., NSF‐OPP 1641019 (J.S.B), and Simons Foundation SCOPE Award ID 329108 (Sallie W. Chisholm). The authors would also like to thank the Harvey lab (Skidaway Institute of Oceanography) for use of their flow cytometer in this study. We thank Stephen Giovannoni and Sallie Chisholm for providing bacteria strains and laboratory facilities. Additional thanks to Marianne Acker, Rogier Braakman, and Aldo Arellano for assistance in lab and helpful conversations.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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